What if you are in distress in the wild?
Common sense of field first aid 1. How to use signals for help If you want to ask for help, you can light three fires in succession in various ways, and the distances between the three fires should be equal. You can burn cigarettes during the day, and put some articles that produce smoke, such as grass, on the fire, adding 6 times per minute. Flammable at night. [Voice for help] Send a distress signal not far away. You can shout loudly, or you can use other objects to make sounds, such as hitting trees with axes and sticks. [Using a mirror] It is an effective way to reflect signals by returning light. Available reflective items, such as metal signal mirrors, canned skins, glass plates, glasses, reflectors, etc. [Marking on the ground] Ground marking can be done on relatively open ground, such as grass, beach and snow. For example, cut the grass into some kind of sign, or step on some kind of sign in the snow; You can also use branches, seaweed, etc. Make a specific gesture to communicate with the air. You can also use the ground-air contact symbols stipulated by international civil aviation. Remember these words: SOS (Help) Send (Send) a doctor (Help) Injury (Launch) Lose (Water) Second, First aid after a poisonous snake bite: 650 kinds of poisonous snakes have been found in the world, and there are 50 kinds in China, including cobra, bungee snake, Agkistrodon, Agkistrodon and so on. 1, the distinction between poisonous snakes and non-poisonous snakes: Usually, two large or deep tooth marks are observed on the wound before it can be judged as a poisonous snake bite. If there are no fangs marks and there are no symptoms such as local pain, swelling, numbness and weakness within 20 minutes, it is not a poisonous snake bite. As long as it is disinfected, stopped bleeding and bandaged, it will be sent to a nearby hospital for tetanus injection if conditions permit. Neurotoxicity-Bungarus multicinctus, generally shallow wounds with blood circulation-Agkistrodon acutus, Agkistrodon halys, Agkistrodon halys and Bambusa bambusa, generally deep wounds with blood circulation-cobra, king cobra with cytotoxic neurotoxicity-sea snake 2. The main symptoms of being bitten by poisonous snakes: nerve poisonous snakes, wound pain, local swelling, etc. Blood-activating snake, burning pain, local swelling and diffusion, purple spots, ecchymosis and blisters around the wound, and serous blood oozing from the wound. Skin or subcutaneous tissue necrosis, fever, nausea, vomiting, bleeding from seven orifices, blood sputum, hematuria, blood pressure drop, pupil contraction and spasm can lead to the death of the injured person within 6-48 hours after being bitten. 3, treatment measures: (1), on-site self-help: after being bitten by a snake, be calm, don't wander around, delay the absorption of snake venom. First of all, you need to find a cloth belt or a long shoelace to tie at the upper end of the wound 5~ 10 cm (near the heart). To prevent limb necrosis, relax for 2~3 minutes every 20 minutes. Then, centering on the tooth marks of the fangs, cut the wound skin into a cross shape with a sterilized blade, squeeze it with both hands, cupping or vacuum straws or cover the wound with four or five layers of gauze, and suck it out of the mouth with gauze (there can be no wound in the mouth) to suck out the venom in the wound as much as possible. Take antivenom drugs immediately and apply antivenom powder around the wound. Minimize the actions of the injured and send them to a nearby hospital for treatment (it is best to kill the poisonous snake and send it to the hospital to determine the type of snake venom). (2) Drugs: Nantong snake tablets, guide snake tablets, etc. (3) Telephone: contact the local "120", SOS. (4) Precautions: Don't underestimate the symptoms of neurotoxicity, don't trust individual snake doctors, and try to contact large local hospitals. Third, the first aid after insect bites: 1, centipede bites: coated with ammonia 2, bee stings: take out the remaining bee needles with tweezers, coated with ammonia, and avoid drinking alcohol. Fourth, bandage hemostasis: the role of bandage is to compress hemostasis, reduce infection, protect wounds, relieve pain, and fix dressings and splints. Bandage materials: the most common are bandages, triangular towels, four headband, towels, handkerchiefs, sheets, cloth pieces, clothes, etc. Try to raise the bleeding point, especially when the limbs are injured. If both hands and feet are injured and bleeding at the same time, the patient can sit or lie down and raise the bleeding site, which is a quite effective hemostasis method. Directly press the proximal end of the bleeding point. Fourth, sprain: fifth, fracture cardiopulmonary resuscitation: sixth, fever and heatstroke: outdoor crossing is a way of adventure tourism. As the name implies, any hiking trip from one point to another on the map, excluding all kinds of difficulties along the way, can be described as an activity that opens the way to the mountain, meets the water and bridges, and finally reaches the designated place. Any wild adventure that the starting point and the ending point do not coincide and do not go back can be called crossing. At present, we often cross the field, which means that we bring our own equipment and supplies, walk on foot without foreign aid, and only rely on topographic maps, compasses and our own brains to identify the direction and determine the route. It is difficult to explore the unknown, which requires passers-by to master professional skills, such as mountaineering, rock climbing, descent, drifting, upstream, orienteering, field survival and so on. , but also requires passers-by to have good physical and psychological quality. Because this adventure sport is full of exploration and challenges, it is increasingly favored and loved by young people, and it has become a beneficial activity for them to understand nature and expand themselves. The types of field crossing are classified according to the crossing location, including mountain jungle crossing, desert wasteland crossing and snowfield glacier crossing. , and classified according to the mode of travel, including hiking, cycling and driving a motor vehicle. Among them, hiking mountain (jungle) crossing is the most basic form, and hiking crossing ability is the basis of all crossing activities. Because the field crossing often chooses those areas with complex terrain, inaccessible and no signs, it requires team spirit, mutual help and tide over the difficulties together. Friends who participate in the field crossing need to use some professional field adventure collective equipment while equipped with personal equipment such as hiking boots, backpacks and compasses. The professional collective equipment we used for this Dinghu crossing includes: 1, and map: a good map (scale 1: 50000) is essential. With it, you can know the general situation of the ground and the direction of the mountains in advance. 2. Global Positioning System (GPS for short): It is a geodetic and geographical positioning instrument. It can track more than four geosynchronous satellites at any time and anywhere, and calculate the latitude, longitude and elevation of GPS holders by receiving radio waves from multiple satellites, so that you can get lost in the wild, about 2000 yuan each; 3. Short-range radio walkie-talkie: If the team is large and has separate actions, it is necessary for each team to have a walkie-talkie to keep the overall actions of the team coordinated and help each other with directions and other assistance. The price of each set is about 1500 yuan; 4. Mountain tent: It is your "home" for outdoor activities. It can shelter you from the wind and rain and resist mosquito bites. Each price is between 300 yuan and 600 yuan; 5. Professional climbing rope: Under normal circumstances, 50m static rope should be prepared for descending and ascending, and 50m power rope should be prepared for climbing. In addition, the rope can also provide protection and accidental rescue. Professional climbing rope is made of synthetic fiber and needs UIAA quality certification, so it is absolutely safe to deliver it to it. The price of each climbing rope is between 1300 yuan and 1600 yuan. In addition, you certainly need to master some simple knots. 6. Seat belts: Mountaineering equipment such as iron locks, risers, descenders (8 rings and SRT descenders), quick hooks, flat belts and pulleys will provide you with necessary tools to challenge the difficulty; 7. Fires: Fires are forbidden in many forest reserves. Therefore, carrying a steam stove (gas stove) for mountaineering exploration is simple, convenient and fast to use. Tired from running all day, it's really comfortable to have a cup of hot tea. The price of imported steam boilers generally ranges from 500-700 yuan; 8. Portable filter: It is not recommended to drink water from streams and rivers directly in the wild. The most effective way is to boil the water and drink it, or you can use portable filters and disinfection tablets to filter and disinfect the water before drinking it. 9. Medicine box: Stabbing and scratching are common on the way to the stone, and there must be no less hemostatic patches, bandages, iodine and antidiarrheal drugs. Sometimes if you accidentally step on a snake, you may even be bitten. Take it easy. Before departure, the tour leader will explain the methods of field medical rescue, and it is best to configure a snake venom vacuum straw. Professional equipment only improves your safety and participates in outdoor adventure activities. The most important thing is that you need a strong heart. Personal equipment for outdoor activities in summer: waterproof flashlight or headlight, military kettle with lunch box, backpack over 45 liters, protective glasses (sunglasses can be used instead), outdoor travel clothes (you can choose warm and sweat-wicking underwear, fleece coat, colorful tear-resistant windbreaker and tear-resistant quick-drying shorts), high waterproof boots, warm and sweat-wicking cotton socks, whistle for emergency contact, army knife (Swiss army knife), travel hat, cotton yarn or shorts. Plastic sandals (replaced when wading), moisture-proof pads, down or porous cotton mummy sleeping bags, 4 spare batteries, waterproof sports watches, compasses, inflatable sleeping pillows, insulating aluminum films, trekking poles, leggings, insect-proof hoods, candles or glow sticks, safety helmets, fish hooks and fishing lines, magnifying glasses, water filtering straws, saw blades, mountain knives, etc. *; Personal medication: cold medicine, Huoxiang Zhengqi pill or berberine, trauma medicine, hemostatic patch, vitamins B and C, and Qufeng oil; Collective medicine: bandage, ammonia water, iodine, sulfur powder, bandage, snake venom vacuum straw, snake medicine, frozen sprayer; Personal food: a small amount of chocolate, biscuits, ham sausage, compressed biscuits, a small amount of salt, beef jerky, raisins, marshmallows or fruit candy, tea bags or three-in-one coffee; Personal articles: toothbrush/toothpaste, quick-drying towel, toilet paper/tissue, lighter, travel shower gel, mosquito repellent (suitable for summer), sunscreen oil; Collective equipment: double-decker tent, stove, cooker, military shovel, 25m safety rope, iron lock, safety belt, stopper, 8-ring descender; Group meals: rice, sausage, cereal, instant corn porridge, canned crucian carp and luncheon meat, canned braised pork with plum vegetables, eagle brand milk, pickled mustard tuber, dried mushrooms and vegetables; Selection of outdoor equipment These outdoor equipment mainly include: tents, backpacks, sleeping bags, moisture-proof pads or air cushions, climbing ropes, trekking poles, rock nails, safety belts, risers, descenders, large and small iron locks, lassos, helmets, goggles, wind-proof, waterproof and breathable underwear, gloves, hiking shoes, socks, jungle hats, cookers, stoves and multifunctional ones. Tent: there is more seasonal rainfall in the southern mountainous area, which is humid and foggy. It is best to choose a double-layer yurt tent with good waterproof and windproof performance. Its bottom is mostly 2m*2m square, which can accommodate 2~3 people, so it is convenient to set up and occupies a small area. Check whether there is waterproof glue at the seam of tent fabric when purchasing. The price of double-decker tents is generally between 500 yuan and 700 yuan. After the tent is set up, don't forget to dig a drainage ditch about 10cm deep around the tent. To prevent the invasion of snakes and insects, sprinkle some sulfur powder or ginger powder around the tent, and spray some mosquito repellent water on the tent if possible. Backpack: For mountaineering adventure, it is best to use a professional mountaineering backpack with a metal frame of more than 45 liters. When choosing a mountaineering bag, the following aspects should be considered: 1, whether the backpack system design is scientific, ventilated, force-transmitting, comfortable and bearing strength, and the supporting mechanism of mountaineering bag is usually aluminum frame, U-tube or double aluminum bars in the early days. At present, the improved backpack adopts "?" Font support; 2. Whether the loading system is reasonable and convenient; 3. Whether the external system is reasonable; 4. The fabric should be tear-resistant nylon cloth with waterproof coating. At present, the brand styles of "Dabao" and "Rixing" from 500 yuan to 1000 yuan are all good choices. Having a hiking bag with excellent performance will make you invincible in the long journey and can be used for life. It is more suitable to choose small backpack (assault bag) without metal frame when climbing mountains, raiding the summit and walking streams. Sleeping bag: hiking shoes: when buying hiking shoes, choose something bigger than usual, subject to the position where a finger can be inserted in the heel. My feet will swell up after a long walk, and I need to wear thick socks or two pairs of socks in cold winter, so I'd better buy a bigger size when buying hiking shoes. At present, the best are the leather hiking shoes with VIBRAM soles and GORE-TEX coatings, which have excellent friction and wear resistance, are waterproof and breathable, but are more expensive. Moisture-proof cushion or air cushion: a moisture-proof sleeping cushion or inflatable sleeping cushion, which is used to isolate from the ground and maintain body temperature and sleep quality. Moisture-proof sleeping mats are made of high-density foam materials, and the prices range from 30 yuan to 50 yuan. It has the advantages of light weight, moderate price, wide application range, general comfort and not easy to be damaged. The price of inflatable sleeping mats is around 200 yuan. Its advantages are good thermal insulation and high comfort, but its disadvantages are high price, heavy weight, inconvenient carrying and easy air leakage. It is recommended to use moisture-proof sleeping mats in jungle camping and inflatable sleeping mats in cold areas. Rope: Under normal circumstances, static climbing rope should be used for descending, ascending and burrowing, and dynamic climbing rope should be used for climbing. In addition, climbing ropes can also be used for protection and accidental rescue in exploration activities. Professional climbing ropes are made of synthetic fibers and need to obtain UIAA quality certification. At present, most of the world-famous professional mountaineering brands have obtained many international certifications (UIAA, USA, CE, etc. ), so it is absolutely safe to put the whole body. BEAL's climbing ropes are widely used in China, with prices ranging from 1.300 yuan to 1.600 yuan. In addition, of course, you need to master some simple knots, and learning to tie knots is actually quite interesting. Safety belt: safety belt for mountaineering, used for rock climbing and downhill, the price ranges from 300 to 600 yuan; Helmet: in order to prevent accidents caused by falling rocks, industrial helmets can be used instead; Cooking utensils: portable pots, bowls, etc. ; Cookware: It is recommended that people who buy a cooker for the first time buy a gas cooker, because it can be used as a personal cooker and an emergency cooker equipped by a group. The most important thing is that it is more convenient to use and maintain; Multifunctional kettle: Combined, it can be used as a simple cooker. At present, military kettles are popular and cheap. The unit price is 35 yuan (1 liter) and 48 yuan (1.5 liter). Straw or water purification cup: an important tool for survival in the wild, used to purify water sources; Compass: identify the direction and assist in using the map; Swiss army knife: The quality of Swiss army knife can be described in three sentences, namely "sharp, firm and durable". In order to avoid getting lost, save energy and improve the speed of travel, we should try our best to avoid taking roads, forests, mountains and paths. If there is no road, you can choose to travel on the longitudinal ridge, ridge, mountainside, the edge of rivers and streams, and the terrain with high trees, sparse forests, large gaps and low grass. Generally, do not walk in deep valleys, lush vegetation, rattan and bamboo intertwined places, and strive to walk on beams rather than ditches, and walk vertically rather than horizontally. March should follow the principle of striding, and so should mountains. If you increase your stride, make two steps in three steps, and come down for tens of kilometers, you can walk a lot less and save a lot of physical strength. As the saying goes, "if you are not afraid of slowness, you are afraid of standing." When you are tired, you should relax and walk slowly to rest instead of stopping. You can walk out of dozens of meters in one minute. Walking in the mountains, you often meet all kinds of rock slopes and steep walls. Therefore, rock climbing is the main skill of mountaineering. Before climbing, carefully observe the rocks, carefully distinguish the quality and weathering degree of the rocks, and then determine the direction and route of climbing. The most basic method of rock climbing is the "three-point fixation" method, which requires good cooperation between the hands and feet of the climber. After fixing one foot or two feet with one hand, move a little, so that the center of gravity of the body rises gradually. When using this method, we should prevent jumping up and rushing in, avoid moving at two points at the same time, and be sure to be steady, light and fast. According to your own situation, choose the most suitable distance and the most stable fulcrum, and don't rush or push too far across the stride. Grass slope and gravel slope are the most widely distributed landforms in mountainous areas. In the mountainous areas below 3000 meters above sea level, except for cliffs, almost all are grass slopes and gravel slopes. Climb the hillside below 30 degrees and rise in a straight line. Lean forward slightly, with both feet on the ground, knees bent and feet spread out. Don't walk too fast. When the slope is greater than 30 degrees, it is more difficult to climb in a straight line. Because the wrist joint of both feet is not easy to stretch, it is easy to get tired; The slope is large, and the gravel is easy to roll and slide. Therefore, the zigzag rising method is generally adopted. That is to say, according to the zigzag route, it inclines laterally. It is recommended to use two trekking poles, and four fulcrums are always safer than two fulcrums. When climbing a mountain, your legs are slightly bent, your upper body leans forward, your inner toes lean forward, your feet touch the ground, and your outer toes are slightly outward. When crossing the grass slope, be careful not to grab trees or climb grass vines, so as not to break and make people fall. When walking on a gravel slope, pay special attention to keep your feet steady and lift your feet lightly to avoid gravel rolling. When you accidentally slip on the road, you should immediately face the hillside, open your arms, straighten your legs (toes up), and move your center of gravity as far as possible to reduce the sliding speed. In this way, you can try to find climbing and supporting objects in the slide. Never sit facing outward, because it will not only slide faster, but also roll easily on steep slopes. When traveling in mountainous areas in rainy season, you should try to avoid low-lying areas, such as valleys and rivers, to prevent flash floods and landslides. In case of thunderstorm, you should immediately go to the nearby low-lying land or dense bushes, and don't hide under tall trees. Trees often attract lightning, and lightning will hit people. When lightning strikes and it rains, you should temporarily store metal objects in an easy-to-find place, don't carry them with you, or you can find a low-lying place to lie down. In case of snow, fog, strong wind and other bad weather in mountainous areas, you should stop traveling and hide under cliffs or caves, waiting for the climate to improve. Don't overestimate your physical strength when traveling in the mountains. When you are tired, you should rest in time. Don't rest until you are almost exhausted, because your physical strength is not easy to recover, and you won't get excited if you walk again. The correct way is to take a big step, then relax and walk slowly for a while, or stop to have a rest and adjust your breath. When standing and resting, don't take off your backpack. You can support a wooden stick under your backpack to reduce the load on your body. If the weather is cold, don't sit on a stone and rest. Stones will quickly absorb heat from your body. When crossing the jungle, wear clothes and trousers with tear-resistant fabric, protective glasses and gloves. You can choose shorts and leggings in summer to avoid being scratched by thorns and attacked by snakes and wasps. Whether traveling or exploring, to be a survivor in the wild means that all aspects need to be considered. Here will tell you how to ensure that you have the necessary types of equipment. Any exploration is about to begin. They are vital to survival in the wild-you must be with them. 1. Prepare 1: Make a checklist of equipment (fully consider the environment and geographical location where you are going). Do a thorough physical examination before you leave. 3. Make a careful travel plan after studying. Two, equipped with sleeping bags, backpacks, tents, radio communication equipment, vehicles, etc. (Added according to personal circumstances) Third, the boxes containing some key small things are called life-saving boxes. 1: Matches should be waterproof. In order to save space, the second half of the matchstick should be removed. Candles can be used as both fire and light source. Candles made of cattle and sheep fat can also be eaten, or used as cooking oil in case of emergency. 3. Flint can still play a role even in wet state. 4. Magnifier can directly focus light to make a fire, and pulling out needles is also useful. 5. There should be several types of needles and thread needles. Choose a tough thread and wind it around the needle. 6: Hook and fishing line Remember to bring the fishing line as long as possible. It can also be used to catch birds. 7: Compass Prepare a compass with clear scale and button size. 8:? Lights? The lamp is a crystal luminous body, only the size of a coin, but it is very suitable for observing maps at night, and it is also an excellent bait for hanging fish hooks at night-although expensive, it is durable. 9. The elastic saw blade can be omitted because the handle takes up a lot of space. It can go through dense trees. 10: Setting traps or traps with thin copper wires 60-90cm long can solve many survival problems at the same time. 1 1: several slender cylindrical vials are selected for medical use, and the medicine contained in them is according to your own needs. Generally, there should be painkillers, intestinal tranquilizers, antibiotics, antihistamines (for all kinds of allergies, mosquito bites, poisonous insect bites, etc.) and other drugs. ), bleaching powder, antimalarial drugs and potassium permanganate. 12: surgical blades should be equipped with at least two different types of blades. 13: Bow is used to fix the injured part and promote wound healing. 14: The plaster should be waterproof, and the wound should be cleaned before use. 15: A condom can be used as a good water bag-it can hold at least 2 pints (1 10 ml) of water. Fourth, the life-saving box 1: lunch box The aluminum lunch box is both light and durable. It is a good cooker and can hold all kinds of life-saving items. 2. The fuel is preferably a solidified fuel block in a folding furnace. 3: Flashlight The miniature flashlight only takes up a small space, and the battery in the bucket should be put upside down. Lithium battery is the first choice. 4. Flashing signal lights can attract the attention of rescuers, especially in closed areas. 5. The marking board should carry a strip made of fluorescent material, about 2m long and 0.3m wide, which can be used to attract the attention of rescuers. 6: Tea bag A cup of green tea can recharge your batteries and make you refreshed. Remember to bring tea powder, small packaged milk powder and sugar. 7. When food is far away from land, fat is the rarest food. Butter, lard or ghee are suitable in tubes. Dehydrated meat brick is nutritious and easy to store. Chocolate is undoubtedly a good thing, but it should not be preserved for a long time. You must bring salt! Simple can carry salt blocks, or choose better electrolytic salt powder. 8. Life-saving bag In cold conditions, a large polyethylene film bag with a length of 200 cm and a width of 60 cm can also save lives. When something goes wrong, you can drill into it to prevent heat loss. Knife 1: The folding knife is easy to carry, and the wooden handle will give you a relatively comfortable feeling. 2. Crescent machete This is a big and heavy short knife used by Malays, which is very suitable for outdoor life and work. It is best to use a blade with a total length of about 30 cm and a weight of no more than 750 g. The widest point of the blade is about 5 cm, and the end goes deep into the wooden handle. Survival skills When disaster strikes, it's easy to just waste time looking at yourself and feeling sorry for yourself until your body and mind collapse. So only by taking positive actions can we save ourselves. A healthy person, a well-nourished person, can bear considerable physical disasters as long as he has confidence. Even in the case of injury, determined people will certainly overcome difficulties and miraculously recover. Good training and rich knowledge will bring you confidence. Self-confidence can help you overcome fear, boredom, despair and loneliness. A basic need 1: water is indispensable for life. All living things depend on water, and all living things also contain water. Without food, normal people can live for three weeks on average, but without water, they can't live for three days. Normal people consume an average of 2-3 liters of water a day. Breathing, increased work intensity, rising temperature and sweating will all lead to water loss. It is necessary to constantly replenish water to maintain normal water balance. So water needs to be given priority. A flowing water source is the most ideal. Maintain body fluid balance: In order to minimize water consumption, the following measures can be taken: A Take more rest and less exercise. Do not smoke. Stay in a cool place. If you can't find it, you can build an arbor. Don't lie on the hot ground. E don't eat or eat as little as possible. If the body can't get water, it will transfer body fluids from important organs to digest food, thus accelerating dehydration. Fat is difficult to digest and needs a lot of water. F don't drink alcohol, it will make the organs consume a lot of water. Don't talk-don't breathe through your mouth. Looking for water source: the first choice for finding water source is the valley bottom, and attention should be paid to the distribution of green plants. Springs are likely to be found under dry river beds or ditches.