Potatoes have several names.
Some scholars believe that there are seven cultivated species of potato * * *, which are mainly distributed in temperate and subtropical areas in the Andes of South America and its nearby coastal areas. The most important potato cultivar is tetraploid. Tetraploid potatoes are cultivated all over the world. At first, the short-day type was introduced from Colombia in South America to Spain in Europe in 1570, and became the long-day type through artificial selection. Later, it spread to Asia, North America, South Africa and Australia. Potato has high yield, rich nutrition and strong adaptability to the environment. Now it has spread all over the world, and tropical and subtropical countries can cultivate and obtain high yield even in winter or cool season.
The main potato producers in the world are the former Soviet Union, Poland, China and the United States. The main potato producing areas in China are southwest mountainous area, northwest, Inner Mongolia and northeast. Among them, the southwest mountainous area has the largest planting area, accounting for about 1/3 of the national total area. Tengzhou, Shandong Province is known as the "granary in southern Shandong", with 323 varieties of crops and 0/45 varieties of livestock. It is listed as a commodity grain base and high-quality vegetable base by the state and Shandong Province, the largest vegetable distribution center and "Green Goat Base" in China, and the "Potato Town of China" named by the Ministry of Agriculture of China. Heilongjiang Province is the largest potato planting base in China. Common cultivated potatoes are propagated and grown by tubers, and their morphology varies from variety to variety. The plant height is about 50 ~ 80 cm. The stem is divided into two parts: aboveground stem and underground stem. Tubers are round, ovoid or rectangular. The color of potato skin is white, yellow, pink, red or purple; Potato meat is white, light yellow or yellow. Plants grown from seeds form slender main roots and branched lateral roots; Tuber-propagated plants have no main roots, but only fibrous roots. Primary leaves are simple and intact. With the growth of the plant, pinnate compound leaves gradually formed. Cymes are terminal, with white, light blue, purple and red. Berries. Due to different geographical and climatic conditions, potato cultivation techniques are different around the world. Tubers are mainly used for asexual reproduction. In order to avoid virus (spindle tuber, X and S mosaic virus) infection and knife ring rot, healthy seed potatoes with a diameter of 3 ~ 3.5 cm should be selected for whole potato sowing. Potato is the most susceptible to disease, and fungal diseases include late blight, scab and early blight. Bacterial diseases include ring rot and bacterial wilt. Viral diseases include mosaic, leaf curl, viroid and mycoplasma. Pests include tuber moths, nematodes, cutworms and grubs. Most cultivated varieties are selected through cross breeding. In view of the shortage of common cultivated potato varieties, in recent years, special attention has been paid to the comprehensive genome of potato-related cultivars, including common cultivars and diploid cultivars, in order to facilitate the breeding of new varieties with high yield, high resistance, high starch and high protein content.
The main breeding approaches are as follows: ① The diploid hybrids producing 2n gametes are crossed with common cultivated species. (2) The new cultivated varieties are crossed with the common cultivated varieties. Potatoes have high nutritional value and medicinal value. Generally, fresh potatoes contain starch 9-20%, protein 1.5-2.3%, fat 0.1-1%and crude fiber 0.6-0.8%. The nutritional components in 100g potato are: heat 66 ~ 1 13j, calcium1~ 60mg, phosphorus 15 ~ 68mg, iron 0.4~4.8mg and thiamine. In addition, potato tubers also contain carotene and ascorbic acid that cereals do not have. From the nutritional point of view, it has more advantages than rice and flour, and can supply a lot of heat energy to the human body, so it can be called "perfect food". People only rely on potatoes and whole milk to maintain their lives and health. Because the nutritional components of potatoes are very comprehensive and the nutritional structure is reasonable, but the contents of protein, calcium and vitamin A are slightly lower; And this is just a supplement to whole milk. Potato tuber is rich in water, low in fat and low in calories per unit volume. It contains 10 times of vitamin C, 4 times of B vitamins and several to several times of various minerals, which makes you feel full after eating. Potatoes Fresh potatoes can be used as food or vegetables. However, fresh potato tubers are bulky and have high water content, so it is difficult to transport and store them for a long time. For this reason, countries all over the world attach great importance to the production of potato processed foods, such as French frozen fried strips, fried chips, instant whole flour, starch and various cakes and egg rolls, reaching more than 100. Fresh stems and leaves of potato can be used as feed through silage, but it contains solanine to prevent livestock poisoning. In some areas of China, potato stems and leaves are used as green manure, and their fertilizer efficiency is similar to that of Chinese milk vetch.
Generally speaking, under the condition of per mu yield 1330 ~ 1650 kg, potato absorbs about 6.65 ~1.65 kg of nitrogen, 2.8 ~ 3.3 kg of phosphoric acid and 9.3 ~ 15.3 kg of potassium oxide. Although potatoes can adapt to a variety of soils, loose black soil (pH 5.5 ~ 6.0) is the most ideal. The density should not be less than 4000 plants per mu.
Experts remind: You must peel potatoes.
Potatoes, sweet potatoes, taro and other potato foods are rich in nutrition. The contents of protein, vitamin C, vitamin B 1 and vitamin B2 are much higher than those of apples, and the contents of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and potassium are also very high, especially the content of potassium, which can be said to be the first among vegetables. Potatoes contain a lot of high-quality cellulose, which can prevent constipation and cancer. So, how to eat potatoes to eat well?
First of all, we must ensure the quantity. Eating potato foods (potatoes, sweet potatoes and taro) should be about 80 grams per day. Secondly, the combination of meat and vegetables is good. As long as the combination is good, you can enjoy delicious food and achieve the goal of keeping slim. When eating potatoes, the intake of staple food should be reduced accordingly, which can be controlled according to the ratio of potatoes to staple food of 3 ∶ 1 ~ 4 ∶ 1. If you eat about 80 grams of potatoes every day, it may help reduce the risk of stroke.
For many mashed potatoes and chips in fast food, they are oxidized during processing, which destroys a lot of vitamin C and greatly reduces the nutritional components. For French fries, it is easy to increase the intake of fat, and it is difficult to judge whether the oil of French fries is fresh. In addition, repeated high-temperature heating will produce polymers, such as toxic cyclic monomers, which are carcinogens. Try to eat less.
Nutritionists point out that eating potatoes does not need to worry about excess fat, because it only contains 0. 1% fat, which is the least among all hungry foods. Eating more potatoes every day can reduce fat intake and gradually metabolize excess fat.
However, it is worth noting that potatoes, especially potatoes, contain a toxic substance called alkaloids, which can cause poisoning, nausea, diarrhea and other reactions when ingested in large quantities. The alkaloids in potato belong to steroidal glycoside alkaloids, mainly solanine and solanine. Its structure is similar to human steroid hormones, such as androgen, estrogen and progesterone. According to foreign reports, the newly harvested potato alkaloids are 20 ~ 80 mg per kg, and after storage for a period of time, they rise to 75 ~ 1 14 mg. The alkaloid content of germinated or moldy potatoes will further increase. This toxic compound is high in potato skin, so peel it when eating, especially peel off the green skin. In addition, potatoes with buds are more toxic. When eating, you must dig out the buds and roots and soak them in clear water. Stewing should get angry.
In addition, if pregnant women often eat potatoes with high alkaloid content, accumulation in the body may lead to fetal malformation. Of course, there are considerable individual differences between people, and not everyone will be abnormal after eating potatoes. However, it is best for pregnant women not to eat or eat less potatoes, especially potatoes that have been stored and germinated for a long time, which is especially important for women in the early pregnancy.
Remarks: There is a well-known superstar in NBA, also called Potato. He is Weber, known as "Potato" in Spud Webb, and his height is1.70m.. What impressed him most was the dunk. Potato Webber is the champion of 1986 all-star dunk contest. At that time, he was only 1.70 meters and could win the championship. The result is a blockbuster!
In Chinese in Taiwan Province Province, "potato" actually means "peanut".
As early as 1997, the National Nutrition Society called on residents to "eat more vegetables, fruits and potatoes". Nowadays, vegetables and fruits have attracted people's attention, but potatoes are often forgotten.
In particular, many people have always mistakenly thought that potato starch content is too high, which is a food that is easy to cause obesity, so they are discouraged from potatoes. In fact, from the perspective of staple food, the starch content of potatoes is not high, and it can also help people lose weight.
This is because potatoes have high water content, starch content is only about 20%, and they are also rich in soft dietary fiber that can produce satiety. Therefore, if potatoes are used instead of white rice and steamed bread, even if you let go of your stomach, it is difficult to make people obese.
What needs to be known now is that, as a part of staple food, the content of potassium and magnesium in potatoes is higher than that in polished white rice and polished white flour, which is an alkaline food and is conducive to maintaining the acid-base balance in the human body. Secondly, the protein of potatoes is of high quality and rich in lysine, which enables people to obtain various amino acids needed by the body. Third, potatoes contain vitamin C, which is a good thing that polished rice and white flour do not have. Fourth, potatoes contain dietary fiber, which is soft and will not stimulate the stomach. People with gastric ulcer or enteritis can also rest assured to eat potatoes.
It should be noted that because potatoes are easy to absorb fat, if you add fat when cooking potatoes, you should cut off other foods rich in fat to ensure that the total amount of fat in a day will not exceed the standard.
A formula for treating constipation with potatoes and honey;
On the fourth CCTV program, June 65438+1October 65438+July 9: 30 am, Chinese medicine reported that China was the first person to favor TCM constipation remedies. After the potatoes are juiced, cook them with low fire until they are thick, and add some honey once a day, two teaspoons each time, and take them on an empty stomach.
Note: honey can be divided into cold honey and hot honey, and cold honey is like Sophora japonica honey; As hot as jujube nectar.
Experts believe that to treat constipation, you should eat more high-fiber foods. After screening, we found that the content of root vegetables was high.
Potatoes, potatoes, are the kind of "earth" flavor that eats them, and their sweetness and delicacy are all in this "earth" flavor. Without this "earthy" smell, there would be nothing to eat.
There are generally five cooking methods for potato dishes: stir-frying, stir-frying, stewing, frying and steaming.
Deep-frying, mainly potato chips and shredded potatoes, is characterized by crispy outside and tender inside.
Fried potatoes, mainly fried potato chips and diced potatoes, not only retain the characteristics of fried potatoes, but also add a little smoothness.
Stewed dishes, mainly stewed potato chips and potato chips, are characterized by sand and noodles, which are loose and delicious.
Xian, mainly mixed with shredded potatoes and diced potatoes, is characterized by crispness, lightness and crispness.
Soup, which is potato sauce. This is the simplest potato dish.