The ancestor of Zhou Enlai’s family history excerpt

1. The biography of Zhou Dunyi, the ancestor of the Zhou family in Xiangfu

Zhou Enlai often said: "Shengsheng is endless." "Shengsheng" is a Chinese philosophical term, which recognizes that new things are always produced in the process of change. "Sheng Sheng is called Yi." Zhou Dunyi, the founder of Neo-Confucianism (Taoism) in the Song Dynasty, emphasized that "Sheng Sheng" is the foundation of the universe. He said in "Tai Chi Diagram": "The two qi interact and transform all things, and all things are born and change endlessly."

Zhou Dunyi was honored as the ancestor by the Zhou family of Baoyou Bridge, Shaoxing. And Zhou Enlai is a descendant of the Zhou family of Baoyouqiao. From this, it seems that Zhou Dunyi is the ancestor of Zhou Enlai. Is there any basis for this? Because the Chinese have always had the habit of calling people their ancestors. For example, people with the surname Zhou can often be traced back to King Wen of Zhou and King Wu of Zhou. In fact, King Wen and King Wu of Zhou were surnamed Ji and not Zhou, just like Dayu's surname was Si. It's just that later generations took the country's name as their surname.

The Zhou family of Baoyou Bridge did not respect King Wen of Zhou and King Wu of Zhou as their ancestors, but respected Zhou Dunyi as their ancestor. This is well-founded. The most important basis is the epitaph of Zhou Dunyi's great-grandson Zhou Jing. The specific time when the epitaph was written is unknown, but the author Li Datong was a Jinshi in Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty. The Jiading period was from 1208 to 1224, which was only more than 100 years before Zhou Dunyi's death. At this time, Zhou Dunyi was respected as the originator of Neo-Confucianism (Taoism), and most people did not dare to pretend to be his descendants. The record of the inscription should be credible. Zhou Jing's tombstone no longer exists, but the full text of the epitaph is included in the "Zhuji County Chronicles·Landscape Chronicles" revised during the Guangxu period.

In addition, descendants of the Zhou family have migrated to more than 50 clans, including the Ziyan clan, Nanmen clan, Fengjiang clan, Meishan clan, Zhouqiao clan, Houma clan, etc. The genealogy records the family history in detail, and traces its origins to after Zhou Dunyi, the acting scholar of the Song Dynasty, and is consistent with the "Lianxi Hometown Zhou Family Genealogy" in Loutian Village, Dao County, Hunan, where Zhou Dunyi was born.

In addition, there is another piece of evidence: Kuomintang veteran, Yu Youren, director of the Examination Yuan and other celebrities also recognized Zhou Dunyi as Zhou Enlai’s ancestor.

This is what happened. In mid-March 1961, Zhang Shizhao relayed a letter written by Yu Youren to a Hong Kong resident. Mr. Yu said in the letter: "This year is my wife's 80th birthday. Unfortunately, I am not in the mainland. Her birthday this year will definitely be ignored. No one will pay attention to her. Thinking of this, I am very sad." Zhang said at the end of the letter, "Please pay attention to Mr. Yu's mood." After Zhou En read the letter, he asked Qu Wu to celebrate Mrs. Yu's 80th birthday in the name of his son-in-law. Afterwards, Qu Wu wanted to tell his father-in-law Yu Lao about Premier Zhou's concern, but he didn't know how to write it properly, so he discussed it with Yu Youren's friend Shao Lizi. During the Anti-Japanese War, Shao Lizi and Yu Youren lived together in Kang Xinzhi's home in Chongqing, the capital of the country, and got along day and night. Shao Lizi worked with Zhou Enlai at Huangpu Military Academy. He was a peace advocate of the Kuomintang and was known as the Old Man of Peace. He negotiated with Zhou Enlai many times. Shao Lizi was also from Shaoxing. He said: "We can use the word 'Lianxi' to refer to it, because Lianxi is the nickname of Zhou Dunyi, the acting scholar of the Song Dynasty. Mr. Yu knew it at a glance." Sure enough, after receiving the letter, Mr. Yu understood the meaning and responded to the letter. Mr. Lianxi, Zhou Enlai, expressed his gratitude. When compiling a family tree, a master genealogist is used.

Why did Yu Youren understand it when he saw the word "Lianxi" when he saw the letter? Because Yu Youren knew that Zhou Enlai was a descendant of Zhou Dunyi. In his later years, Zhou Dunyi lectured at Lianxi Academy in Lushan Mountain, and later generations called him Mr. Lianxi. When Mr. Yu Lao and Shao Lizi were in Chongqing, they often called Zhou Enlai "Mr. Lianxi".

Zhou Dunyi, courtesy name Maoshu, was born in Lianxi, Yingdao, Daozhou (now Dao County, Hunan) in the first year of Tianxi (1017) of Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty. His original name was Dunshi, but he changed his name to Dunyi to avoid the taboo of Song Yingzong.

Zhou Dunyi lost his father at the age of 15. His mother took him to Kaifeng to join his uncle, Zheng Xiang, a bachelor of Longtuge. He became an official because of his uncle's official position and was not from the imperial examination. At the age of 24, he was appointed as the chief registrar of Fenning County in Hongzhou. When Zhou Dunyi first entered his official career, he was extraordinary. At that time, there was a case in Fenning County that was delayed for a long time and could not be decided. After he arrived, he only served one summons and then settled it. On the recommendation of the inspector, he was transferred to join the army as the manager of the Nan'an Army.

When Nan'an Army Manager joined the army, another incident shocked the officialdom.

At that time, Wang Kui, the transshipment envoy, was a cruel and arbitrary official. There was a criminal who, based on the circumstances of the case, should not be sentenced to death, but Wang Kui had to sentence him to death. No one dared to say no, except Zhou Dunyi who dared to argue. Wang Kui was stubborn and ignored him. Zhou Dunyi handed over the prototype used by the imperial court to his entourage and decided to abandon his official position. He said: "Can you still be an official like this? You can kill people at will to please your boss." , I won’t do it!” These words reached Wang Kui’s ears, and Wang Kui realized that the criminal was not dead after all.

Soon after, Zhou Dunyi was transferred to the magistrate of Guiyang County in Chenzhou, and his administrative achievements were even more remarkable. With a good reputation, more people will recommend you. He was transferred to the post of magistrate of Nanchang County, Hongzhou Prefecture.

Then, he served as the general magistrate of Hezhou and served as an official for 4 years. At that time, the subordinates did not dare to deal with all matters in the state without Zhou Dunyi's hands; even if the subordinates reluctantly arranged it, the people were unwilling to implement it. At this time, Zhao Kuan, the inspector general, came to inspect. Someone tried to slander Zhao Kuan, but Zhao Kuan put on a majestic look and observed what was going on. Zhou Dunyi didn't take it seriously and took it calmly. Zhao Pin was helpless, but he could not let go of the slander. Later, Zhou Dunyi was transferred to the post of general magistrate of Qianzhou, and the magistrate of Qianzhou was Zhao Pin. Zhao Pin carefully examined Zhou Dunyi's words and deeds, and then realized the sinister intentions of the slanderer. Zhao Pin held Zhou Dunyi's hand and said, "I almost lost you. Now I really understand you."

In the early years of Xining, Zhou Dunyi was promoted to the prefect of Chenzhou. Soon, he was recommended by Zhao Shen and Lu Gongzhu, and he served as the transfer judge of Guangdong Road and concurrently served as the prison guard. He took it as his own duty to clean up the injustice and benefit the people. He inspected various places and was not afraid of hard work. Even in miasmatic places, dangerous places, even remote cliffs and islands, and inaccessible places, he went one by one. He found things that were not handled properly and places with insufficient facilities. Do your best to satisfy the people.

Due to years of hard work, he became ill and could no longer run around. In 1072, he proposed to the court that he hoped to serve as the commander of the Southern Kang Army. The imperial court agreed to his request, and he settled under the Lotus Peak of Mount Lushan. There is a stream in front of the door, originating from Lianhua Peak and flowing to the mouth of Fanjiang River. It is clean, sweet and refreshing, so he calls it Lianxi River in his hometown and takes Lianxi River as his own nickname. Sometimes he wanders around Lushan Mountain and is so happy that he forgets to return; sometimes he wanders along the Lianxi River and feels relaxed and happy. He built a bookstore on the stream, named Lianxi Bookstore, where he read and lectured in the morning and evening, and felt content. Genealogists are used to compile family trees.

Zhou Dunyi has been an official for 30 years, but his official position is relatively low. His life is not rich. When he was young, he believed in ancient times and loved justice, respected his reputation and integrity, and had strict requirements on himself. The salary earned from being an official is basically used to support the poor members of the clan and some relatives and friends. He himself does not even have a hundred dollars in savings, and his wife and children sometimes cannot even afford porridge. But he didn't take it seriously, he was free-spirited and elegant. As Huang Tingjian said: "Uncle Mao has a very high character, and his chest shines like light, wind and moon." Zhou Dunyi's "On Love of Lotus" is a portrayal of his personality:

To those who only love lotus It emerges from the silt without being stained, and washes away the clear ripples without being stained. It is straight in the middle and straight on the outside, with no vines or branches. The fragrance is clear from a distance, and the pavilions are clean and planted, so you can look at it from a distance but not play with it.

"The Theory of Ai Lian)" is very popular, and "come out of the mud but remain unstained" has become a famous saying that has been passed down through the ages.

Zhou Dunyi was a Confucian scholar who preached and taught while serving as an official. The famous Neo-Confucianists Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi were his favorite disciples, and Zhu Xi was his second disciple. His writings that have been handed down include "Tai Chi Illustrations" and "Tongshu" etc., which were compiled by later generations into "The Complete Book of Zhou Zi".

The purpose of Zhou Dunyi's teaching is to teach people how to be a saint, pay attention to moral cultivation, and talk about the study of life with integrity and sincerity. In philosophy, he combined Confucius and Mencius' theories of cultivating the mind and nature with the Buddhism and Laoism's thoughts of tranquility and inaction, and finally derived the system of idealism. He was the founder of Neo-Confucianism (Taoism) in the Song and Ming Dynasties.

Zhou Dunyi inherited "Yi Zhuan" and Taoist thoughts, and proposed a simple and systematic theory of the composition of the universe. He believes that "Wuji is Tai Chi. When Tai Chi moves, it produces Yang, and when it moves, it becomes still. When it stays still, it produces Yin, and when it stays still, it moves again. One movement and one stillness are the root of each other. Yin is divided into Yang, and the two instruments stand together." There are endless changes in life, but people also find their beauty and the most spiritual."

He also believes that saints imitate "Tai Chi" and establish "Human Ji", "Human Ji" is "sincerity", and "sincerity" is "the foundation of the five constants and the source of hundreds of actions" of "pure and perfect goodness", and is the highest state of Tao. He also inherited Confucius and Mencius and formed his own Neo-Confucian system, which had a great influence on the subsequent development of Neo-Confucianism and laid the foundation for the formation of the Neo-Confucian philosophical system.

Zhou Dunyi’s social reputation was not great during his lifetime. After the promotion of Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi and especially Zhu Xi, later generations believed that his philosophy was the true inheritance of Confucius and Mencius. Confucianism was revived, and his achievements were second only to Confucius and Mencius. . In the Southern Song Dynasty, he was granted the title of Runan Bo, and in the Yuan Dynasty, he was granted the title of Duke of Dao. From the Confucian Temple.

On June 7, the sixth year of Xining (July 14, 1073), Zhou Dunyi passed away at the age of 57. "Buried in Qingquanshe, Dehua Township, Dehua County, Jiangzhou" or "Budged next to Zheng Taijun's tomb in Sanqi Mountain, Lianhua Peak, Qingquanshe, Dehua County (Lushan)". This is just a way of saying that Li Haiwen went to Jiujiang in 1997 and learned that there is a tomb of Zhou Dunyi in the southeast suburb of Jiujiang City at the foot of Mount Lu. This tomb has gone through vicissitudes of life and has been destroyed and rebuilt several times.

This tomb is at the foot of Lishu Ridge and in front of Lian River. This Lianxi is the Lianxi where Mr. Zhou gave lectures. Pan Xingsi, who once served as a county captain in Dehua County, and Zhou Dunyi were close friends. He wrote an epitaph on his epitaph: "The only thing his family owned was a broken suitcase, and the money was only a few hundred. Everyone was impressed, and everyone saw the rest with their own eyes."

It is said that this tomb was unknown to ordinary people at first. In the Southern Song Dynasty, due to Zhu Xi's praise, his tomb was repaired. In the first year of the Zhengtong reign of Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty (1436), an order was issued to repair the ancestral tomb and a major restoration was carried out on the tomb. Five miles in front of the tomb, there is a tomb passage, with pavilions and tombstones built on both sides. Crossing the Lian River, a small bridge flows over the water. Facing the tomb is a tall stone archway. On the left and right of the tomb are Tai Chi stele and image stele. The Lianxi Temple was built in front of the tomb. Two ponds were dug in front of the temple to plant lotuses. Surrounded by towering ancient trees, the majesty was extraordinary and became one of the "Top Ten Scenes of Jiangzhou" in the Ming Dynasty. When compiling a family tree, a master genealogist is used.

In the fifth year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (1855), Luo Zenan and Li Xubin invested money to repair the Lianxi Tomb and rebuild the archway. In 1934, reinforced concrete was built to raise the height of the mausoleum.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the tomb area was well preserved. The cemetery has towering ancient trees, which are shaded from the sun. There is a tomb pavilion on both sides. In the middle, there are layers of stone steps following the mountain. Climbing up the steps, the top layer is the tomb.

However, this tomb area suffered a devastating disaster during the ten years of catastrophe. The tombs were blown open with explosives, the ancient trees were cut down, and the ancient walls and archways were gone. It is said that some people think that Zhou Dunyi was a sixth-rank official and had all the power. There must be many burial objects in the tomb, but nothing was found after it was exploded. This completely proves that the epitaph written by Pan Xingsi is authentic and credible.

The good news is that in 1988, the whole country was campaigning against corruption. Villagers admired Zhou Dunyi's integrity and spontaneously raised funds and volunteered their time to rebuild the Lianxi Tomb.

Zhou Dunyi did not stay in Jiujiang for a long time, but he had a great influence. To this day, there is still a lotus pond on the east side of Xingzi County, with a surrounding area of ​​more than ten feet, a stone platform in the middle, a lotus viewing pavilion on top, and a stone tablet inside. The monument is engraved with Zhou Dunyi's famous poem "The Theory of Love of Lotus". This was when Zhu Xi was appointed to the Nankang Army, and he renovated the pavilion. He also obtained the ink of "Ai Lian Shuo" and carved a stone tablet on the pavilion, which has been preserved to this day.

Zhou Dunyi gave birth to two sons: Shou and Tao.

2. Genealogy table of Zhou Dunyi and Zhou Jing

3. Biography of the second and third generations after Zhou Dunyi

The second generation

Shou was named Yuan Weng, also known as Li Lao. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng in the Song Dynasty (1082), Huang Shang ranked first on the list and was granted the title of Lang Lang. ? middle. Sixth son: Bo Kui, Yu Zhong, Shu Xia, Ji You, Ji Zhong, and Ji Ci. After his death, he moved to Jiangzhou. Bo Kui once became Bo Da.

In the third year of Song Yuanyou's reign (1088), Li Changning was ranked No. He took office on July 29th, retired in July of the seventh year of Zhenghe (1117), and resigned in September.

After he was dismissed, he was promoted to Mingdao Palace in Haozhou. At the end of the court, it was discussed that Huiyou Pavilion, the official of the imperial court, was to be established and presented to the official of Tongfeng. It is also said: Yuan Gong married Bo at the age of 44, and gave birth to Tao at the age of 46. Tao lived with his father at the foot of Lotus Peak in Nankang. Give birth to three sons: Ji, ?, and Xian.

三世

Yan Zi Qingchang, his father Yilang eventually served as general judge of Qizhou, and gave birth to four sons: Zhengqing, Zhiqing, Liangqing and Yanqing. Living in Nankang, they belong to the Nankang tribe.

The memorial changed his name to Yi, with the courtesy name Qinghe. In the fourth year of Shaosheng of the Song Dynasty (1098), He Changyan ascended the list and became the minister of the Ministry of Rites (the Ministry of War). He disobeyed the rule and was relegated to Henan Xiangfu. Xiangfu, formerly located in Bianzhou, changed its current name from Xiangfu in the Song Dynasty, and is one of the sixteen counties in Kaifeng Prefecture. Sui's family lived outside Dongzhenguan, married Shao, and gave birth to a son: Jing. According to an article in Shaoxing's "(Yuecheng Zhou Family Genealogy·Xiangfu Clan)": "Ji Shilanggong Juxiangfu should be within forty years old, and the master's son Jingfang danced with an elephant spoon, and he became a Jinshi in the 12th and 3rd years of Yue. Three years after Bianjing fell, Hu Siling settled in Hangzhou, and moved to Ziyan in fifteen years. It was only fifteen or sixteen years since Jiaxiangfu moved to Ziyan, thirty years after his move to Ziyan."

Qing Chun, Gu Shi Cheng, has devoted his career to Confucianism for many generations, and his father's influence will always serve as a minister. Give birth to two sons: Rong and Kuan.