Geography required 1 solar activity
Geography compulsory first chapter review
Chapter 1 Earth in the Universe 1. 1 Earth in the Universe.
First, the basic characteristics of the universe
1, materiality-celestial body
Celestial body: the existing form of matter in the universe. A part of a celestial body is not called a celestial body, such as a meteorite ≠ meteoroid.
Celestial bodies: stars, nebulae, planets, satellites, meteoroids, comets and interstellar matter. (Basic celestial bodies: stars, nebulae)
2. Fluidity-celestial system
Conditions for the formation of celestial bodies: mutual attraction and mutual rotation.
The level of celestial system: central celestial body: sun central celestial body: earth
Extragalactic moon satellite: the moon
Other planetary systems (planets and satellites) in the solar system.
Milky Way asteroids, comets, meteoroids, interstellar matter, etc.
Other stellar systems
Note: The total galaxy is the highest celestial system known to mankind at present, and it is also the part of the universe that we can only observe at present, not the whole universe. The radius is about150 ~ 20 billion light years.
Second, the eight planets and asteroid belts in the solar system
1. How far are the eight planets from the sun? Mercury → Venus → Earth → Mars → Jupiter → Saturn → Uranus → Neptune.
2. Classification of the eight planets: terrestrial planets (water, earth and fire), giant planets (wood and earth) and distant planets (sky and sea).
3. The asteroid belt lies between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars, that is, between the Earth-like planet and the giant planet.
4. Motion characteristics of the eight planets: isotropic, areal and nearly circular.
Note: Planets revolve around the sun (star) and satellites revolve around their respective central celestial bodies-planets.
Third, the particularity of the earth-there is life
1.2 the influence of the sun on the earth
First, the influence of solar radiation on the earth.
1. Overview of the Sun: The sun is a huge and hot gas ball (H, he).
2. Solar radiation: The sun constantly emits energy into space in the form of electromagnetic waves.
3. Solar radiation energy source: 4he (mass loss is converted into energy during fusion)
4. Wavelength distribution: the solar radiation energy is mainly concentrated in the visible part, and the wavelength is between 0.4 and 0.76 microns.
5. The influence of solar radiation on the earth
(1) provides light and heat. Most of the energy on the earth comes directly or indirectly from the sun.
Direct energy: solar energy, biogas, hydropower, wind energy, solar water heater and solar power generation needed for biological growth.
Indirect energy: coal, oil and natural gas.
(2) Maintaining the surface temperature is the main driving force to promote the earth's water cycle, atmospheric movement and biological activities.
Read the textbook illustration 1-2-3 and analyze the following problems.
A. What is the latitude distribution of global annual solar radiation? Decreasing from low latitude to high latitude.
B: Why is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau rich in solar energy?
A. Low latitudes and strong solar radiation
B. High altitude and thin atmosphere
C.fewer clouds and more sunny days
Second, the influence of solar activity on the earth.
1. The structure of the sun
The sun that we can directly observe is the atmosphere of the sun.
From the inside out, it is divided into three layers: light ball, color ball and corona.
The bright disk of the sun that we usually see with the naked eye is the photosphere.
2. Main types of solar activity
Significance of active atmospheric position cycle
Sunspot photosphere 1 1 a sign of annual solar activity.
The strongest solar activity in the flare chromosphere shows that
3. The influence of solar activity on the earth
Q: What is a magnetic storm? The phenomenon that the violent vibration of the magnetic needle can not indicate the direction correctly.
Question: Aurora can only be seen at night, but why does it only appear in polar high latitudes? After being captured by the earth's magnetic field, the charged particle stream thrown by the sun moves to the polar high latitudes where the earth's magnetic field is the strongest, and excites high-level air molecules or atoms to emit light.
1.3. 1 Basic forms of earth motion-rotation and revolution.
First, rotation
1. direction: from west to east (north pole: reverse; Antarctic: Shun)
2. Stars with sidereal day period of 1 (reference)
1 solar daily cycle (1 day) sun (reference)
3. Velocity and angular velocity: Except the north and south poles are zero, all parts of the earth's surface are equal (15/h h).
Linear speed: decreasing from the equator to the poles, and the north and south poles are 0.
Linear speed = 1670×cos local latitude (unit: km/h)
Second, the climax of the revolution: early July.
1. orbit: perihelion of elliptical orbit: 65438+1early October.
2. Direction: from west to west
3. A real periodic star with a period of1(6: 09 on 365 10 second) (reference)
1 tropic year (365d5h48m46s) straight solar point regression motion cycle (Gregorian calendar 1 year) vernal equinox (reference).
4. Speed: perihelion is the fastest and apohelion is the slowest.
Third, the relationship between rotation and revolution.
Look at the textbook 1-3-5 equatorial plane: the plane of the earth's rotation.
Zodiac plane: the plane around which the earth rotates.
Zodiac angle: the intersection angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane (23 26').
During the earth's revolution, the spatial orientation of the earth's axis remains unchanged for a certain period of time (the north pole always points near the Polaris), and the yellow-red intersection angle remains unchanged for a certain period of time. So the direct point of the sun moves back and forth between the tropic of cancer. Read the textbook map 1-3-6
The position of the direct solar point on the solar term date and the moving direction of the direct solar point.
Vernal equinox 3.2 1 equatorial northward shift.
During the summer solstice, the Tropic of Cancer moves southward on June 22nd.
At the autumnal equinox, the equator moves 9.23 degrees to the south.
The tropic of Capricorn moves northward on the winter solstice 12.22.
Note: Direct point of the sun: the point where the sun shines vertically.
In other words, the incident solar rays make an angle of 90 with the ground plane. As shown on the right.
Discrimination of direct solar point;
The sun's rays pass through the center of the earth on the extension line of the direct point of the sun.
1.3.2 the geographical significance of the earth's rotation
First, day and night change
1. Termination line (circle)
(1) The ending line (circle) is the dividing line (circle) between the daytime hemisphere and the night hemisphere;
(2) The twilight zone: it is a great circle on the earth, and its center is the center of the ball.
It is always perpendicular to the sunlight;
(3) along the direction of the earth's rotation,
The arc alternating from the night hemisphere to the day hemisphere is the morning line (as shown by AC line);
The arc alternating from the daytime hemisphere to the night hemisphere is the fuzzy line.
(4) Because it is always perpendicular to the sun's rays, the direct point of the sun moves between the tropic of cancer, so the ending line (circle) swings between the polar circle and the pole: a, it is tangent to the polar circle-June 22 in summer solstice and June 22 in winter solstice;
B. bisect the polar circle-March 2 1 at the vernal equinox and September 23 at the autumnal equinox.
(5) Termination line (circle) and warp circle: a overlap: bisector; B Maximum intersection angle: Two to three days. The maximum crossing angle is 23 26'
2. Day and night alternation: As the earth rotates from west to east, the terminal line of the earth's surface moves westward continuously, and there is a day and night phenomenon on the earth's surface. Its cycle is a solar day for 24 hours, which is what we usually call a day.
Second, the local time, time zone and time zone
1. local time: the local time of different longitudes is different, but the local time of the same longitude is the same.
Calculation method: East plus west minus, every 15 difference 1 hour, every 1 difference for 4 minutes, every 1 difference for 4 seconds. The local time = the known local time plus or minus the longitude difference between the two places ×4 minutes.
Example 1: When the local time 120 E is known as 12, what is the local time 1 10 E?
1 10 E local time = 12 hours-(120-10) × 4 minutes.
= 1 1 hour for 20 minutes
Example 2: As shown on the right, if the sun shines directly at point A, then
Time is the time at point A, the time at point B,
At point C, time is time, and at point D, time is time.
2. Time zone
A. reasons for division: if you use the place in your life, it will bring a lot of inconvenience.
Because as long as there is a difference in longitude, the local time will be different. For convenience, international standards are adopted to divide time zones.
B. Division method: a Internationally, longitude is divided into 1 time zone every 15, and global longitude is divided into 24 time zones;
B Based on the prime meridian (zero meridian), the time zone from 7.5W to 7.5E is zero (also called intermediate time zone);
C is divided into East Zone 1 to East Zone 12, West Zone 1 to West Zone 12.
D East 12 and west 12 are 1 time zones.
C time of each time zone (time zone for short): when each time zone takes the central meridian of the zone (the meridian in the middle of the zone) as the time zone of the zone. That is, the local time in a certain area = the local time of the central meridian in this area.
D. Calculation problems
Given the time zone, find the central meridian.
Methods: Central meridian = number of time zones × 15 (east time zone corresponds to east longitude and west time zone corresponds to west longitude).
Example 3: Find the central meridian of the East Eighth District?
Central meridian = 8×15 =120 e.
Know the longitude and find the time zone.
Methods: Time zone = known longitude ÷ 15 (the rounded value of the quotient is the number of time zones where the place is located, the range of east longitude is the east time zone, and the range of west longitude is the west time zone. )
Example 4: What time zone is110e? Time zone =110 ÷15 ≈ 7.3 = East Seven Districts.
When one place is known, find another place.
Example 5: When the local time of 70 east longitude is known as 12, what is the local time of 8 east longitude?
(a) Find the central meridian of time zone: the central meridian of East Zone 8 = = 8×15 =120 e.
(b) Find the local time of the central meridian of the time zone = 12 hours+(120-70 E) × 4 minutes = 15: 20.
(c) East 8 local time = central meridian local time in this area = 15: 20.
When the area of one place is known, find the area of another place.
Example 6: when it is known that the west 5 area is 6, find the local time 20 E?
(a) Find the central meridian of the known time zone: central meridian = 5×15 = 75 w.
(b) Local time 20 E = 6: 00 +(75+20) × 4 minutes = 12: 20.
3. Calculation of time zone
Method: Time zone of the searched area = known area+(-) time zone difference. When the time zone of the searched area is in the east of the time zone of the known area, use "+",and vice versa.
Note: Find the time zone difference between the two places: both the eastern time zone and the western time zone are greatly reduced; One east and one west, the two add up.
4. National time: Beijing time and Beijing local time.
Beijing time = Beijing is located in East Zone 8 = Central Meridian of East Zone 8 120 E local time.
Beijing local time = east longitude 1 16 local time.
Ex. 7: It is known that Beijing time is 9 o'clock today. Find London time and new york time.
London (central time zone) time =9: 00 -(8-0)= 1 new york (western time zone 5) time =9: 00 -(8+5)=20: 00.
Example 8: When Beijing time is 10 on May 2nd, what time is East 12? West 12 zone time?
East 12 hour = May 2nd 10 hour +( 12-8) hour = May 2nd 14 hour.
West 12 hour = May 2nd 10 hour -(8+ 12) hour = May 2nd 1 day 14 hour.
5. Date line:
Humanistic international date line: It basically coincides with meridian 180, but it is curved.
Natural international date line: Meridian with local time of 0.
Humanistic daily line:
Note: The range of the new day is east of meridian 0 and west of meridian 180, and the rest is the old day.
Example 9: When the 5th and 2nd Beijing time are known as 10, what is the longitude range of the new day?
3. Deflection of objects moving horizontally along the north, right, south and left equatorial ground (textbook drawing 1-3-9).
Law of deflection: The higher the latitude, the more obvious the deflection is when viewed along the direction of the initial motion of the object.
Application: rivers in the northern hemisphere scour the right bank (steep bank) and sediment deposits the left bank;
Rivers in the southern hemisphere scour the left bank and sediment is deposited on the right bank (the right bank is slow).
Therefore, the right bank of rivers in the northern hemisphere is suitable for harbor construction, and the left bank of rivers in the southern hemisphere is suitable for harbor construction.
1.3.3 the geographical significance of the earth's revolution and rotation * * *
1. Variation law of global midday sun height angle and day-night length
(A) Basic concepts
Solar altitude angle:
The inclination of the sun's rays to the local horizon.
In the daytime hemisphere, the height of the sun is > 0.
At the finish line, the height of the sun = 0.
In the dark hemisphere, the height of the sun is less than 0.
Noon solar altitude angle (H): The solar altitude angle reaches the maximum value 1 day at noon.
Calculation formula: H = 90°- latitude distance (latitude distance between the point to be found and the direct point of the sun; If the searched point and the direct point are in the same hemisphere, the larger value is subtracted from the smaller value; If they are not in the same hemisphere, the two values are added. )
Example 1: There is a building somewhere in China, and the shadow length at noon from winter to Sunday is the same as the height of the building. The latitude of this place may be ().
23 degrees 26 minutes north latitude 2/kloc-0 degrees 34 minutes north latitude 25 degrees 26 minutes north latitude 68 degrees 26 minutes.
(2) The variation law of the midday sun height angle and the length of day and night (understood in combination with the textbook figure 1-3-6 or the above figure)
At noon, the height angle of the sun is from the latitude where the direct point of the sun is located to the north and south sides.
Latitude distribution of solar height (h) at noon at the direct point of solar terms, and the length of day and night.
At the vernal equinox, the equator decreases from the equator to the poles. Around the world, day and night. Early line time; Fuzzy line time
Summer Solstice
Decreasing from north to south; H in the north reaches the maximum value in a year;
H in the southern hemisphere reached the highest value in a year. Northern Hemisphere: Day and night, the most during the day and the most at night, appearing within the Arctic Circle.
Southern Hemisphere: Day and night, the most during the day and the most at night, appearing within the Antarctic circle.
The autumnal equinox decreases from the poles. Around the world, day and night. Early line time; Fuzzy line time
The winter solstice decreases from north to south; In the south, H reached the maximum within one year;
H in the northern hemisphere reached the highest value in a year. Northern Hemisphere: Day and night, the most during the day and the most at night, appearing within the Arctic Circle.
Southern Hemisphere: Day and night, the most during the day and the most at night, appearing within the Antarctic circle.
The hemisphere where the direct point of the sun is located has long days and short nights. The higher the latitude of this hemisphere, the longer the days.
Summary:
1. Summer half year in the northern hemisphere (vernal equinox 3.2 1- autumnal equinox 9.23): a. The sun shines directly on the hemisphere;
B Day and night in the northern hemisphere, the higher the latitude, the more days and the more nights;
C day and night in the southern hemisphere, the higher the latitude, the more days and the more nights.
2. Winter half-year in the northern hemisphere (autumnal equinox 9.23- vernal equinox of the following year): a. The sun shines directly on the hemisphere;
B Day and night in the northern hemisphere, the higher the latitude, the more days and the more nights;
C day and night in the southern hemisphere, the higher the latitude, the more days and the more nights.
3. Solstice in summer → Solstice in winter: a. The daytime in the northern hemisphere gradually becomes larger and the night gradually becomes smaller;
B. In the southern hemisphere, the day is fading and the night is fading.
4. Solstice in winter → Solstice in summer: a. The daytime in the northern hemisphere gradually becomes larger and the night gradually becomes smaller;
B. In the southern hemisphere, the day is fading and the night is fading.
5. The law of expansion and contraction of extreme day and night range:
The extreme daily range from vernal equinox to summer solstice extends from the North Pole to the Arctic Circle.
The polar night extends from the South Pole to the Antarctic Circle.
The extreme daily range from summer solstice to autumnal equinox gradually decreases from the Arctic Circle to the North Pole.
The range of polar night has narrowed from the Antarctic circle to the South Pole.
The polar night ranges from the autumnal equinox to the winter solstice, and extends from the North Pole to the Arctic Circle.
The extreme day extends from the South Pole to the Antarctic Circle.
The polar night range from winter solstice to vernal equinox decreases from the Arctic Circle to the North Pole.
The range of extreme days has narrowed from the Antarctic circle to the South Pole.
Example 2: Labor Day, the longest day in the following cities is ().
Haikou B. Guangzhou C. Beijing D. Harbin
Second, the four seasons change.
1. Astronomical four seasons (1) Basis: the length of day and night and the change of solar altitude angle at noon.
(2) The seasonal variation in mid-latitude is the most obvious. The low latitudes near the equator are summer all year round, and the high latitudes near the polar regions are winter all year round.
(3) The traditional four seasons (24 solar terms) in China.
2. Climate four seasons spring days: March, April and May.
Summer: 12, 1, February
Autumn in the northern hemisphere: September, 10, 1 1.
Winter: 12, 1, February.
Note: The northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere have the same month and season.
Three. Division of five districts 1. Basis: (see right)
2. From north to south, the five regions are:
North Cold Zone, North Temperate Zone, Tropical Zone, South Temperate Zone and South Cold Zone.
3. The dividing line between temperate zone and tropical zone: 23 26 ′ north and south latitude; The dividing line between temperate zone and cold zone: 66 34 ′ north and south latitude.
Example 2: Read the schematic diagram of sunshine and fill in the following contents:
(1) The date of this day is at hand.
Direct sunlight (latitude).
(2) The AC line in the drawing is a line (terminator line).
(3) At this time, point A is point C..
The night is long.
(4) On this day, the figure of Dongguan is facing the square at noon.
(5) Among A, B and C, the sunrise is the earliest and the day is the longest.
(6) On this day, the order of the noon sun height angles in the above three places is as follows.
1.4 the spherical structure of the earth
First, the inner circle
1. Seismic longitudinal wave (P wave): It travels fast and can pass through solids, gases and liquids.
Shear wave (S wave): The propagation speed is slow, and it can only be transmitted through solid.
2. Discontinuity: textbook map 1-4- 1
Boundary significance of seismic wave velocity change at interface depth (km)
The wave velocities of Moho 17 (35 or 7) P wave and S wave suddenly increase the crust and mantle.
The velocity of 2900P wave on Gutenberg surface suddenly drops, and S wave disappears completely from mantle and core.
3. Three circles: textbook drawing 1-4- 1.
Circle name Discontinuous surface depth (km) Composition material characteristics
(Crust)
Moho noodles
Gutenberg noodles
17 (No.35 Sea 7)
2900 Rock continental crust is thick and ocean crust is thin.
Top of Upper Mantle: There is asthenosphere in the upper mantle of rocks, which is considered as the birthplace of magma.
lower mantle
The molten state of the outer core,
Kernel solid state
Note: The lithosphere is different from the crust, which includes the crust and the top of the upper mantle, that is, the part above the asthenosphere.
Second, the outer ring
1. atmosphere: the land and sea of the earth-2000 ~ 3000 km above sea level.
(1) Composition and function of the lower atmosphere
Component action
Dry and clean air and oxygen to maintain life activities.
Basic components of nitrogen organisms
Carbon dioxide photosynthesis, greenhouse effect (infrared absorption)
Ozone is the umbrella of life on earth (absorbing ultraviolet rays)
Necessary conditions for rain caused by water vapor cloud formation and heat preservation effect
Condensation nuclei in solid impurity precipitation; Weakening solar radiation; Affect air quality
(2) Vertical stratification of the atmosphere (see upper right figure)
The relationship between the movement form of the atmosphere and human beings.
Troposphere17 ~18km (low latitude)
10 ~12km (mid-latitude)
At 8 ~ 9 km (high latitude), the ground decreases with the increase of height (0.6℃/ 100 m). Convection (rain caused by Yi Yun) is most closely related to human life, concentrating almost all water vapor and impurities, and the weather phenomenon is complex and changeable.
The ozone layer in the stratosphere from the tropopause to the altitude of 50 ~ 50~55KM absorbs ultraviolet rays, which increases with the height. Advection (not easy to cause rain) is sunny and the atmosphere is stable (airflow is stable), which is conducive to high-altitude flight.
Upper stratosphere to upper atmospheric boundary
Note: The upper atmosphere is divided into
A middle layer: the temperature decreases with the increase of height.
Thermosphere: height = air temperature = (oxygen atom absorption)
The outer ionosphere reflects radio short waves.
2. hydrosphere: a continuous and irregular layer.
(1) can be divided into ocean water and land water (glacier water, shallow groundwater, etc. ) and atmospheric water are distributed in space.
(2) According to the water quality, it can be divided into fresh water and salt water: more than 97% of the water on the earth is salt water in the ocean.
Only 3% of the water is fresh water. Of this 3%, about 2/3 are stored in the huge glaciers in the Antarctic and Arctic.
3. Biosphere (1) Biosphere is the most active circle in the natural geographical environment system.
(2) The biosphere permeates the whole hydrosphere, the lower atmosphere and the crust surface (upper lithosphere).
◆ Tropospheric (near-surface) atmospheric inversion phenomenon: The temperature in the troposphere increases with the height.
Impact: It is not conducive to the diffusion of pollutants near the ground and aggravates air pollution.