Analysis of the architectural art of traditional folk houses in the ancient city?
1 Causes of Characteristics of Nanfeng Traditional Dwellings
1. 1 natural geographical environment
Nanfeng ancient city is located on the alluvial plain on the north bank of Fuhe River, with relatively flat terrain and neat and compact architectural layout. There are two main streets in the city, connecting the east and west gates and the south and north gates respectively, forming a cross-shaped street pattern, with buildings arranged along the street. Nanfeng ancient city is located in the red hilly region composed of red soil and red sand shale. The difficulty of red soil cultivation has brought challenges and opportunities to the survival and development of Nanfeng people. On the one hand, the population increased rapidly in the middle and late Ming and Qing Dynasties. In order to make up for the shortage of grain output, Nanfeng people began to do a lot of business, and Nanfeng businessmen, large and small, ran around, providing a solid material foundation for the development of Nanfeng architecture. On the other hand, although the texture of red stone is soft, it is easy to mine, process and carve. Using red stone as building material is beautiful and firm, convenient and safe, and the cost is reasonable. Most local buildings use red stone as dado, door frame, window frame and column base, forming a unique red stone architectural style.
1.2 Social and cultural factors
Nanfeng has a rich human history. According to historical records, from the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, * * * produced 368 scholars. These literati not only profoundly influenced the local customs of Nanfeng people, but also had a far-reaching impact on the functional space and modeling decoration of residential houses, which made Nanfeng people form a unique environmental view and aesthetic view in the long-term traditional culture. Mainly manifested in the following aspects: first, following the ritual system, the traditional folk houses construct the primary and secondary sequences in the mode of "entering", and the central axis consists of doors, courtyards, halls, patios, front halls, patios and back halls; The residence adopts secondary horizontal axis layout; Second, the pursuit of aesthetics, Nanfeng people like to decorate door frames, window frames and plaque frames with books, fans, vases, circles and arches; Third, although Nanfeng people live a rich life, they don't like to show their wealth with complicated carvings and precious wood. Even the official has never seen the scene of carving beams and painting buildings, but it presents a simple style.
2 Nanfeng residential plane modeling
The basic layout of the physical space of traditional houses in Nanfeng ancient city is one room deep and three rooms wide. The studio is a "hall" and the two rooms are "rooms", which is called "three-room intersection" locally. The construction of the plane and space system of traditional residential buildings in Nanfeng is not only used as physical space, but also inseparable from the virtual space dominated by patios and cross-courtyards, which is the core of the organization of physical elements. In addition, there are rows of "houses", which together form a unit, but this unit cannot form Nanfeng traditional houses alone. When in use, it is generally arranged vertically, called a horizontal house, which appears on one side of the main house. The plane elements of Nanfeng residence include three rooms, patio and horizontal house (Figure 1). Due to the limitation of feudal etiquette and land use conditions, Nanfeng traditional houses generally only have halls arranged on one main longitudinal axis. However, the plane organization forms are very rich, which can be divided into one hall and one patio, two halls and one patio, two halls and two days well, three halls and one horizontal and two days well, three halls and one horizontal and two days well, three halls and one horizontal and three patios well, and three halls and two horizontal and two days well (table 1).
On the Architectural Art of Hanlindi in Guanfu Lane
Guanfu Lane is located in the southwest of the ancient city, running north and south, with well-preserved interfaces on both sides, of which Zhangjia Hanlin Building Group accounts for most of this lane. The owner of the house is Zhang Xijing, an academician of the Qing Dynasty. The whole house was built three times from his early days as an official to his retirement. It consists of three parts: Dafu Land, Taishou Land and Fenzhuan Land. These houses are interconnected and integrated. There are a private school "Xuanqing Villa", a study "Ermingxuan" and a stage garden between the three main houses, which have perfect functions and can completely reflect the life of the official at that time, and are typical representatives of Nanfeng folk houses (Figure 2).
3. 1 Reasonable functional layout and ingenious spatial organization.
The earliest building in this group of buildings in Hanlin is Dafu, including the study "Ermingxuan" and the garden "Tibetan Spring Garden", covering an area of about 2500m2. Later, Taishoudi was expanded in the south of Dafu, covering an area of about 1 100m2, and there was a primary school named "Sixth Hospital" in the east. When Zhang Xijing extended the Hanlin Academy for the last time, he built a transfer building opposite Dafu Academy, including a private school "Xuanqing Mountain Villa", covering an area of about1500m2. Each of the three mansions has a study, an academy or a private school. Dafu and Taishou Emperor used a "Tibetan Spring Garden" as a garden, and the branches turned to the east of Guanfu Lane, so they set up their own garden in the yard. Each mansion has complete internal functions and is connected with each other through doors and alleys. Residents are interrelated, but they maintain their independence, giving full consideration to the relationship of independence and unity within the family.
Dafu's plane shape is three halls, one horizontal and three patios, and the entrance space is formed by the retreat of the gate. The narrowest and smallest front room is the reception room; The main hall is the highest open, with strong beams and columns, which is the host's hospitality; The back hall is slightly narrower in width and depth and narrower in column diameter, which is where family members live. In addition, there is a row of horizontal houses on one side of the main house, which is an auxiliary room for families. The whole building is organized in spatial sequence according to public and private attributes and walking routes, and the layout is very reasonable and ingenious. The plane shape of Ermingxuan is one hall. The main hall is an attic with three rooms and a yard in front. There is a square stage in the middle of the yard, resting on the top of the mountain, standing slim in a small yard with flowers and plants.
There are porches on both sides of the courtyard, and one leads to Guanxiang; One leads to the Spring Garden in Tibet. The Taishou Emperor was the first to expand the Imperial Academy and was established. The plane shape is similar to Dafu, with three halls, one horizontal and three patios. There is a primary school hall at the end of the horizontal house in Taishou. The school opens separately, and the main entrance forms a yard. There is a heavy door outside the yard, creating a deep atmosphere of the house. The second plane is a three-hall, one horizontal and two-day well, and the entrance is between the front hall and the main hall, so after entering the door, it directly enters the main hall, and the front hall forms an inverted seat, and the spatial organization is more casual, without deliberately creating the atmosphere like Taishoudi and Dafu. The pink brick land was given to his younger brother by Zhang Xijing, and its spatial organization corresponds to his master's identity. Choose a green villa and build it in the north, which is the place where family children study. The plane shape of Xuanqing Mountain Villa is one hall and one patio. There is also a pavilion of "Fish Pond Flying Beams" in the patio, surrounded by stone railings and with a pool below, which forms a unique space of "Well in Well".
3.2 blue brick and red stone enclosure, wearing bucket wood structure bearing.
The materials and structural means used in the traditional buildings of Nanfeng Ancient City are relatively stable, but each building is slightly different in details. The three luxury houses all adopt wood structure bearing system and bucket frame, and the internal beam frame is wrapped by solid blue brick wall and red stone dado, which is also commonly known as "gold covered silver". On the facade, there is a red stone dado with a height of about 1m at the bottom of the brick wall, which extends on the wall around the whole building like a ring beam, playing the role of moisture-proof, stability and decoration. There are seven sleeping bricks on the dado, and a bucket and two sleeping rooms on the wall. There are three layers of bricks under the eaves, the bottom layer is a bucket, the second layer is a bucket for sleeping, and the third layer is a bucket, which is stacked outward.
The internal structures of the three main buildings are similar. The main halls are all in the form of four columns and nine purlins, and the front eaves are treated as porch roofs. The whole beam frame is divided into two parts, the front part is supported by two beams, and the rear part is divided into bucket-through type, and the beam frame is sealed with a wooden ceiling (Figure 3). The eaves beams between the eaves columns of the main hall are bound horizontally, made of large timber and located under the purlin that supports the eaves vertically. The cornice beam is oblate, slightly arched in the middle, and the cornice beam in the bay is the highest, second and slightly lower. The front hall and the back hall are of two-slope bucket structure, with children's columns placed on purlins and beam frames sealed with wooden ceilings.
3.3 The modelling is vivid and changeable, and the decoration is concise and decent.
The entrances of the first group of buildings in Hanlin are all on the side, and the undulating gables constitute a rich street interface. The side elevation of Dafu and Taishoudi has two levels, the front starts from the back of a flat horizontal house and ends with a saddle gable. There is a continuous gable at the back, and in the middle corridor, the wall is lowered to the same height as the front and rear eaves of the building, forming a zigzag outline (Figure 4). There are also two levels in the side elevation of the sub-round. The front is the folding outline formed by the courtyard wall and the high-rise gatehouse, and the continuous gables of the main house can be seen at the back. Ermingxuan is a gable with a folded straight profile (Figure 5), and Xuanqing Villa is a combination of Ma 'anshan wall and straight wall (Figure 6).
The gables of this group of buildings are straight or curved, which outline a unified, changing and dynamic architectural artistic image over the streets and lanes, enrich the outline of the building, and make the interface modeling of the whole streets and lanes varied and full of vitality. The traditional houses in Nanfeng ancient city pursue simple and elegant style, and only decorate the porch, window sash and other positions. Other wooden frames decorate the foyer and hatchback along the central axis, and hardly decorate the bedroom and other spaces. The three main doors are all exquisite. The columns and dados paved with red stone are beautifully carved, and the patterns involve animals, people, plants, characters and patterns. Exquisite craftsmanship and exquisite carving make the whole facade look elegant.
The red stone door frame of Ermingxuan is carved with a continuous scroll pattern, which symbolizes the virtue of scholarly family heirloom. There are two doornails with satisfactory shapes above the door frame. The wooden door cover of Xuanqing Mountain Villa is simple in shape, but the details are unambiguous. Wooden brackets and cornices are carefully carved with auspicious clouds. The arched red stone door frame is engraved with a lotus pattern, which symbolizes the noble character of the owner (Figure 7). In addition to the porch, the indoor fan is also very exquisite. Taking Ermingxuan as an example, the screen in the hall was removed as a stage door leaf, basically intact, with ice cracks and orchids as patterns, beautifully carved and elegant.
There are five fans on the left and right in the main hall, and the plum blossoms carved on them have different postures, showing the ingenious mind and superb skills of the craftsmen (Figure 8). The internal decoration of the wooden frame is only carved in the porch and sparrow terrace, and the decoration of beams and columns is very few, which fully shows the aesthetic feeling and strength of its own structural proportion, and shows the aesthetic pursuit of the material itself and structure by folk architectural art [6]. In a word, no matter whether it is heavy decoration or simple treatment, it gives people a decent impression. The subtlety shows kung fu and the simplicity shows ingenuity. This is the artistic essence of traditional residential buildings in Nanfeng ancient city.
label
The traditional dwellings in Nanfeng ancient city are unique dwellings formed under the influence of specific natural geographical environment and social and humanistic environment. The traditional houses in this area are composed of three rooms, patios and horizontal houses. There are a large number of traditional houses in the ancient city, which are well preserved; It has distinctive artistic characteristics in functional space, material structure, modeling and decoration. It is an outstanding representative of Jiangxi architecture and has precious historical and cultural value.
For more information about project/service/procurement bidding, and to improve the winning rate, please click on the bottom of official website Customer Service for free consultation:/#/? source=bdzd