Southern Anhui characteristic dwellings

It is famous for its preservation of a large number of ancient buildings in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Xin 'an is the hometown of culture, and there are many bureaucrats and businessmen in history. There are hundreds of non-commissioned officers in Shexian County alone. Huizhou merchants are all over southern Anhui. "The leaders of rich houses are the first to promote Xin 'an in the south of the Yangtze River", and their great wealth has created this exquisite museum of ancient houses in southern Anhui. The ancient buildings in Huizhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties were mainly concentrated in yi county, Shexian, Jixi and Xiuning. Yixian has more than ten ancient villages such as Xidi, Hongcun, Bishan and Pingshan. There are many ancient buildings in Miancheng. The county has preserved hundreds of valuable ancient buildings. There is 122 building in Xidi alone. There are 365 ancient buildings, more than 0/00 precious buildings and 27 ancient ancestral halls in Shexian County, which are concentrated in Xiongcun, Chengkan, Qiankou, Tang Yue and Shen Du villages. Jixi now has more than 100 ancient buildings, concentrated in Xiangtou, Kengkou, fengcun and Shangzhuang. Ancient villages are generally composed of memorial archways, houses, ancestral halls, water inlets, road pavilions and workshops. Some villages are very large, for example, there are 99 streets and lanes in Chengkan, and strangers often get lost when they go in. Many villages are well organized, and the water system in Hongcun is an example. Hongcun dammed the mountain at the head of the village, and the canals in the village entered every household from both sides of the street and merged into the Moon Pond in the middle of the village. Then it is diverted to households and flows into South Lake. Every household has large and small canals for washing clothes and drinking water. The layout of residential buildings is generally a courtyard centered on the courtyard, with a height of two floors. Large and medium-sized houses adopt multi-courtyard combination, and the buildings are all white walls and tiles. In the old days, the buildings of many large families were large in scale, decorated with three sculptures in Huizhou, with exquisite layout and patchwork. Pieces of ancient buildings in southern Anhui are embedded in the vast mountains and beautiful waters of Huangshan Mountain, Jiuhua Mountain and Xin 'anjiang River. It is a world-class park without makeup.

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Houses in southern Anhui are all buildings with more than two floors, surrounded by a small patio, and the hall is on the north side of the patio. There are no walls, doors and windows between the hall and the patio. It is an open space. In the north of the main hall, that is, behind it, there is a wooden Taishi wall with doors without doors on both sides. Furniture such as long tables and square tables are placed in front of the Taishi wall. On the east and west sides of the hall, there are several groups of armchairs and coffee tables, and people often put some electrical appliances on them as a dress.

Characteristic gatehouse

Huizhou architecture format. The doors of Huizhou buildings are all equipped with gatehouses (the smaller ones are called door covers), which are mainly used to prevent rainwater from splashing on the doors along the walls. Generally, the door covers of farmers' homes are relatively simple. At a distance from the upper part of the door frame, the eaves and feet protruding outward are made of water mill bricks, covered with tiles and carved with some simple decorations. The gatehouse of the rich family is very particular, and there are many brick carvings or stone carvings. On the fifth floor of Jinshi Gate Building in Yansi Town, Huizhou District, there are three rooms and four columns, which are built in imitation of the Ming Dynasty archway and are made of bluestone and water-milled bricks. On the gatehouse, a double lion ball is carved horizontally, which is vivid in image and exquisite in knife work. There are huge drum stones on both sides of the column, which are elegant and luxurious. In the gatehouse of a residential building in Yuliang Town, Shexian County, there is a brick carving "Hundred Pictures" between two horizontal purlins. Hundreds of figures carved at the screen level have different shapes, full of charm and lifelike. The gatehouse is the facade of the house and a symbol of the owner's status.

Chuantang style

Structural model of Huizhou architecture. Also called back to the hall. The main hall is located at the back of the main hall, which is closely connected with the main hall and is a transitional building for the main hall to enter the inner room. Most of them are wooden floors, and three rooms are opposite the hall. People enter through the doors on both sides of the front screen of the hall. One hall and two rooms. The hall is smaller than the formal three rooms and has patio lighting.

Hall style

Structural model of Huizhou architecture. The hall is a bright hall, and the three rooms are opened and closed by movable partitions, which is convenient for use in winter. There are two corridors in the main hall, facing the patio. There is also a screen door in the middle of the crowd, which goes in and out from both sides every day. Courtesy activities, from the screen door in and out of the middle door. The variation of the hall sometimes has a side door population, and the patio has rooms to entertain visitors, or the main entrance population has two wings. The hall is mainly used for ceremonial activities of Huizhou folk houses, such as welcoming VIPs and handling wedding and funeral gifts. It is also a place for daily activities and the main part of the whole house.

Kiss on the roof

Huizhou architecture format. Refers to the emblem of large-scale heraldic kiss ornaments. Huizhou ancient poetry hall, ancestral temple, mansion and other large-scale buildings follow the official practice of Song Dynasty's architectural law, and adopt large roof ridge kiss, including forehead kiss, squatting ridge kiss, hanging ridge kiss, horned beast, trapping beast and so on. Modeling is different from the official practice and belongs to the Huizhou school. And the origin is accompanied by many interesting legends. Kissing: pointing at both ends of the roof and holding the roof. The origin of Aoyu (arowana) is relatively primitive. It is said that the "Bailiang Hall" was built by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and it experienced fire. The alchemist said, "There are fish in the South China Sea, and the water is clear, so the rain is heavy, and the temple kisses the fire." Kissing is inherited like this. Another example is the vertical spine kiss: the figure ornaments located at the head of the vertical spine are called "immortals". There are different opinions about immortals. There is often a saying among the people that Dagong Jiang is here to "kill the devil and catch the special". It is also pointed out that "Dayu" must be restrained, for fear that there are too many fish on the roof, which may easily turn over and flood, so please ask "Yu Wang" to keep watch. Some people say that the Hercules "Erlang God" split the mountain to save his mother, and the beast on his back is the "roaring dog", which also means that Erlang God catches evil spirits in this town. All kinds of statements are protecting peace and expressing endless happiness.

Flying chair

Huizhou architecture format. An elegant name for setting armchairs around the patio upstairs in Huizhou residential buildings.

High walls and deep houses

Structural model of Huizhou architecture. There are many ancient houses in Huizhou, surrounded by high walls, which are called "firewalls". From a distance, they look like ancient castles. Except for the gate, there are only a few small windows in the house, and the lighting mainly depends on the patio. This kind of residence is often deep, with a vestibule in the entrance, a patio in the middle and a hall in the back, which is generally where people live. The hall is separated by the middle door, and there is also a two-bedroom and one-bedroom apartment. There is another uphill wall behind the hall, with a patio and wings on both sides. This is the first entry. The structure of the second entrance is that the ridge is divided into two halls, two days before and after the well, with partition, four rooms and two halls. The structure of the third item, the fourth item or more items in the future is roughly the same. This kind of deep house is lived by a family. With the reproduction of children and grandchildren, houses will be built one by one, so the big house has the saying of "36 patios and 72 sill windows". Generally, one sticks into the other. When the door is closed, each household lives independently; As soon as the door opened, a gate came in and out, and an ancestor sacrificed. Vividly embodies the cohabitation folk custom in ancient Huizhou. This kind of building with high walls and deep houses is rare at home and abroad, and the folk customs of thousands of people have never been scattered.

Grid window

Huizhou architecture format. The cloister around the courtyard of Huizhou residential houses uses wooden lattice windows to separate the space, which has the functions of lighting, ventilation, dust prevention, heat preservation and division of indoor and outdoor space. The grid window consists of outer frame material, strip ring plate, skirt plate and grid core strip. The main forms are square (square, square, oblique square, mat pattern, etc. ), round (round mirror, crescent moon, ancient coins, sector, etc. ), glyph (cross, sub-word, Tian Zi, I-word, etc. ) and assorted flowers, animals, utensils, totems, etc. ). Grilled window patterns often use metaphors and homophones to express good luck. For example, "peace and happiness" is expressed by the homonym composed of vases and wishful patterns; "Longevity and longevity" is represented by longevity peach and Buddha hand print; "Four Seasons Peace" means putting Chinese rose flowers in vases; "Harvest of five grains" is a combination of ears of grain, bees and lanterns; "Fu Lushou" is represented by bats, deer and peaches. The lattice window also uses gauze, colored paper, bamboo curtain and other methods to increase indoor light transmission.

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The site selection, layout and architectural form of ancient residential villages in southern Anhui are all guided by the geomantic theory of Zhouyi, which embodies China's traditional philosophy of harmony between man and nature and his yearning for and respect for nature. Those elegant Ming and Qing residential buildings are closely combined with nature to create a scientific and interesting living environment, which is the essence of traditional residential buildings in China. The unique water system in this village is a model of water conservancy project combining practicality and aesthetics, which profoundly embodies the outstanding wisdom of human beings in using and transforming nature. Its "exquisite layout, ingenious structure, exquisite decoration, exquisite construction and profound cultural connotation" is a rare photo of houses in southern Anhui in China.

Goodbye Hongcun is the most representative of many Huizhou residential villages in southern Anhui. From the overall appearance, Hongcun is a peculiar cow-shaped ancient village in the Peach Blossom Garden of the ancient Miao nationality, which has both the interest of Shan Ye and the scenery of water town, and is known as "the village in Chinese painting". Every household in the village is connected by waterways, and gurgling spring water flows from every household. The buildings are stacked with lakes and mountains, with scenery everywhere, step by step, and the feeling of leisure is fascinating. Hongcun is the place where Wang lived. There are hundreds of ancient houses in the village, among which Chengzhitang is the best preserved ancient house in Yixian County. The wood carvings on the beams, arches, flower gates and window sills in the main hall are exquisite in craftsmanship, complex in levels, numerous in figures, different in masks and shapes, and can be called the fine wood carvings in the "Four Carvings" art of Huizhou School. Hongcun Chuan Mei Mountain Show has a pleasant climate. Because of its high terrain, it is often foggy, sometimes it seems to splash ink and color, and sometimes it seems to draw a long scroll, which blends natural landscape with human landscape. Wang Jiu of Hongcun is a descendant of Hua Wang, the King of Yue in the early Tang Dynasty. There are hundreds of ancient residential buildings with white walls and blue tiles, especially Chengzhi Hall, Jingxiu Hall, Dongxian Hall and Sanli Hall, which are beautifully carved and full of gold, and are known as the "Folk Forbidden City". Like the mirror-smooth Moon Marsh and the rippling South Lake, there are deep alleys and quaint shops beside Qingshi Street, which are on Leigang. Heavily guarded ancestral halls such as Tang and Shangyuantang, Nanhu Academy where 93-year-old Hanlin gave lectures, and Liang wrote the inscription "Scholar". , constitute a perfect artistic whole. It can be said that one scene at a time can be painted everywhere, and it also reflects the profound cultural heritage left by a long history. By the Qing Dynasty, Hongcun was already a "metropolis full of fireworks and buildings" and is still the seat of Hongcun Town People's Government. On June 30, 2000, Hongcun was listed on the World Cultural Heritage List by UNESCO. In the village, with the main street as the center, the buildings are stacked, the streets are winding, and the road surface is paved with monochrome bluestone; Most of the houses on both sides are binary units, with courtyards in front, fish ponds and gardens, and railings beside the pond. "Cattle intestines" moisten fish with water and smell of flowers and trees. Horsehead walls fall from layer to layer, and the wood carvings of forehead, sparrow and bucket arch have different postures and vivid images; Nanhu Academy, located on the south bank of the lake, has spectacular architecture. According to legend, Jiang Daxie (Hongcun), the prime minister of the early Republic of China, studied here as a child and is now the former site of Nanhu Central Primary School. There are more than 40 well-preserved Ming and Qing dwellings in the village/kloc-0. Chengzhitang's "Three Carvings" are exquisite and gorgeous, and are known as the "Folk Forbidden City". Other famous scenic spots include South Lake scenery, South Lake Academy, Moon Bay Xiao Chun, Niuchang Water Town, Shuangxi Shadow Wall, Tingqian Tree, Leigang Sunset, Shu Ren Hall and Ming Taizu Lexiutang. There are many famous landscapes around the village, such as Luoshan Woodcarving Building, Shu Qi Lake, Tachuan Autumn Colors, Mukeng Bamboo Sea and Wancun Ming Temple "Aijing Hall". Mr. Feng Shui believes that from the perspective of geomantic omen, Yuetang, as an "inner yang water", needs to be combined with an "outer yang water" before the village can really develop. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, a hundred acres of fertile land in the south of the village was dug into the South Lake, which was another "cow stomach". The design and construction of Hongcun "Niuxing Village" lasted 130 years. Nanhu Lake, located in the south of Hongcun, was built in the third year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1607). Hongcun, from Yongle to Wan Li, is crisscrossed by buildings, and its population has doubled. It is not enough to store water only by the moon pool. In the third year of Wanli, the village dug hundreds of acres of fertile land in the south, and the surrounding banks were made of stones, imitating the style of autumn moon in Pinghu, West Lake. The lake is in a big bow shape, and the dike is divided into two levels. The upper floor is 4 meters wide. The old trees are towering and green, the trunk is wrapped with green vines, the birds are singing, and the weeping willows are graceful, like a girl in a toilet mirror, sprinkling her hair on the lake. The green lotus on the lake is swaying, ducks are splashing in the water, and there is another scenery. The whole lake is reflected in the floating light, and the water and sky are the same. Far peak near the house, falling into the lake. In addition, the interaction between shade and sunlight is harmonious and the exercise is appropriate. It looks deep, quiet, fresh and bright. In the history of Nanhu Lake, it was overhauled three times. 1986 rebuilding the middle dike and building a "painting bridge" to row from east to west is fun. Wu Xilin, a famous person in Qiantang (now Hangzhou), Zhejiang Province, visited the South Lake in the autumn of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty and wrote: "The South Lake in Hongcun is as prosperous as the West Lake in Zhejiang", so the South Lake is also known as the "Little West Lake at the foot of Huangshan Mountain". Many poets and painters in ancient and modern times have made many poems and drawings after visiting South Lake. "The drizzle is wet with spring mud, and birds are heard when it is foggy; Liu Hantao smiled and sang while crossing the West Bridge painting. " With the praise of poetry, it adds the flavor of South Lake. Yuetang, called Yuetang by ordinary people, was built in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1403-1424). At that time, a Wang Siqi came out of Hongcun. He found a natural spring in the village, which kept flowing in winter and summer. Wang Siqi hired Mr. He Keda from Haiyang (now Xiuning) for three times. Draw up the blueprint for the expansion of Hongcun base site and the overall planning of the village, draw Xixi water around the village house, and draw it into the natural Jing Quan in the center of the village, so as to store sunshine water for fire prevention and drinking. Later generations of Sheng Wang Equal People invested more than 10,000 yuan, and continued to dig holes, digging into a one-and-a-half-month pond, completing the unfinished "Moon Marsh" of predecessors. The moon pool is evergreen all the year round, and the pool surface is like a mirror. Bluestone is laid around the pond and swamp, and blue tiles are arranged in order. Blue sky and white clouds fall into the water, old people are chatting, women are washing handkerchiefs, and urchins are playing. In fact, the Moon Pool has become an open-air stage for people to enjoy space and customs, during which villagers spontaneously gather. Gooses are dancing in the pond, ducks are playing in the clear waves, the air is foggy and the breeze is blowing gently. Isn't this a beautiful painting by people in southern Anhui? So some people call it "the country in Chinese painting". Chengzhitang, located in the middle of Shangshui Town, Hongcun Village, was built in the fifth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (AD 1855) and was the residence of Wang Dinggui, a big salt merchant in the late Qing Dynasty. The whole building is made of wood, and the interior is richly decorated with bricks, stones and wood carvings, with a total construction area of more than 3,000 square meters. It is a well-preserved large-scale residential building. The whole house has 9 patios, 60 rooms, 136 wooden columns and 60 doors and windows. The whole house is divided into inner courtyard, outer courtyard, front hall, back hall, east room, west room, study, fish pond hall, kitchen, stable and so on. There are mahjong tiles "Paishan Pavilion" and opium smokers "Swallow Yun Xuan", as well as bodyguards' rooms and male and female servants' rooms. There are ponds and wells in the house, so water can't leave the house. The front hall is the most essential part of the whole house, and behind the front door stands a magnificent middle door. It is said that after Wang Dinggui made a fortune in business, he donated the title of "five products know each other". With this honor, Wang Dinggui felt that he had jumped out of the original class, so he added a middle gate with the majesty of a government official (also called the instrument gate, originally designed for the official department), which was generally only set up on major festive days or when dignitaries came. Above the two side doors of Yimen, an "up" glyph pattern (like an inverted ingot, which means that financial resources are rolling) is skillfully carved. Although Wang Dinggui made a fortune in business and donated an official, in ancient times, business was still the inheritance of nine streams, which made the master feel resentful, so he came up with this plan, which means that people who came in and out from the side door, no matter what occupation you were engaged in, went. But above the middle gate, the master did not dare to make any idea, but hung a word "Fu" high, because in his view, being an official is higher than doing business, which is why many Huizhou merchants still spend a lot of money to donate officials after making a fortune. On the top of the word "Fu" in the middle gate is a woodcarving painting of "A hundred philosophers making Lantern Festival", which depicts the scene of 100 little boys celebrating the Lantern Festival. There are boatmen, dragon lanterns and festive atmosphere with different shapes. This is a vivid portrayal of the ancient traditional concept of "many children and many blessings". There is a "North-South" god of wealth carved above the bucket arch, and there is a garret guard above the "North-South" god of wealth. Here, Wang Dinggui designed four wooden pillars of "fishing, firewood, ploughing and reading", representing four ancient occupations respectively.

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Xidi Village was founded in the Northern Song Dynasty with a history of 960 years. This is a place where Hu's family live together. The whole village is boat-shaped and surrounded by mountains. Two streams pass through the village, and the streets and alleys in the village are paved with bluestones. The whole village is naturally smooth and full of vitality, and the ancient buildings on both sides of the streets are elegant and simple. Xidi Village has 24 ancient dwellings in Ming and Qing Dynasties 124, and 3 ancestral halls, including Lingyun Pavilion, secretariat memorial archway, Ruiyu Pavilion, Taoli Garden, East Garden, West Garden, Dafudi, Dear Hall, Lvfutang Hall, Qingyunxuan Hall and Yingfutang Hall, all of which can be regarded as models of Huizhou ancient dwellings. Sketch of residential buildings in southern Anhui

The three bluestone archways at the head of Xidi Village were built in the sixth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (AD 1578), with four columns and five floors. They are magnificent and exquisite in structure, which is a symbol of the prominent position of the Hu family. There is a "Lv Fu Tang" built in the Kangxi period in the village, which is elegantly furnished and full of scholarly atmosphere. The theme of the lecture is "writing poems and articles, filial piety is the foundation of the family", "Good study, good business and good grades are good, but it is difficult to start a business", showing the true nature of "Confucian businessmen"; Another ancient house in the village is "Dafudi", which was built in the 30th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (A.D. 169 1) and is a pavilion-style building facing the street. It was originally used for sightseeing. There is an inscription "Take a step back and think" under the threshold, which is alert and intriguing. Houses in Xidi Village are quite rich and elegant: exquisite gardens, doorframes made of black marble, leaking windows, exotic flowers and grasses carved in stone, birds and animals, pavilions carved in brick, people's plays and exquisite wood carvings, colorful paintings and murals all embody the essence of China's ancient art, "with exquisite layout, ingenious structure, exquisite decoration, exquisite construction and profound cultural connotation". The bull-shaped village and artificial water system planned and built by Guhong Village people are today's "great miracles in architectural history": the towering Leigang is a bull's head, the towering ancient trees are horns, the scattered residential groups from east to west are like a huge bull's body, and the clear spring is the bull's intestines. After passing through the village and flowing into the moon pool named Niuwei, it is called "Niuwei", and it flows out of the village after filtering. This ingenious and scientific design of village water system not only solves the problem of villagers' fire water, but also regulates the temperature, which provides convenience for residents' production and living water and creates a good environment of "clear water in front of every household". There are more than 40 well-preserved Ming and Qing ancient dwellings/kloc-0 in the village, which are simple and elegant and full of interest. "Chengzhitang" is magnificent and beautifully carved, which can be described as the oldest residential building in southern Anhui. The pavilions and pavilions of Nanhu Academy complement each other with lakes and mountains, and have the traditional Huizhou architectural style. Jingxiutang, Dongxiantang, Sanlitang and Renxutang are magnificent or simple and dignified. Coupled with the towering ancient trees in the village, the old ivy on the wall of residential houses and the century-old peony in the courtyard, it can be said that it is step by step and picturesque everywhere, and it also reflects the profound cultural heritage left by a long history. Xidi and Hongcun are backed by beautiful green hills, and the villages are surrounded by clear streams. Hundreds of Ming and Qing residential buildings stand quietly. The tall and majestic Horsehead Wall has an expression of arrogance and a charm of falling into the sky. The gray house walls are mottled by time, which has a dignified and quiet effect; There are also clan ancestral halls, academies, memorial archways and genealogy. Into the houses, beautiful brick carvings, stone carvings and wood carvings can be seen everywhere. Door covers, patios, gardens, leaky windows, beams, screens and furniture are all silently displaying elaborate design and exquisite craftsmanship. Xidi and Hongcun ancient dwellings are typical representatives of Huizhou architecture. There are more than 440 complete Ming and Qing dwellings, and their exquisite layout, ingenious structure, exquisite decoration and exquisite architecture are rare in the world.

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South Lake

Hongcun is located in the northwest corner of Yixian County, 65km away from Tunxi and 1 1km away from Yixian County. The village was founded in the Northern Song Dynasty and has a history of nearly a thousand years. This used to be the place where the king lived. People in Guhong Village actively showed "bionics" and planned and built a cow-shaped village and artificial water system, which is called "a must in China". Looking at the whole village, it is like a big buffalo with its head held high and its hooves courageously, which has become today's "a great spectacle in the history of architecture". There are more than 40 well-preserved Ming and Qing ancient dwellings in the village/kloc-0. The folk palace "Chengzhitang" is resplendent and magnificent, which can be described as the oldest residential building in southern Anhui. Rows of stacked courtyards in the village complement each other with beautiful lakes and mountains, with proper movements, ethereal meanings, scenery everywhere and step by step. From the natural environment outside the village to the water system, streets, buildings and even indoor layout in the village, the original state of the ancient village has been completely preserved without any trace of modern civilization. Hongcun is known as "the village in Chinese painting" for its unique appearance and wonderful rural scenery.

Chengzhitang gate engraving

There are hundreds of ancient houses in Hongcun, among which Chengzhitang is the most outstanding. It was built by salt merchants in Qing dynasty, covering an area of more than 2000 square meters, and it is a brick-wood structure building. This room is magnificent and exquisitely crafted. The wood carvings on the beams, arches, flower gates and windowsills of the main hall are complex in level, with a wide range of people and different gods. It can be called the fine wood carving in the "three sculptures" art of Huizhou school. According to historical records, "Chengzhitang" is the best preserved ancient residence in Yixian County, and all domestic and foreign tourists who come here are fascinated by it.

Yuetang

Hongcun water system is designed according to the image of cattle, and the clear spring is called "Cattle Intestine", which flows in front of every household, so that the villagers "do not hinder the distance of the creek road, and there is a clear canal in Jiajiamen Lane". After flowing into the moon pool called "Cow's Stomach" in the village, the "Cow's Intestine" is filtered, and then the house is bypassed to the South Lake called "Cow's Stomach" outside the village. The filtered water flows into the river bed again, which is one of the unique architectural arts of ancient Chinese villages. It attracted experts from Japan, America, West Germany and other countries to study it carefully.

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Xidi of ancient villages in southern Anhui

Xidi is the most representative ancient residential tourist attraction in Huangshan City, located at the southern foot of Huangshan Mountain, 54 kilometers away from Tunxi, only 40 kilometers away from Huangshan Scenic Area and 8 kilometers away from yi county County. The village is 700 meters long from east to west and 300 meters wide from north to south, with more than 300 households and a population of 1000. Because there is water flowing west by the village, and because there is a post station to deliver mail in ancient times, it is named "Xidi" and is known as "the family in the Peach Blossom Garden".

Tunxi dwellings

According to historical records, Xidi's ancestor was Tang Zhaozong Ye's son. Because of an accident, he left the folk and changed his surname to Hu, where he thrived and formed a settlement village. Therefore, the style of writing has been very prosperous since ancient times. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, some scholars abandoned Confucianism and followed Jia. They succeeded in business, built houses, temples, paved roads and bridges, and made their hometown very comfortable, magnificent and magnificent. After hundreds of years of social unrest and wind and rain, although more than half of the ancient houses, ancestral halls, academies and memorial archways were destroyed, hundreds of ancient houses were still preserved, and the basic features and styles of villages in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were preserved as a whole.

Paifang Xidi Lvfutang

Xidi Village has nearly 200 well-preserved Ming and Qing dwellings. Bricks, wood and stone carvings are scattered in Huizhou architecture. At present, there are more than 20 scenic spots such as Lingyun Pavilion, Cishi Archway, Ruiyuting, Taoli Garden, Dongyuan, Xiyuan, Dafu, Jin 'aitang, Lvfutang, Qingyunxuan, Yingfutang and Yingtianqi Art Museum. Most of the houses in this village are built of black marble. Two clear springs pass through the village, 99 high walls and deep alleys, and unique ancient houses make tourists feel like they are in a maze. At the head of the village, there are three four-column and five-story bluestone archways built in the sixth year of Wanli (AD 1578), which are magnificent and exquisite in structure, and are symbols of the prominent position of the Hu family. There is a "Lv Fu Tang" built in the Kangxi period in the village, which is elegantly furnished and full of scholarly atmosphere. There are couplets in the class that "all books and poems are learned, and filial piety is rewarded" and "good reading, good business, good results are good, but it is difficult to start a business, so it is difficult to know", which shows the infiltration of Confucianism into architecture. Another ancient house in the village is "Dafudi", which was built in the 30th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (A.D. 169 1). "Dafu Land" is a pavilion-like building facing the street. It was originally used for sightseeing, and "People in the Peach Blossom Garden" hung on the floor. Interestingly, this building is often regarded as the "hot throwing hydrangea" of the young lady's husband in costume dramas, and now it has become the place where Xidi Village holds this folk activity. There is also an inscription "Take a step back and think about it" under the threshold of "Happy Land", which is insignificant and intriguing. In addition, the wealthy families, exquisite gardens and indoor furnishings of houses in southern Anhui are all in the village.

Black marble doorframes and leaky windows, stone carvings of exotic flowers and plants, birds and animals, pavilions carved with bricks, operas of figures, exquisite wood carvings, colored paintings and murals all embody the essence of ancient China art, and "exquisite layout, ingenious structure, exquisite decoration, exquisite construction and profound cultural connotation" are rare in ancient residential buildings in China, which can be called a model of Huizhou ancient residential architecture.

Stone carving leaking window

Southern Anhui is famous for preserving a large number of ancient buildings in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Xin 'an is the hometown of culture, and there are many bureaucrats and businessmen in history. There are hundreds of non-commissioned officers in Shexian County alone. Huizhou merchants are all over southern Anhui. "The leaders of rich houses are the first to promote Xin 'an in the south of the Yangtze River", and their great wealth has created this exquisite museum of ancient houses in southern Anhui. The ancient buildings in Huizhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties were mainly concentrated in yi county, Shexian, Jixi and Xiuning. Yixian has more than ten ancient villages such as Xidi, Hongcun, Bishan and Pingshan. There are many ancient buildings in Miancheng. The county has preserved hundreds of valuable ancient buildings. There is 122 building in Xidi alone.

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Xidi and Hongcun ancient dwellings are located in Huangshan Scenic Area, yi county, Anhui Province, east of China. Xidi and Hongcun are the two most representative ancient villages in southern Anhui. They are famous for their rural scenery, well-preserved village forms, exquisite craftsmanship and rich historical and cultural connotations. Xidi, 8 kilometers away from yi county County, was built in the Northern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1049 ~ 1054) and has a history of nearly a thousand years. The village is boat-shaped, with intact ancient dwellings 122 rooms, more than 300 households and a population of 1 1,000. Known as "the epitome of China traditional culture" and "China Ming and Qing Folk House Museum". Xidi is surrounded by mountains, and two streams pass through the village from the north and east respectively, and meet at Huiyuan Bridge in the south of the village. The village takes a vertical street and two downstream roads as the main skeleton, which constitutes a village street system extending mainly to the east and north and south. Streets and alleys are paved with bluestone in Yixian County, and ancient buildings are mostly maintained by wooden structures and brick walls. Woodcarving, stone carving and brick carving are colorful, and the design layout of roadway and building is coordinated. With flexible space and simple and elegant architectural colors, the village is a typical representative of Huizhou architectural art in China. Hongcun is located at 10 km northeast of Yixian County. Founded in the first year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1 13 1), the village area is about 19 hectares. It existed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (A.D.1368 ~19165438). The ancient buildings in Hongcun are all white walls and blue tiles, arranged neatly. Chengzhitang is one of the most magnificent and exquisite masterpieces, and it is known as the "Folk Forbidden City". It can be called a Huizhou woodcarving exhibition hall. All kinds of wood carvings are rich in layers, complex and vivid. More than a hundred years later, it is still magnificent. Hongcun is a "bull-shaped village". Seen from a height, the whole village is like a green cow lying on a stream in front of the mountain. The half moon pool in the village is called "Cow's Belly", and a stream of more than 400 meters long is coiled in the "Cow's Belly" and called "Cow's Intestine". Four wooden bridges were erected on the water surface of Xixi Village as "cow feet". This unique design of village water system not only provides convenience for villagers to use water for production, life and fire fighting, but also can adjust the temperature and environment. The site selection, layout and architectural form of Xidi and Hongcun are all guided by the geomantic theory of Zhouyi, which embodies China's traditional philosophy of harmony between man and nature and his yearning for and respect for nature. Those elegant Ming and Qing residential buildings are closely combined with nature to create a scientific and interesting living environment, which is the essence of traditional residential buildings in China. Xidi and Hongcun's unique water systems are examples of water conservancy projects that combine practicality and aesthetics, especially the ox-shaped water system in Hongcun, which profoundly embodies the outstanding wisdom of human beings in utilizing and transforming nature. Atlas of Entries More Atlas of Entries (9)

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