Why is the weather in Turpan so hot?
The Turpan Basin has a unique warm temperate arid desert climate. The main characteristics are: dry, high temperature and windy. In the basin, the annual sunshine hours are long; evaporation is large; precipitation is small but highly localized. South of the Flame Mountain, summers are long and hot, winters are less cold, windy and snowy. The temperature rises rapidly and erratically in spring, with dry weather and little rain, and strong winds. In autumn, the air is crisp, the temperature drops rapidly, and the temperature difference is large. Compared with the south of Shanxi, the north of Huoyan Mountain has four distinct seasons, with more severe cold in winter, less scorching heat in summer, and more precipitation. Spring and autumn are half a month longer than those in Shannan.
1. Temperature situation
The climate divisions of the annual average temperature in Turpan area between Shannan and Shanbei are obvious, with a difference of nearly 2℃. There are also differences in the average annual temperature in the basin below sea level, above sea level, Gobi, desert, and mountainous areas. The temperature throughout the year is the coldest in January and the hottest in July, with an annual temperature range of 40-47.5°C. The temperature changes drastically in spring and autumn, especially in spring, when the average monthly temperature rise rate is about 10°C.
The climate characteristics of winter (December to February) are: dry and cold, short cold period, less wind and snow, no stable snow, and mostly sunny weather. The average winter onset is November 23 in Turpan and Toksun, and November 16 in Shanshan. The lowest winter temperatures in Tu, Shan and Tuo are -25.2℃, -26.3℃ and -24.6℃ respectively, all appearing in the mid-to-late 1970s. The maximum frozen soil depth in winter is: 83 cm in Turpan, 117 cm in Shanshan, and 86 cm in Toksun.
Climate characteristics of spring (March to May): rapid and unstable temperature rise, dryness and little rain, severe spring drought, strong winds, and early spring. The average spring period (the climatic average temperature stably passes 0℃): Turpan on February 19th, Shanshan on February 28th, and Tuokxun on February 21st.
The climate characteristics of summer (June-August): early summer, sufficient sunshine, long hot period, high temperature and hot weather, dry and hot wind weather, low precipitation but strong locality, often causing localized flood. The average onset of summer in two counties and one city is April 27 in Turpan, May 12 in Shanshan, and May 2 in Tuokxun. The average number of hot days (the number of days with the highest temperature ≥35°C) is 98, 71 and 92 days in Tu, Shan and Tuo respectively; the number of extremely hot days (the number of days with the highest temperature ≥ 40°C) is 34, 13 and 29 days respectively. The highest temperatures in Tu, Shan and Tuo are 47.7℃, 46.5℃ and 48.0℃ respectively.
The climate characteristics of autumn (September to November) are: crisp autumn air, clear weather, rapid cooling, large temperature difference between day and night, few windy days, sufficient sunshine and scarce rainfall. The average first frost period is November 4th in Turpan, October 21st in Shanshan, and October 29th in Tuokxun.
2. Precipitation overview
Turpan is the driest place with the least precipitation in my country, and is also one of the driest and driest areas in the world. The average annual precipitation is 16.4 mm, and the distribution is uneven, with large seasonal differences. There is little continuous precipitation and most of it is intermittent. There are more mountainous areas than basins, more in the north of the mountains than in the south, and they gradually decrease from north to south, and become less in the south; the number of days without precipitation is longer. At the same time, the interannual variation in annual precipitation is large; the maximum year in Shanbei can reach 76.8 mm (Shanshan 1998), and the minimum year is only 12.6 mm (Shanshan 1985); the maximum year in Shannan can reach 33.4 mm ( Turpan 1998), the smallest year is only 4.3 mm (Turpan 1976). The annual precipitation is the highest in summer, followed by spring.
3. Sunshine and evaporation
Turpan has strong solar radiation, long sunshine hours, and rich light energy. The average annual total radiation is 5938.3 MJ/m2, and the maximum annual radiation is 6397.0 MJ/m. Square meters, the minimum annual value is 5648.2 MJ/square meter, the maximum value in the year appears in July, which is 680.3-800.2 MJ/square meter, and the spring is greater than that in autumn. The average annual total sunshine hours is 3056.4 hours, the maximum annual total sunshine hours is 3349.6 hours, the minimum is 2829.7 hours, and the annual sunshine percentage is 69%.
Turpan has a dry climate and strong evaporation capacity, with an average evaporation of 2837.8 mm. The changing characteristics of evaporation are: it gradually increases from north to south, and the evaporation is the strongest in late spring and summer throughout the year. 4 -Evaporation in August accounts for more than 75% of the whole year.