Have all the royal cemeteries of the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties been discovered?
Some have been discovered, but there are certainly others that have not been discovered.
What has been discovered so far is as follows
Qingxi Tombs
Qingxi Tombs are located at the foot of Yongning Mountain in Yi County, Hebei Province, more than 120 kilometers east of Beijing. Another large-scale mausoleum area built after entering the customs, it is also the one with relatively complete preservation of the imperial mausoleum buildings of the past dynasties. The mausoleum territory starts from Qifengling in the north, ends at Dayanqiao in the south, starts from Lianggezhuang in the east, and ends at Zijingguan in the west, covering an area of 800 square kilometers. ?
There are four imperial mausoleums in the mausoleum area: Tailing Mausoleum of Emperor Yongzheng, Changling Mausoleum of Emperor Jiaqing, Muling Mausoleum of Emperor Daoguang, and Chongling Mausoleum of Emperor Guangxu. There are also many empress mausoleums, concubine mausoleums, princess tombs, etc. The opening of the Western Tombs of the Qing Dynasty began with Emperor Yongzheng. ?
There is also an unfinished imperial mausoleum in the Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty. It is the mausoleum of Fu Yi, the last emperor of China. After Fu Yi's death, his ashes were buried in Babaoshan Cemetery. In 1994, Fu Yi's ashes were buried in the Qingxi Mausoleum. ?
◇Tailing?
According to the system of "sons are buried with their fathers, and their ancestors inherit them", Yongzheng should have been buried with his fathers, but Yongzheng created another Zhaoyu area, which was far away. Tailing was built in Yixian County, hundreds of miles away from Dongling. The reason is that it is said that he tampered with Kangxi's imperial edict and gained the throne unfairly. He felt guilty and did not want to be buried next to his father. ?
The construction of Tailing took eight years. Tailing is the largest mausoleum among the Western Mausoleums of the Qing Dynasty and is also the core part of the Western Mausoleum. There are three tall and exquisite stone archways in the front and back and a Shinto Road more than ten meters wide and five kilometers long, running through the north and south of the mausoleum area. The stone statues on both sides of the Shinto include three pairs of stone beasts, a pair of civil servants, and a pair of military ministers. The Tailing stone statues were made using a freehand technique, using thick and thick lines to outline the images of people and animals, and then using fine embroidery lines to express details and patterns. It embodies the unique carving techniques of stone carving art in the Qing Dynasty. ?
The Shinto extends to the north and is the Tailing Shinto Stele Pavilion. Inside the stele pavilion stands a stone tablet with the posthumous title of Emperor Yongzheng engraved in Manchu, Han and Mongolian languages. To the north of the stele pavilion are the east and west rooms, which are kitchens for making and storing vegetables, fruits, and snacks. Facing the north and east of the house, passing the Long'en Gate is the main building of the Tailing Mausoleum - Long'en Hall. Longen Hall is composed of east and west side halls and the main hall. The east hall is where the blessing boards are placed, and the west hall is where the lamas chant sutras. The main hall is on the platform in the middle, majestic and tall. The bright pillars in the hall are wrapped in gold, with scroll paintings on the top, and the beams are decorated with gold lines and gold dots, making them magnificent. ?
◇Muling?
Muling is the mausoleum of Emperor Daoguang. It is the westernmost imperial mausoleum among the mausoleums of the Western Qing Dynasty and has a unique shape. ?
According to the regulations of the Qing Dynasty, the names of imperial mausoleums are generally determined by later emperors, but the name of Muling's mausoleum is said to have been drawn up by Emperor Daoguang himself. Before his death, he said: "Look to the northeast with endless admiration. The clouds and mountains are so close, wow! I admire them so much." He then stored the edict in the Dongnuan Pavilion of the main hall. After the death of Emperor Daoguang, Xianfeng came to the throne. He re-read the imperial edict and saw the sentence "Qi Mu and Mu Ye". He understood it and named it Muling. ?
Among the imperial mausoleums of the Qing Dynasty, Muling Mausoleum has the simplest regulations. It does not have a square city, a bright tower, an underground palace, a stele of divine virtues, ornate watches, or stone statues, but the quality of the work is solid and fine. The Long'en Hall is made of golden nanmu. It is not painted and is painted with wax. It is extremely exquisite. On the entire ceiling, fragrant nanmu is used to carve a dragon head looking down in high relief. The spray of dragons swallowing clouds is so lifelike that when people walk into the hall, they feel like they are in the artistic realm of "a gathering of ten thousand dragons and the fragrance from their mouths". ?
The walls of Muling are not hung with gray or painted red. The bricks are ground to the seams and grouted dry. The top of the wall is also covered with yellow glazed tiles, which contrasts with the gray and yellow. Following the ups and downs of the mountain, the palace pavilions and treasured roofs are surrounded by the mausoleum wall, making it appear clear and solemn. In particular, the two welcoming pines with lush foliage and unique shapes in front of the Longfeng Gate add a poetic charm to Muling. The trunk of one tree is slightly slanted, the branches and leaves are upward and rounded, and the edges are rolled up, shaped like a colorful plate, like a maid holding a plate to offer sacrifices. The other tree bends down and nods politely, as if it is respectfully welcoming visitors. ?
◇Chongling?
The construction of Chongling began after the death of Guangxu. It was not completed when the Qing Dynasty fell. Later, minister Liang Dingfen donated money to the elders of the Xunqing Dynasty to continue the construction. , can be completed. ?
Although the regulations of the Chongling Underground Palace are not grand, the quality of work materials and the amount of silver consumed are considerable. There are four stone doors in the tomb passage, each of which is composed of two pure white jade doors. There is a relief sculpture of a Bodhisattva on the top. The Bodhisattva wears a Buddha crown on his head, wears cassocks, and sits on a lotus seat. He stands respectfully on the stone door with a kind heart and a kind face, guarding the door and chanting sutras.
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The bed in the underground palace is a Xumizuo carved from bluestone, on which the coffins of Emperor Guangxu and Queen Longyu are placed side by side. There are Tibetan and Sanskrit mantras engraved around the coffin. There is an exquisite stone carving line on the top of Longyu's coffin lid. The entire picture has a compact layout, vivid shapes, fine knife skills, and gold-plated lines. ?
The Chongling Underground Palace was once robbed, and the remnants left by the tomb robbery are still there. The four stone doors were opened, and a large hole was cut into the coffin of Emperor Guangxu with knives and axes. The lid of Queen Longyu's coffin was also pried open, the jewelry from Queen Longyu's mouth was taken out by thieves, and the funerary items in the underground palace were looted. The thieves failed to discover the "Golden Well" under Emperor Guangxu's coffin. Chinese archaeologists unearthed more than 200 precious cultural relics such as pearls, jade, jade, and mother-and-child iron balls. ?
The Chongling Underground Palace has been organized and decorated and has been officially opened to domestic and foreign tourists. ?
Tailing of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty?
Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty Yang Jian was from Huayin (today's Shaanxi). During the Northern Zhou Dynasty, he inherited his father's title and became the Duke of Sui Dynasty. His daughter was the queen of Emperor Xuan of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Emperor Jing ascended the throne at a young age and was appointed prime minister. He took charge of the government and was named King of the Sui Dynasty. Later, he deposed Emperor Jing and established himself as the Sui Dynasty, with the title of Kaihuang. It took him nine years to unify China and end the division between the north and the south. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty reigned for more than 10 to 20 years. He established the foundation and made great achievements in politics. It is called the "Kaihuang Rule" in history. He implemented the land equalization system, created the imperial examination system, and established a relatively complete centralized system, which laid the foundation for the political and economic development of the Tang Dynasty in the future. After his death, he was buried in Tailing together with the queen, in the same grave but in different caves. ?
The mausoleum of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty is called Tailing, which is located around today's Fufeng County, Shaanxi Province. It is close to a small village to the south and Yangling Railway Station to the east. So if you want to visit Tailing in person, it is more convenient. Standing in front of Tailing Mausoleum, you can look across the Wei River and see the majestic Zhongnan Mountain. Looking at the Tailing Mausoleum quietly, you can find that after more than a thousand years of ups and downs, it looks increasingly ancient and vicissitudes of life. If you observe carefully, you will find that the top of the tomb is a flat rectangle, and a lot of the bottom and surrounding sides of the tomb have been dug away, presumably by tomb robbers in the past. The buildings of the cemetery have long been destroyed, and it is now difficult to find the remains on the ground. According to historical records, there should be a towering tower built here. ?
To the south from the mausoleum is a Qing Dynasty stone tablet, about three meters high. On the tablet are engraved five clear characters "Tailing of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty". It was built by Bi Ruan, the governor of Shaanxi during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. Book. ?
Going southeast of Tailing Mausoleum, there are still the remains of the Sui Dynasty Emperor Wen Temple on the two highlands of the mausoleum corner and the mausoleum east. Today it is commonly known as the "sacrificial altar". The walls and walls of the original temple have long been destroyed, and now only the remaining bricks and tiles can be seen. But it is not difficult for us to imagine how grand the scale of the temple was back then. You can also see the ruins of the tower from here. ?
It is among these remaining bricks and tiles that historians have discovered decorations and shapes with a strong Buddhist flavor. Most of them are lotus-shaped square bricks. There is a relief lotus pattern in the center of the square tile, the corners are decorated with creepers, and there are beaded patterns carved around it, which is very beautiful and elegant. In particular, a broken tile decorated with the image of Bodhisattva was also found here. Its front uses string and bead patterns to form a heart shape, and in the center sits a Bodhisattva with his hands folded and sitting in a posture. It is said that this kind of tile directly decorated with Bodhisattva is very rare in China. ?
The Tailing Mausoleum of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty plays a role as a link between the past and the future in the history of Chinese mausoleums. It laid the foundation for the future development of tombs in the Tang and Song Dynasties. The study of Tailing is of great significance. ?
The Mausoleum of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty?
The Mausoleum of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty is located in Beileitang Village, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province today. Lei Tang, also known as "Lei Slope", is said to have been built by King Wu here. During the Southern Dynasties, the gardens, landscapes, pavilions and pavilions here were the scenic spots in the south of the Yangtze River. After the Song Dynasty, this place was completely destroyed except for the lonely tomb of Emperor Yangdi, which the common people called the "Emperor's Tomb Mound". Later generations wrote poems to satirize Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty and said: ?
The rise and fall of the emperor's career is so important, and the romance is especially traceable. ?
But if you want to die, look at the Yangzhou moon. If you are not native, you will return to the six dragons. ?
Emperor Yang Guang of the Sui Dynasty was the son of Yang Jian. At the age of thirteen, he was named King of Jin and paid homage to Zhu Kingdom. When the Sui Dynasty attacked Chen, he was the marching marshal and stationed in Yangzhou. Later he killed his father and came to the throne. After he came to the throne, he was greedy for extravagance and opened the Tongji Canal so that he could take a dragon boat ride. He visited Yangzhou three times, drinking and drinking all day long, living in a state of intoxication. His residence is decorated with gold and jade, which is magnificent.
He was also keen on building palaces, wasting people and money, resulting in a deficit in national power and people's livelihood. Later, Yu Wenhua and his army invaded Jiangdu Palace. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty was afraid that his head would be cut into pieces, so he hanged himself. ?
The Mausoleum of Emperor Yangdi was rebuilt during the Qing Dynasty. In front of the mausoleum is a stele erected by Ruan Yuan, with the four characters "Mausoleum of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty" clearly written on it. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty ruined his country in singing, dancing and wine, which caused many literati in later generations to write poems with emotion. ?
Tang Taizong Zhaoling?
Tang Taizong Li Shimin was the second son of Li Yuan and was named King of Qin. He fought on horseback to establish a unified and powerful Qin Dynasty and made many military exploits. . Later, he launched the "Xuanwu Gate Change" and used force to force Gao Zu to abdicate and became emperor himself. The next year it was renamed "Zhenguan". Li Shimin was a relatively accomplished emperor. During his reign, the famous "Government of Zhenguan" occurred in history, which laid the foundation for the high economic and cultural development of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. ?
After the death of Queen Sun, the 10th year of Zhenguan, Taizong began to build Zhaoling. He vigorously promoted thin burials in order to "quench the spirit of annihilation of thieves", so as to avoid the remains of the tombs being stolen and lost like the tombs of the Han Dynasty. But in fact, the structure of Zhaoling was not frugal, but very luxurious. The entire cemetery covers a radius of dozens of kilometers and is magnificent and majestic, unmatched by previous imperial cemeteries. After the death of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, he was buried in Xuan Palace and shared a bed with Queen Changsun so that the queen could serve the tomb owner in the palace according to etiquette. ?
The interior of the Zhaoling tomb is very gorgeous. It is said that the authentic copy of "Lanting Preface" written by the world-famous calligrapher Wang Xizhi is inside. Du Fu, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, once wrote a poem describing the splendor and magnificence of Xuan Palace in Zhaoling. ?
There are more than 160 tombs of meritorious officials and relatives in Zhaoling Cemetery. Among them are the tombs of Wei Zheng, Fang Xuanling, Wen Yanbo, Li Jing, Yuchi Gong and other famous historical figures. The Zhaoling Mausoleum is located high up, with tombs distributed on both sides. Most of the tombs of princesses and concubines are on the mountain. There is a trapezoidal altar outside the Xuanwu Gate of Zhaoling. The altar displays the stone statues of the chiefs of fourteen ethnic minorities. The east and west verandahs of the altar display world-famous reliefs?