How was the posthumous title of the ancient emperor determined, and what was its meaning?

In ancient China, emperors, governors, ministers and other people with certain status were evaluated according to their life stories and moral cultivation after their death, and they were given a title with goodwill evaluation and judgment, which became a system. This system was called trying, and the title given was called posthumous title. The so-called temple name refers to the name that the ancient emperor worshipped when he made a declaration in the big temple after his death. The selection of posthumous title and Temple Names has become a unique landscape in the traditional culture of China. The selection of posthumous title should be based on the posthumous code, which stipulated some words with fixed meanings for selection when determining posthumous title. These words can be roughly divided into the following categories: Shang Shi, that is, posthumous title of praise category, such as "Wen", which means that he has the talent of "latitude and longitude" or the moral character of "being knowledgeable" and "being diligent and inquiring"; "Kang" means "happiness helps the people"; "Ping" means "laying stress on discipline". Xiayi, that is, the critical posthumous title, such as "Yi" means "being good at internal courtesy", "Li" means "being violent and heartless", "killing innocent people" and "being barren" means "being fond of neglecting politics" and "being chaotic from outside". Posthumous title, who is mostly sympathetic, for example, "Han" means "being worried at home" and "being pregnant" means "being kind and caring". According to the study of bronze inscriptions in the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were many ways to give posthumous title to the deceased with higher status or status before and after arriving in Zhou Muwang. At the beginning of funeral rites, there was only beauty and indifference, but no evil. Posthumous title has good and evil, the Western Zhou Dynasty and later. Zhou Liwang was a greedy monarch, and the "Chinese" launched a riot. He fled to Bi (now northeast of Huoxian County, Shanxi Province) and later died there. "Li" is the evil death to reprimand him. In pre-Qin posthumous title, it was common to use one word, but two or three words were also useful. Use one word, such as: Qin Mugong, Jin Wengong; With two or three words, such as Andrew West Spring King and Zhao Xiaocheng King. After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he agreed to take the title of "Emperor" as the supreme ruler of the feudal country. At the same time, because posthumous title's decision would form a situation of "the son discussed the father and the minister discussed the monarch", he abolished the posthumous law. He claimed to be the first emperor, and later generations counted, such as II and III. In the Han Dynasty, the posthumous method was resumed, and the system of posthumous method became more and more strict during this period. The post of Dahonglian was formally established in the imperial court to manage the posthumous method of princes and princes. After the Han Dynasty, posthumous title was mostly divided into two houses: the full name of Emperor Liu Heng and posthumous title was Emperor Xiaowen, and Xiao He was the last emperor of Wen. The period of Tang and Song Dynasties was a period of great development of funeral rites. On the one hand, funeral rites became a tool for feudal emperors to honor their vanity, and at the same time, it became a means of praise and criticism to control their ministers. Wu Zetian set a precedent for the emperor to honor four generations of ancestors, which broke the old example of the emperor's "one word" posthumous title, and even set a precedent for the emperor to superimpose his honorific words before his death. Some emperors can be honored several times when they are alive. For example, in the 27th year of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 739), he was honored as "Emperor SHEN WOO of Yuan Shengwen". Empress can also have an honorific title, which was later called the emblem. For example, in the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Tongzhi respected his biological mother Nala as the Empress Dowager, and the emblem was "Cixi". Emblems can also be accumulated every celebration, and Nala's emblem finally has sixteen Yu's "Ci Chun Duan You Kang Yi Zhao Yu Zhuang Cheng Shou Gong Qin Xian Chong Xi". Posthumous title, the emperor of the Song Dynasty, was more beautiful than that of the Tang Dynasty, and he also set the word "posthumous sacrifice" for ministers. It is worth mentioning that Zhao Kuangyin, Song Taizu, put emphasis on literature and suppressed martial arts, so posthumous title, the minister of the Song Dynasty, was proud of the word "literature". At the end of the Song Dynasty, there were more than 14 people in posthumous title who were "literature" and only 2 people were "martial arts". During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the content of funeral rites was basically fixed. First of all, the number of posthumous title words of the staff at all levels is fixed. For example, posthumous title, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, has 17 words, 1 word for prince and 2 words for minister; In Qing Dynasty, there were 21 words for emperor, 1 word for prince Shuo and 2 words for minister. Secondly, the right to entrust the deceased is highly concentrated in the hands of the emperor, which depends on the "sacred ruling". According to statistics, from the Western Han Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were 1,473 imperial clan and officials who received posthumous awards, while there were 5,935 in the Ming Dynasty, accounting for about 57% of the total. The emperor's posthumous title was generally announced after the approval of the emperor who succeeded to the throne was agreed by the ceremonial officer, and the courtier's posthumous title was given by the court. There is also a kind of private affair in posthumous title, which is the posthumous title agreed by the famous scholar and local doctor after his death by his relatives, students and officials. Privatization began at the weekend and didn't become popular until the Han Dynasty. In ancient times, in addition to addressing the emperor as an obituary, addressing posthumous title, a high court minister and scholar celebrity, was also a respectful title. Some people's posthumous title has almost become their alias because it is often called by later generations. Such as Yue Wumu (Yue Fei) and Tao Jingjie (Tao Yuanming). It is generally believed that the temple name began in the Shang Dynasty and was inherited by the Han Dynasty. The Han dynasty was extremely cautious about chasing the temple name, so many emperors didn't have a temple name. However, this system was not very strict when it developed to the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Since the Tang Dynasty, except for some "kings who perished in the country" and short-lived emperors, there were even more "sects without emperors". The name of the temple that worships veneration is usually "Zu" or "Zong". Since the Han Dynasty, the founding emperors were generally called "Taizu" or "Gaozu", such as Emperor Gaozu, Tang Gaozu, Song Taizu and Ming Taizu. Heirs after the founding emperor are generally called "Zong", such as Emperor Taizong, Song Taizong and Ming Shenzong. However, there are exceptions. For example, Zhu Xiang replaced Jianwen Emperor in the Ming Dynasty as the emperor of the Ming Dynasty. He was not the founding emperor, but his temple name was Ming Chengzu. The emperor shunzhi, the first emperor after the clearance of the Qing Dynasty, was not the founding emperor of the Qing Dynasty, but was still regarded as the "ancestor". When addressing, the temple number is often placed before posthumous title, and together with posthumous title, it constitutes the full name of the emperor who died. For example, the full name of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is Emperor Taizong Xiaowu, and the full name of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty is Emperor Gao Zuwen. In the customary address, the emperor who died before the Tang Dynasty was referred to as posthumous title for short, not as the temple number; After the Tang Dynasty, due to the appearance of honorific titles, honorific titles and posthumous title were too long to be called, so they were renamed as temple names. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, because each emperor had only one title (except Ming Yingzong), emperors in the Ming and Qing Dynasties used to call them titles. Emperors who called their titles can also be called when they were alive. Therefore, if Kangxi and Emperor Qianlong were called "Emperor Kangxi" and "Emperor Qianlong" when they were alive, it would not be wrong, but it would be wrong to call them "Sage" (Kangxi Temple) and "Emperor Gaozong" (Qianlong Temple). Cao Cao's pursuit of "literature" was rewarded with "martial arts". In a relatively long period of time, the funeral rites were generally fair, and even the emperor could not control them. For example, Cao Cao is bent on being a Zhou Wenwang, so as to show his literary skills. His dream of "writing" means that he has the talent of "learning from heaven and latitude" or the moral character of "being knowledgeable in morality" and "being diligent and inquisitive". But later generations decided to call it Wei Wudi. According to the obituary law, it is determined that disasters and chaos will be dealt with, and the people will be punished to overcome them, and boasting that poverty is a force. Cao Cao, the posthumous title, was decided when his son became a master. My son can't paint Lao Zi even if he wants to. Later, it became a compliment to the dead and completely lost its original meaning. Cao Cao thought that he couldn't do it, and the later emperor really got his wish. Under normal circumstances, after a system is established, it becomes more and more perfect with the passage of time. With the gradual decline of China's feudal system, some good systems, such as the death penalty, have also deteriorated. Commonly used posthumous title meaning the first part, compassion-posthumous title meaning posthumous title meaning posthumous title meaning posthumous title meaning posthumous title meaning hurt not home short break short break not mourning early lonely short break in the country mourning the second part, Evil obituary-posthumous title meaning posthumous title meaning posthumous title meaning posthumous title meaning posthumous title meaning Shirley killing innocent souls died while Zhi Cheng Zhuang Wucheng failed, hidden strokes failed, making people sad and mourning, fear moving from place to place, offering sacrifices to chaos, often appreciating the third part, Ping Shi-posthumous title Meaning posthumous title Meaning posthumous title Meaning posthumous title Meaning posthumous title Yuan The founding capital respected the vigil at night, and Zhuang repeatedly levied war against Jane, virtue and unremitting efforts. Jing Buyi just became an Anmin Li Zheng Kang An Le Fu Min Ding An The ancient principles of civil law were deeply remonstrated, and wisdom was offered. Ping Bu Gang ruled Ji Yi gently and virtuous. The fourth part, Beauty-posthumous title Meaning posthumous title Meaning posthumous title Meaning posthumous title Meaning Wen Jingwei Tiandi Wen Ci Hui Ai Min Wu Wei Strong Enemy De Dai Ai Min Good Governance Xiao Bing De Not Back to Wu Ke Set Disastrous Circumstances, Huan Bi Tu Fu Far Assist the monarch to have De Zhao Lao and De Zhuang win the enemy Zhiqiang Mu Bude to uphold justice and love the people. Talking with posthumous title about Di Yongjun's so-called posthumous title, also known as Shi, was named by the imperial court according to his deeds before his death. "Ten Years of Zuo Zhuan Xuan" has a cloud: "The people of Zheng were reburied in Yougong, and the spirit was called." In ancient times, there were no names, and the method of making funerals was made at the beginning of the week. The Qin dynasty abolished it, and the Han dynasty resumed it. Later, the emperor posthumous title was discussed by the courtesy officer; The ministers of princes and princes decided on the funeral rites, and in the Tang and Song Dynasties, the examination work decided on the funeral rites, and Dr. Taichang made the funeral rites. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it belonged to the Ministry of Rites. Behind the scholar-bureaucrat, one's intimate relatives and one's intimate disciples are the ones who set up the funeral rites, which is called private funeral. The ancients paid the most attention to fame and position, so they paid more attention to the funeral rites. For example, in the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius was puzzled by "Wen" and asked Confucius, "Why is Confucius called Wen?" Confucius replied: "I am quick and eager to learn, and I am not ashamed to ask questions. It is also a saying." It explains the reason why Kong Kun was so "literate". "Yi Zhou Shu Shi Fa Jie" says: "Those who bury their heads are also traces of their deeds; No, the table of merit is also. ..... It is because the big line is famous, the fine line is named, and the book is in itself, and the name is born in people. " "White Tiger Tong Shu" says: "What is the fault? Shi is cited by words, and the traces of cited lines are also ...; Distinguish between good and evil, so advise people to be good and abstain from evil. " In the funeral rites, words with specific meanings are often chosen to show the good and evil of the deceased. Hong Mai's "Rong Zhai's Essays on Literary Use" says: "The first king gave respect to the name, and ... it was righteous, and the name was also taught." Many fixed words are used to sing praises. For example, "the text is said by the latitude and longitude" and "the rigidity is said to be martial." At the same time, there are also words used to belittle or mourn. For example, in the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xin only enjoyed a life span of 25 years, and according to the posthumous method, "Gong Ren was short and sorrowful" and posthumously mourned the emperor; Liu Bingshou was only three years old, and he was in office for only one year. According to the posthumous law, he was "young in office and rushed", and he was rushed to the emperor; Liu Long enjoyed a position for one year and died at the age of two. According to the posthumous method, "A short fold does not make a wound", and the posthumous name is Shang Di. Those who use the word "care" according to the law of funeral rites have four situations: being worried in the country, encountering difficulties in the country, making trouble, and making people sad. The death of the Emperor in the Western Jin Dynasty depends on the first, second and fourth situations. There are nine kinds of situations for those who use the word "Gong", and the ninth is "respecting the virtuous and making the good say Gong". Tang Gaozu Li Yuan named Yang You, king of Sui Dynasty, and Yang Dong, king of Sui and Yue Dynasty, Wang Shichong as Emperor Gong. It was Tang gaozu and Wang Shichong who seized the throne under the guise of "respecting the virtuous and letting the good" for Yang You and Yang Dong and shattered glass. Choose the word derogatory, saying "evil". Zhou Liwang was the first to be vilified. When he was in office, he did a lot of injustice, and "slander" was everywhere, which made people "supervise slander, sue it, and kill it." As a result, "Chinese people dare not speak, and the road is based on their eyes." In the end, the Chinese people rioted and ran away in a mess. After death, he was called "King Li" according to the posthumous law. At first, Shi is usually a single word, but there are also two characters. Such as "Wei Lie" by King Wei Lie of Zhou, "An Li" by King Wei Anli, "Zhao Lie" by Emperor Zhao Lie of Shu Han, and "Jian Wen" by Liang Jian Wendi of Southern Dynasties. Posthumous title, such as Daowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, took the word "Daowu". Individuals also have three words. Such as Wei Wugong's "Rui Shengwu"; Kong Wen Zi praised "Zhen Huiwen"; Cao Fang of Cao Wei was named "Ling Ling Li"; Cao Mao was honored as a "noble township". The number of words in posthumous title has nothing to do with praise or disparagement. Dugu has a saying: "The eulogy ... is about beauty and evil, not many words, and the word ... doesn't have to be praised, and the word doesn't have to be derogated. If the words are good or bad, they are Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, Cheng and Kang, not as good as Zhou Weilie and Shen Jing Wang. Qi Huan and Jin Wen are not as good as Zhao Wuwei, Andrew West, Qin Zhuangxiang and Chu Kaoliae. " In the Western Han Dynasty, the word "filial piety" was added to the posthumous death, such as Emperor Xiaowen and Emperor Xiaojing. According to historians, the word "filial piety" is generally saved. In addition, there are those whose temple name is posthumous title, for example, Sima Yan, the founding king of the Western Jin Dynasty, is the "Shi Zu Wu Emperor", "Shi Zu" is the temple name, and "Wu" is posthumous title; The following three emperors, namely, Hui Di, Huaidi and Chengdi, belong to those who have posthumous title but no temple name. There is also a temple name that posthumous title has none. For example, the last emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, Ruziying, was a puppet emperor for three years, but Wang Mang abolished it, and there was no temple name, posthumous title. The emperor's obituary, for example, was discussed by the ceremony officer. There are both initial and additional obituaries, such as the collapse of Zhao Gou, the emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the filial piety as the "Emperor Wen Xianxiao of San SHEN WOO"; Guangzong Dynasty was also named as "Emperor Wen Zhaoren's filial piety in SHEN WOO, who was ordered to devote all his efforts to Zhongxing". The posthumous obituary of the liegeman was first drawn up by the courtesy officer and examined and approved by the court. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu became an official, and in the Ming Dynasty, Wang Shouren became an official. Wu Ne, a Ming Dynasty scholar, said in his "Discussion": "When the Han Dynasty and Jin Dynasty came down, all officials and doctors would discuss it too often, and doctors would inquire about good and evil, and write it as discussion, which is higher than that of the DPRK." The law of private settlement began in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Chen Biao died, and more than 3 thousand people went to hang in the sea, and they were named "Mr. Wen Fan"; After Tao Yuanming's death, Yan Yannian became a trustee and a "Jing Jie Zheng Shi". Taoist priests and monks can have obituaries. When Tao Hongjing died in the Southern Dynasties, the obituary of "Mr. Zhen Bai" was the beginning of Daoism. During the reign of Emperor Taizu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the monk Faguo died and was given the title of Zhao Hulinggong. It is the beginning of the monk's death. In the Tang system, if an official with three or more grades dies, he has to be asked to die. However, it is necessary to assess his life performance. For example, when Tang Xiao died, it was often called "Su", and Taizong changed it to "Zhen" because Xiao Xiao was taboo. When Pei Ju died, he began to praise "Gong", but Liu Yue objected that Pei Ju was extravagant and presumptuous, and changed his name to "Zong". It can be seen that Yu Shi was quite serious in the Tang Dynasty. By the time of Renzong in the Song Dynasty, the courtiers and servants were ordered to die, and when the family did not beg, the company held it. ..... This push grace spring soil, ze and the nether world. "Since it is a gift, posthumous title is praised without derogatory. In the Ming Dynasty, Wang Hao wrote "Zhen Ze Long Yu Guo Yi", saying: "In this dynasty, there is beauty without evil, and the so-called obituary is just a tool to praise beauty." Emperor posthumous title (including temple names) was mostly added by the later emperors. However, there are also posthumous gifts from the next generation or later generations. For example, Zhu Quanzhong, the great ancestor of the Back Beam, killed Li Zhu, the last emperor of the Tang Dynasty, and called him "Mourning the Emperor". At the beginning of the later Tang Dynasty, he also called him "Emperor Zhao Xuanguang's filial piety" with the temple name Jing Zong. In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (in 1644, the first year of Qing Shunzhi), the Qing soldiers entered the customs and chased Zhu Youjian as Emperor Zhuang Lie; In July, he chased Zhu Yunwen and said, "Let the emperor", the temple number is Hui Zong; In the first year of Qianlong, Zhu Yunwen was later named "Emperor Gongminhui", and later referred to as Ming Huidi. Besides emperors and ministers, "ordinary people", "horse women", eunuchs and "barbarians" also have their share. There is a cloud in Su Xun: women have a funeral, starting from Zhou Jing Wang Mu; The "ordinary man" has a story, starting from the hermit in the East China Sea; Eunuchs have posthumous death, starting from Sun Cheng in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and "barbarians" have posthumous death, starting from shache in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Ming Yang Shen thought that as early as the Spring and Autumn Period, Qian Lou, a Qi man, and his wife privately said "Kang". Look at the evolution of funeral rites from posthumous title of the 24th Emperor of Han Dynasty. Blog forum on the 1st floor User: Joint Photon was published at 11:21 [number of replies]: [number of clicks]: 69. The URL address of this topic is: /p634991.html Look at the evolution of funeral rites from posthumous title of the 24th Emperor of Han Dynasty. The significance of posthumous title of the 24th Emperor of Han Dynasty (according to Hanshu) Since then, most of the ancestors of the dynasties have regarded "Gao" as their eulogy-Hui Di-Wen Di, who is gentle and kind to the people-Jing Di, who is kind to the people and loves the people-Wu Di, who is brave and strong.