International logistics self-study exam
According to the online survey, many cities in China, such as Hangzhou, Huizhou, Yingzhou, Chaozhou, Fuzhou, Yangzhou (Slender West Lake), Guangzhou, Leizhou, Lanzhou, Xining, Guilin, Xuchang, Shou Chang, Meicheng, Nanchang, Duchang, Shenyang, Fushun, Tianjin, Hengyang, Shangqiu and Tianmen, all have West Lake, or all have West Lake. If the extension of the West Lake is expanded, plus the West Lake-like, Pan-West Lake and Generalized West Lake, the number will be more. The so-called West Lake refers to the urban scenic lakes that are integrated with the city, such as Xiyuan and Xihai in Beijing and the beautiful Xinghu in Zhaoqing. The so-called Pan-West Lake refers to scenic lakes that are a little far away from the city and tend to the west corner of the city, such as Kunming Lake, Beijing and Gu Chang 'an in Kunming. In a broad sense, the West Lake is closely related to the city, and its location is not necessarily in the west, such as East Lake and South Lake in Wuhan, North Xuanwu Lake in Nanjing and Haizi Lake in the northeast of Jingzhou.
Why are so many urban lakes in the world known as "West Lake"? It is really a "West Lake cultural phenomenon". This is the whole process in which a scholar discovers the beauty of urban lake wetland gardens, local parents promote the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages to improve the environment, people with lofty ideals throughout the ages maintain the scenery (not let it disappear), and ordinary people spread the beauty of public gardens from generation to generation to commemorate the humanistic beauty of the West Lake. Both human life and human civilization originated from the water's edge. Nowadays, due to pollution or landfill, many cities have lost the beauty of their excellent "West Lake Culture". In order to ensure the sustainable development of urban lake landscape gardens like West Lake, city managers, decision makers and developers must first understand its aesthetic value and artistic characteristics, protect its natural vitality and inherit its cultural essence. Strictly prevent the expansion of urban construction from encroaching on public gardens, green spaces and water bodies, and put an end to the phenomenon that there are many famous officials and troops in the world since ancient times. People love the West Lake, so we should make sure it belongs to the people.
It is of great significance to study the "West Lake Cultural Phenomenon", carry forward the spirit of "West Lake Culture" and build more and more beautiful urban lakes and gardens for the people.
Second, the aesthetic complex of "West Lake Phenomenon"
There is heaven above and Suzhou and Hangzhou below. For thousands of years, people have often compared Suzhou and Hangzhou to heaven, because the environment around the West Lake is comfortable and beautiful. Suzhou and Hangzhou are ideal cities to live in, even poetic places to live in. The lake environment is often superior to the river environment; A good riverside living environment still needs strict geomantic investigation, selection and transformation.
The water is bright and sunny, and the mountains are cloudy and rainy. If there are more dead beauties in the West Lake, C+ is so appropriate. Xi Zi, a native of Shi Ye and Zhuluoshan Village at the end of the month, is a kind, beautiful, simple and hardworking female image representative. Stone has won the love of the people for thousands of years, which is naturally the expression of the people's true feelings. In this way, for thousands of years, people have always regarded the West Lake as the embodiment and concentrated embodiment of beauty. No matter what season, weather, direction and perspective, the West Lake looks like a lovely beauty.
The scenery of the West Lake is the best in the world, half lake and half garden. The beauty of the West Lake is partly in the mountains and rivers and partly in man-made, with rich forms and profound connotations. Seiko craftsmen, poets and painters, as well as master monks make the garden extremely charming. The earliest garden by the West Lake is a temple garden, and the southeast Buddhist country is blessed. All the gardens that can enjoy the scenery in the garden are included in the generalized West Lake garden culture.
The most valuable thing about "West Lake Culture" is its openness. Before the Tang Dynasty, although it was recorded that the king of the Western Zhou Dynasty lived in the garden and enjoyed himself with the people, the people actually went into the garden to cut grass and collect firewood and catch pheasants and rabbits. The forest gardens and Taiye Pool in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and the "three gardens" in the Sui and Tang Dynasties-the East Inner Garden, the West Inner Garden and the largest forbidden garden-were closed to the public. People can only enjoy the natural garden outside the wall. History books record in praise that Qujiang Pool in Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty was an open landscape garden. Qujiangchi was originally created by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and its name was Yichun Garden. During the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, a city wall "park" was formed. There was an upsurge of group gardens in Song Dynasty. Although Joan Lin Yuan and Jin Mingchi are public gardens, they are called "open pools" only when they "let scholars look around". "The world strives for hegemony, and the car closes at the end" (see Wu's Dream). It is a great progress that only princes and nobles can enjoy the garden to the general public. Public gardens are naturally appreciated and loved by people.
Mentally and spiritually, the garden entertains the gods first, then the kings, and then the officials and themselves, which of course makes people more and more happy and close. There is nothing wrong with the landscape between the literati and the public. The urban mountains and forests come from the purposeful artistic space between the literati and the officialdom. Most "public gardens" are a combination system of urban natural landscape and landscape-related popular humanistic landscape. West Lake is such an excellent collection of urban public gardens, which has unconsciously become synonymous with urban forests and public gardens. In the West Lake, a large urban garden. There are many human landscapes hidden, with dense forests and misty clouds. It is really a "foreign land in the southeast".
There are many local officials in Hang Cheng who are poets (in the Tang Dynasty, with a strong poetic style), who pay attention to beautifying the environment, like carving stones, building towers, planting bamboo, writing inscriptions and making up myths, leaving some relics, which have made great contributions to decorating the urban landscape and accumulating urban history and culture. Its national governance and government housing also promote gardens. The most typical "virtual white hall" is surrounded by rivers and mountains. The railings are impressive and enigmatically overlook the distant mountains. There are poems carved by Bai Juyi in the hall.
The scenery of the West Lake is a landscape of true mountains and waters, a simple, open and bright landscape, and a landscape with pleasant scale and close to the people. The landscape of the West Lake is closely related to the city, with its beauty and power. The daily life of urban residents has an indissoluble bond with the West Lake. For thousands of years, deep nostalgia and love for the West Lake have naturally accumulated in the aesthetic spirit of the general public. Li Yu, an artist of the Qing Dynasty, traveled all over the world and finally settled with his family next to the West Lake in Hangzhou, which is an example. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Zhang Dai's Dream of the West Lake shows the feeling of "dreaming about the West Lake as a family member", which can be read as an aesthetic poem about public gardens.
Outside Hangzhou, as long as there is a lake in a city where people live, I certainly hope it can be as beautiful as the West Lake in Hangzhou, with rich cultural landscapes, pleasant public spaces and sightseeing routes, and a deep sense of identity and sustenance. Whether this lake must be located in the west of the city or not, people enthusiastically call it the West Lake.
Third, the "West Lake phenomenon" inherent reasons
All the people in the world have deep envy and aesthetic complex for the West Lake. Its social foundation, historical origin, aesthetic theory, public psychology, ecological effect and other reasons are worth exploring, and can be used in modern urban landscape design.
Location is only the superficial reason for the formation of the West Lake, and the internal factor lies in humanity. Humanistic factors can transcend geographical relations, and the essential characteristics of the West Lake are beauty and public beauty. The creation of beauty is her soul.
West Lake was the turning point of Qiantang River into the sea in ancient times, and it became a lagoon due to sediment deposition. Its land is in the west of Huicheng, so it is commonly known as the West Lake. Since the Eastern Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Buddhist temples and Taoist temples have been built around the lake, and local officials have been dredging and renovating them, making the lakes and mountains last forever (see Record of the West Lake).
These six wells were dug by Li Mi when he was the secretariat of Hangzhou in the Tang Dynasty. Bai Juyi once presided over the projects of building dikes to protect lakes, storing water to irrigate fields, planting trees, building pavilions and decorating landscapes.
When wuyue was in the country, he dredged the West Lake and connected it with the South Canal. In the fourth year of Yuan You in the Northern Song Dynasty (1089), Su Shi sent 200,000 migrant workers to mow the grass to build the three-mile-long "Su Causeway" and built three stone pagodas in the lake, which completely changed the phenomenon of silt accumulation.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou was renamed Lin 'an. The west of the city is adjacent to the scenic West Lake. "Lakes and mountains, endless seasons; Although there are painters, you can't imitate them "(see Wu's Dream). "Ten Scenes of West Lake" was established in the Southern Song Dynasty.
It is worth mentioning that officials are everywhere, and the number of officials who can discover and develop the beauty of urban lakes and mountains is limited. In ancient times, they built urban landscape gardens in combination with water conservancy projects, which remained immortal. Officials who are eager for quick success and instant benefit often fail to reach this level; Sometimes, instead of creating scenery for the world, it kills scenery everywhere and leaves eternal regrets for future generations.
The beauty of the Slender West Lake in Yangzhou is a combination of more than ten pavilions: it is connected with mountains, with the same momentum (Shen Fu's Six Chapters of a Floating Life 1763), and the painted boats on the balcony are constantly ten miles, making it a public scenic spot for water sightseeing. The Slender West Lake project was mainly promoted by the emperor's southern tour. Fu Jia, a great official, hurriedly asked the emperor for his favor and made every effort to present the scenery to the lake visited by the emperor, which made the lake have an excellent landscape. Although the motivation is not for the public, it objectively achieves the effect that "West Lake is the best place in the world, and there are no fools and saints among tourists".
Urban public landscape can not be separated from the management and dredging of administrative departments. Without protection, there is no beauty and no inheritance of beauty. Guangzhou Nanhan West Lake is an artificial lake dug in the lower reaches of the tributaries in western Jiangxi, which is the Royal Nangong Garden. The West Lake and Yaozhou are vast and misty, such as Penglai Wonderland. It makes people feel that "the blue sea rises from Chen Ge and the blue sky rises from Xia Yun". Later, he was killed by soldiers, but the rectification movement in Chen Yi in the Song Dynasty was a scene of "singing on the sea, clouds flowing with sand in the water", which was loved by literati. Small-scale renovation by later generations is still one of the eight scenic spots in Yangcheng in Ming Dynasty. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, houses around the lake increased, silted up and degenerated. Road completed 1932, Guangzhou West Lake completely completed. The ultimate destruction of this imperial palace with a history of nearly a thousand years is not far away from us today. Is Liwan Lake the second West Lake in Guangzhou?
Who says the scenery in the south of the Yangtze River is beautiful and the land is shrinking in your arms? Because the natural environment conditions of northern gardens are not as good as those of Jiangnan, many gardens imitate the scenery of West Lake. Wang Lvdao's "Yuanmingyuan Ci" describes: Qianlong went down to the south of the Yangtze River, took his lucky road, wrote about his scenery, and then returned to work. Such as West Lake, Su Causeway, West Yard and so on, are all imitations. In particular, the Yuanmingyuan also highlights the broken bridge, the remnant snow, the fish watching in Huagang, the twin peaks, the night bell in Nanping, the autumn moon in Pinghu, the sunset glow in Leifeng and the moon in Santan as the landscape of Hangzhou West Lake.
The power of example is infinite. The beauty of West Lake in Hangzhou is imitated by other places, and it is natural that there are West Lakes all over the world. The communication between North and South and between China and the West in urban gardens should be like this.
Fourthly, the contemporary loss of "West Lake Culture"
In ancient times when productivity was underdeveloped, people used their hands to control water, build water conservancy and build cities, and put in beautiful ideals and artistic techniques. From the aesthetic point of view, the urban mountain forest is a purposeful space, a new development of the artistic space of garden beauty, and a popular realization of another ideal beauty in the palace garden system.
For example, there are more scenic mountains than water in Guilin. In the Song Dynasty, there was a West Lake with an area of more than 700 mu in front of the hidden mountain. Lijiang River in the east, Yangjiang (taohuajiang) in the south and some lakes in the middle are isolated. Water conservancy projects are connected in series into a whole, and waterways lead to rivers, and mountain cities become water cities, and mountains and rivers set each other off. Unfortunately, the gentry surnamed Zhou colluded with the government to occupy the West Lake and sell it at a high price, so that the waterway was blocked, the West Lake disappeared and the mountain city lost its vitality. There are many people who destroy the urban landscape like Zhou evil gentry (ancient real estate developers). This is the reason for the loss of the city's "West Lake Culture", which is more harmful to public scenery than the ancients.
Looking down from the plane, the traditional ancient villages and towns show obvious planning. In the past, our ancestors also used various soft and hard methods to maintain the public landscape gardens in villages and towns. For example, the inspiration of clan culture, the edification of enlightened gentlemen, the concept of geomantic omen, village regulations and folk stories are used to unify and standardize people's thoughts and behaviors and protect the mountains and rivers of cities (villages). Today, when the above ideas are completely denied, a new, good and democratic propaganda concept has never been established. In the construction, it has caused a large number of unhealthy urban areas and towns. The aerial view of the plane shows that the new village is obviously more chaotic, worse and uglier than the old village.
Contemporary urban construction activities are really earth-shattering, and ghosts and gods are moved. In the city-building movement, few people pay attention to lake-building, especially the West Lake. It is also appropriate to call this phenomenon the loss of "West Lake Culture".
1. The biggest mistake of not respecting scientific planning is the mistake of urban planning. As a scenic spot, the city "West Lake" can't be surrounded by the city indefinitely, and modern high-rise buildings can't be close to the lake surface. You can't shave your head and tear down the historic blocks of the city. People who do this often lose cities and lakes. The West Lake in Hangzhou once wanted to build "Hong Kong in Zhejiang", which brought great constructive damage, and the historical and cultural "rich mines" that once made them proud became more and more barren. In the past, the planning model of Huizhou West Lake was "city-wrapped lake", which proved that not only the scenery was destroyed, but also the city was bound. If Guilin wants to build a pharmaceutical factory between mountains and rivers, it will not be worth the loss, which is equivalent to asking someone to dig their own heart (as Chen Congzhou said). There are other West Lakes that were destroyed in the wrong planning.
Hangzhou West Lake moved westward, protecting the old new city and moving towards Qiantang era (that is, development along the river). The West Lake was "beautified", liberated and renewed. Huizhou City developed to Jiangbei, and the West Lake lifted the threat of great destruction. Facts have proved that the urbanization around the lake, such as Kunming's promotion to Dianchi Lake and Zhaoqing's promotion to Xinghu Scenic Area, will seriously damage the West Lake landscape, which must be highly valued or improved by parents in these cities.
2. The developer's unlimited and arbitrary enclosure construction encroaches on good mountains and good water, that is, when the water surface of urban lakes accelerates to die. For example, the development of Australian villas and landscape courts in Guangzhou has caused great damage to the natural landscape; Some villas have been built in the core area of Land Rover Scenic Area, and public landscape gardens have become private property, which is a very unfair performance of society. There is no need to build commercial housing because of the mountains and waters. It is the real significance to improve the poor landscape by building commercial housing.
3. Modern municipal engineering violence is easy to completely change the landscape elements of a natural ecological historical region (region) because of its wide land use, large volume and deep land turning. Not only has the historical landform disappeared, but the humanistic elements contained in it have also been destroyed. The scale of this project is larger than the scale of lakes and mountains. If it is not protected and carefully designed, even the geographical scale environment is easy to be destroyed.
4. Lack of water conservancy facilities to protect water bodies, showing a weak trend, easy to be occupied and die. "West Lake Culture" or West Lake landscape contains the accumulation of countless humanistic and historical contents. Even if the surface of the West Lake is still there, it is impossible to make up for the spiritual emptiness by eradicating the inherent cultural landscape instead of a few simple squares and hard slope protection. Su Shi Xuchang Xiaoxihu originated in Sui and Tang Dynasties and was related to Ouyang Xiu, Fan Zhongyan, Sima Guang and others. At that time, Cao Cao "held the emperor to make the princes" and trapped Emperor Han Xian here. Unfortunately, it has now fallen into a small ditch by the road.
The authorities are unwilling to relocate "there are many famous mountains and monks in the world", and religious activities have developed scenic spots, which is not derogatory. Mr. Guo Moruo later concluded that "there are many famous bandits in the world" and "there are many famous troops in the world", and finally said that "there are many famous officials in the world" and "there are many businessmen", which is really not a compliment. It took at least eight years to persuade some institutions to move out in order to renovate the scenery and restore the original appearance of the West Lake in Hangzhou, which made people sad!
The Soul Return of verb (abbreviation of verb) "West Lake Culture"
The living environment needs "West Lake Culture". Historically, the reputation effect, location effect, landscape effect, celebrity effect, literature effect and landscape collection effect of Hangzhou, Huizhou, Yingzhou and other West Lakes have attracted everyone's yearning and praise from the world. The current urban landscape "West Lake Culture" has little content. How to create a new era of "West Lake Culture" must be well thought out.
1. Formulate scientific and reasonable urban development plans and protect wetland parks. Planning first embodies the ideological pursuit and love of local leaders. Any wrong decision can only be corrected by the decision maker (department) himself, and others have no ability to correct it. A good plan lies in a wise leader. The Protection Plan of Hangzhou Historical and Cultural City (Draft for Review) passed the expert review in 2004. Professor Mao, one of the judges, was deeply moved. He said: "We have been waiting for this plan for 2 1 year!" 265,438+0 years equals 65,438+0/5 centuries later, the planning of Hangzhou was on the right track, and the West Lake was liberated and reborn. From "three mountains and one city" to "Hangzhou is becoming less and less like Hangzhou", to "vacating the old city to collect money for the country" and then to "Fuchunjiang era", this is a historic progress.
Huizhou West Lake was corrected after 1989 urban planning. Both lakes and cities have their own development direction and goals. After years of management, the West Lake has finally won the title of national scenic spot, and the city has made great progress in the direction of Jiangbei.
Once upon a time, I often heard shouts of "Save Lijiang River" and "Save Wangcheng". In the final analysis, it is the contradictions in planning that plague people, mountains and water. Only when a mayor who likes to catch industry in Guilin landscape is promoted or leveled can the problem be alleviated.
After some argumentation, the planning of Guangzhou has made new progress. Distance, big group scheme eased many contradictions. Guangzhou can also clearly learn from Hangzhou: protect the old city, build a new city, expand the West Lake (similar to the West Lake), and "make room for the old city to make money". "The new goes to the new and the old has its own taste." Unfortunately, the old city of the famous city is still being demolished and under construction. This dangerous practice will completely annihilate the historical blocks, which has not aroused enough awareness of the authorities so far.
2. Let more people, first of all, leaders, be good at discovering the beauty of the West Lake. It is not that there is no beauty around people, but that there is a lack of eyes to find beauty. The beauty of many famous West Lakes in those days was mostly discovered and created by exiled and relegated intellectuals. These people are in trouble, calm in mind, anxious for the people, and less utilitarian. Their profound artistic planning literacy can make wise decisions.
The ancient town of Yacheng managed to expand the hedge, leaving behind the rippling West Lake. Su Shi is good at dealing with the relationship between city and landscape, and he is also very concerned about the development and utilization of water resources when he is in Qiongzhou. Chiang Kai-shek, a Qing man, once said, "When you arrive, no one in the world dares to come to Huizhou." . Huizhou, where the rulers relegated and punished officials, became a country of scenic spots because of Su Dongpo.
Bai Juyi is also a poet who is close to the people and nature. In Suzhou, Hangzhou, Lushan and other places, he has left poems to manage mountains and rivers and create lakes and mountains. Liu Zongyuan, Han Yu, Ge Hong, Niu Airu, Li Deyu, Tang Geng, Chen Zhirou, Chen Pengfei, Su Zhe and other scholars. They all left aesthetic concern for the West Lake because of relegation.
3. Carry out the activities of building a landscape eco-city nationwide, and promote the cultural spirit of the West Lake. To build a landscape ecological city and a garden city is to carry forward the "West Lake Cultural Spirit". Protect lakes and build wetland parks. Give full play to the ecological function, temperature and humidity adjustment function, flood control and drought relief function, plant protection function, animal protection function and aesthetic function of the lake. Municipal engineering should become a landscape to decorate rivers and mountains. The beauty of the West Lake is popular, natural and human. Creating, protecting and inheriting the beauty of West Lake culture is the responsibility of the whole city.
4. Let all the scenic spots of West Lake become the carriers of folk culture and national culture and art ... The lake scenery in China, especially around big cities, should become the carriers of local national culture and art, whether it is material or intangible, static or dynamic, and the city West Lake should be a big stage, a great museum of culture and art and a museum of historical relics. Less Roman columns and hard squares. Let foreign friends see the West Lake and think it is the lake of China and the lake of the Chinese nation. "West Lake Culture" is the most beautiful water culture of China people.