Folk customs in the late Tang Dynasty
Pray for fate.
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, there were blessing activities in various small scenic spots. It is a kind of folk paper-cut with local characteristics, which is designed according to the traditional concept of happiness, wealth, longevity and happiness of China people. The old man personally stamped his seal, and he got Tang Mo's blessing easily and happily, and also got a unique tourist souvenir.
1, marriage customs
The marriage customs here strictly follow the orders of parents, the words of matchmakers and the ethical concept of "being loyal to one's life". Generally, there are nine procedures: inviting the media, recruiting people, inviting parties, moving weddings, opening faces, welcoming relatives, paying homage, making trouble in the bridal chamber, and returning to the door. Different counties and towns in Huizhou have different natural conditions and different concepts, so there are also differences in procedures and appellations. The marriage customs in the late Tang Dynasty also have their own characteristics. When men and women grow up, someone comes to fix them up. They take the woman's eight-year-old character to the man's house, fill in the man's eight-year-old character, and give it to the marriage manager for calculation to see if the men and women are harmonious in life, and then they can get married, commonly known as the "eight-character". Employment is commonly known as "sending baggage". When the woman receives the gift and returns it, the marriage is settled. After the engagement, the man informs the woman of the wedding date, which is called an invitation. The day before the wedding or earlier that day, the man sent someone to the woman's house to move and get married. On the eve of the wedding, the man's family hosted a wedding banquet, the matchmaker took a seat, and the deacons of relatives and friends took their seats in turn. After the banquet, both men and women will write down the wedding date on the "Red Driving Geng Post". On the wedding day, my aunt or aunt used two silk threads to unscrew the hair from the bride's forehead, also called Lamian Noodles.
On the day of the woman's wedding, the groom personally went to the woman's house to get married. At the door of the woman's house, she closed the door until the new son-in-law stuffed enough "meal money" and "diaper money" from the door, and she didn't open the door. Then the mother and daughter in the boudoir began to "cry and marry" to show that they could not bear to be separated. The firecrackers sounded three times, and the bride went out of the room and got into the sedan chair (now the sedan chair is used more). At the man's door, the bride must be carried by the groom, which means that the husband and wife will turn against each other in the future, and the woman can claim that she didn't come to the door. As soon as the sedan chair landed, it bowed down and worshipped.
Making trouble in a bridal chamber is generally divided into two steps: "talking about hukou" and "quarreling with new people" Everyone can tease and joke with the newlyweds at will, which often makes the newlyweds feel embarrassed.
Visit the shrine the next day after marriage. On the third day, the groom accompanied the bride to visit her parents-in-law, which is called "returning to the door". On the third and fourth days after marriage, the in-laws are invited to visit the son-in-law's house, which is called "looking at the DPRK". On the fifth and sixth days, the bride and groom go home.
2. Birthday custom
Birthday custom is a celebration of Huizhou people's good wishes for more happiness and longevity, which is customarily called "birthday" or "birthday". Generally, the boundary is 50 years old. It is called "birthday" before the age of 50 and "birthday" after the age of 50. Generally, if you do nine and don't do ten, it will be too full, and you will lose. 10 and 20 years old are called "whole birthdays". Generally, it is simple for friends and relatives to have a big banquet, and other small birthdays are called "Long Tail". On the birthday of Su Hui 10 (Tang Moye), my grandparents or uncles and aunts sent rice preserves, clothes, shoes and hats to celebrate. On my 20th birthday, my mother-in-law gave me two new pairs of shoes. Standing at the age of 30, I began to take care of myself on my 30th birthday and held a banquet to show my honor. Generally, 40th birthdays are not celebrated, because "four" and "death" in the emblem are homonyms, which is unlucky. On the 50th birthday, the career has been completed and the children get married, so the children celebrate their parents' birthdays and relatives and friends' birthdays. This is a "glorious life". When the family business is booming, it is commonly known as "Rong Qing". It's great to live in flowers, so the anniversary is 60 years old. The two old people live a twin life. Birthday is mainly for son-in-law, with son and daughter-in-law as foil. The son-in-law will send six packages of birthday presents, namely a pair of birthday shoes, a package of jujube chestnuts, a pair of birthday candles, a pair of couplets, plus four pounds of pork and four pounds of birthday noodles. Relatives and friends are the same except birthday shoes and candles. On birthdays, the gold word "Shou" is hung in the center of Shoutang, with Shouzhang hanging on both sides and a red curtain hanging on the seat. Eat egg tea and longevity noodles in the morning. In the afternoon, the birthday girl wears auspicious clothes. First, the eldest son and his wife gave him a birthday present. The birthday boy left his seat, walked to the front of the main hall, worshipped the sky outside, worshipped the ground inside, and then returned to his seat. Families are arranged according to seniority. Men first and women in pairs, kneeling down for a long life. Relatives and friends bow three times. In the evening, when the table is opened for birthday wine, the birthday boy himself is not in the stall, so find some old people of similar age to accompany him and open another seat in the hall. The rich also invited the troupe to sing for their birthdays. Life is 70 years old, and it is a great blessing to live to 70 years old. Birthday activities are more grand, and some families celebrate together.
3. Old customs
Huizhou people seldom get together for a few times because they make a living, do business or be an official all the year round, so festivals like Chinese New Year are particularly grand. As a result, the unique Chinese New Year custom has been handed down.
Generally speaking, the Spring Festival in the Tang Dynasty began with Laba (the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month), and every household cleaned and ate Laba porridge. Then there is killing pigs in the New Year. Lunar calendar1February 24th is a "small year", and portraits of ancestors are hung in every household to welcome their new year. In the evening, every household burns incense and lights candles, and worships "Kitchen God" as a charity. On Lunar New Year's Eve, families put up Spring Festival couplets, followed by "Kitchen God" to ensure safety, and the whole family get together for "New Year's Eve", and then stay up until the afternoon 12 to set off firecrackers to welcome the new year. The first day of the first month is the Spring Festival. Early in the morning, the whole family paid a New Year call to Zurong (ancestor portrait) in the order of generations, then ate "Li Tea" and "Longevity Noodles", and the men went out to pay a New Year call to Zongdong. On that day, people get together to wish each other good luck and the New Year. The next day, I began to visit each other, visiting relatives and friends.
4. Funeral customs
Huizhou customs emphasize geomantic omen, and the Tang model is more prosperous. In the old days, when people were in their fifties and sixties, they began to prepare their own "future" (afterlife) and coffins, and asked Mr. Feng Shui to choose "the treasure house of Feng Shui" as the burial place. And the formation of bathing, mortuary, funeral, wake, funeral, family sacrifice, funeral, burial and other ceremonial procedures. If you haven't found the land of Feng Shui, the rich will stop outdoors and build a coffin, commonly known as "coffin". For the "going" of the deceased, relatives should "send away one", commonly known as "dying". Relatives of the deceased are required to swallow their last breath before dying and call loudly in front of their beds until they die. After you die, take off the bed curtain immediately to prevent the dead from falling off because of the curtain net. Take off the pillow and burn the carton to see you off. Then wipe the body of the deceased, put on white underwear, cover it with white sheets, cover it with yellow watch paper, and light an oil lamp (commonly known as "Wan Nian Deng") at the feet of the deceased. Then send a funeral report. Wealthy families enter the funeral home, first wrap the body with silk cotton, cut open the face, and then cover it with "shroud" layer by layer. The number of clothes and trousers can be divided into "up nine and down seven" (wearing nine clothes and seven trousers) and "up five and down three". Before wearing, put the "shroud" on children and grandchildren for a while, and then put it on the dead. After the coffin, the family members should propose a toast to the deceased, and then put a copper coin in the deceased's mouth, called "oral money", so that the deceased can take it to the underworld for use. Some people stuffed a small amount of cakes into the mouth of the deceased so that the deceased would not starve to death on the way to Fengdu. After the funeral, fruit boxes, candlesticks and incense burners were placed on the table in front of the coffin, and family members and relatives burned incense and bowed down. Later, the mourning hall was decorated, and relatives and friends hung filial piety couplets. After death, there is a sacrifice every seven days until the forty-ninth day, commonly known as "doing seven." "March 37" is the call back day, burning paper and binding clothes and utensils. When July 7th expires, you should make a filial son sacrifice. Sacrifice the grave a hundred days after death. Making another sacrifice on the anniversary is commonly known as "making the anniversary". Most funerals involve eight people carrying coffins, laying a red carpet, tying a rooster, and children wearing hemp coffins to show filial piety. Spreading paper money along the way is handing money. Set off firecrackers at the intersection to let the dead know the way home. There are customs and funerals. First, the coffin bearers secretly carried them out of the house. After finding the coffin, relatives cried and prayed for the deceased to go home and take charge of housework. On the way, I set up a table for my neighbor and made a "road sacrifice". Before people are buried, please ask the feng shui master to choose the cemetery. If the cemetery has been chosen earlier, the Feng Shui master will pick up the mountain-shaped Long Mai and dig a "golden well" (that is, a grave) and burn some sesame stalks, bean stalks and yellow paper in it. After the coffin hole, the rooster is slaughtered, and chicken blood is poured on the coffin cover. The dutiful son bakes the coffin in the hole and scatters grains. At the same time, set off firecrackers, burn incense and paper, and seal the soil. The funeral customs in Huizhou show a variety of cultural details, including the thinking of primitive beliefs, the influence of clan etiquette and the participation of religious ceremonies.
The traditional opera activities in ancient Huizhou were relatively early, and the Mid-Autumn Festival in Ming Dynasty has shown a momentum. Daokun Wang was an official and assistant minister of the Ministry of War in Jiajing period, and an outstanding playwright. Although he is a military commander, he also writes essays and poems, especially zaju. He has written historical dramas such as Dream of the Tang Dynasty, Tour of the Five Lakes and Tragedy of Luoshui, which are very popular in Huizhou. The drama activities in Huizhou in Qing Dynasty were in the ascendant, which was mainly related to Huizhou's thought of "learning for a living, business for a walker" and "combining business capital with gentry and giants". While developing Huizhou's commercial economy, it has promoted the great development of traditional opera culture and entertainment education.
Local drama
The formation of Huizhou Opera is based on the combination of Huizhou Opera and Qingyang Opera, which combines scattered opera and blowing opera, and is influenced by Kunqu Opera to some extent, which leads to the formation of Huizhou classes and Huizhou gangs. There were four famous class clubs at that time: Qingsheng, Cai Qing, Tongqing and Yangchun. In the fifty-fifth year of Qing Qianlong (A.D. 1790), four Huizhou classes performed in Beijing one after another, causing a sensation in Beijing. Later, during Jiaqing and Daoguang years, he cooperated with Hubei artists and influenced each other. He accepted some plays, tunes and performance methods of Kunqu opera, absorbed some folk tunes, gradually formed a relatively complete artistic style and performance system, and evolved into Beijing opera.
Folk programs performed by Farm Art Troupe at the end of the Tang Dynasty include: fishermen beat mussels, reflecting the hardships of fishing and firewood; Jump the god of wealth, which is used to pray for all the best in the coming year. Zhong Kui Dance praying for exorcism, Liu Cuiniang reflecting folk customs, etc. These programs were created by the people of ancient Huizhou in their working life, which showed their hard work and yearning for a better life. It is also the most traditional Huizhou opera. There is no dialogue in the whole play, only the accompaniment of gongs and drums and the physical performance of the actors. Physical performance is easier to understand, so this kind of drama without dialogue does not affect the audience's understanding of the thoughts and feelings expressed by the actors. On the contrary, it can bring fascinating emotional effects to the audience. Therefore, Tang Mo's folk performances have always been popular with tourists.