What are the three most popular theories about heaven and earth in ancient times? What is the most influential calendar?
It is said that during the Warring States Period, a man named Lieyukou wrote a book called Liezi. The book says: In the Zhou Dynasty, there was an Anji people. He is worried that the sky will fall, and he can't sleep well and eat well. Later, people turned this story into an idiom called "worrying about the sky" to laugh at some unnecessary troubles.
On the other hand, for Qi people who lived more than 3, years ago, it is not an exaggeration to worry about the sky falling. Even Qu Yuan, a great poet and great scholar after the Qi Dynasty, raised many questions.
Because people at that time still couldn't tell what was heaven and what was earth. Even if we are modern people, how many people can make it clear?
In fact, in ancient China, there were always different views on the shape of the sky and the relationship between the sky and the earth. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, from 3,5 years ago to 2, years ago, there are three most popular sayings:
The first is the theory of "creating heaven", which holds that the sky is round, the earth is square and the sky covers the earth.
the second is "Huntian theory", which holds that heaven and earth are a whole, like a big egg. There is an egg yolk in the middle, and an eggshell surrounding the egg yolk in the sky. The eggshell is inlaid with the sun, the moon and the stars.
The third is Michelle Ye Theory, which holds that the sky is invisible and the sun, moon and stars move in different directions at different speeds.
These three theories were debated until the Han Dynasty, and Huntington's theory prevailed. Not only because of the support of the imperial court, but also because of this theory, a representative named Zhang Heng appeared.
Zhang Heng was a famous scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty before 19. He has long served as the imperial edict in charge of astronomy. He is the author of the famous astronomical work "Composition of Spirit", which clearly points out the infinity of the universe. It is considered that space is space, week is time, and space and time are infinite.
He is the first person in the world who knows that the moon can't shine by itself. The moon was the first person to reflect sunlight and the first scientist in the world to give a correct explanation of the eclipse. He not only wrote a book, scientifically expounded many astronomical phenomena, but also invented and manufactured some observation instruments, the most famous of which were the "armillary sphere" and the "seismograph".
the armillary sphere vividly explains the theory of the armillary sphere, and the positions of the stars can be observed at any time. The seismograph successfully detected a big earthquake several kilometers away.
in addition, he skillfully improved the "pot leakage", also known as "copper pot drop". This is an instrument that has been used since the Zhou Dynasty to calculate time by dripping water. After his improvement, the accuracy of time has been greatly improved. He deserves to be one of the greatest scientists in ancient China and a pioneer in exploring the mysteries of the universe in China and even the world.
since the appearance of human beings, people have been very concerned about heaven and earth. More than 6 years ago, clay with patterns of sun, moon and stars was unearthed in Banpo site of Neolithic Age. The day after the shooting, the goddess mended the sky. Pangu opened the world, opened his eyes during the day and closed his eyes at night. Together, he broke Tianzhu and tilted the earth to the southeast. All these ancient legends are related to heaven and earth.
the ancestors separated heaven from the earth and personified them. Explain the universe, wind, rain, lightning and mysterious celestial bodies with imagination. Ancestors are pragmatic. They work at sunrise and rest at sunset. When planting grain and mulberry depends on the weather, we are particularly concerned about the change of the weather. Because these changes have a direct impact on clothing and diet.
Kings care more than ordinary people, of course, because they call themselves the "emperors" of the "Mukden Mothership". They believe that heaven and man are connected, and heaven, earth and man correspond.
From this point of view, ancient astronomers regarded Polaris, which has been fixed in the sky, as the celestial pole, the center of the sky and the star of emperors, and named it Zhonggong and Zijin Palace. There is the Forbidden City in the sky and the Forbidden City underground. Heaven and earth should rest
The ancients divided the stars in the sky into 28 nights and named them auspicious animals, which are also the most common things in life. For example: Black Dragon, White Tiger, Suzaku, Xuanwu, Cow, Dou, Anger, Jing, Shi, Bi, Jiao and so on.
If there is any change in the sky, such as an eclipse of the sun and the moon, it indicates that there will be a catastrophe on the earth. This will directly affect the rise and fall of the country and the stability of imperial power. Perhaps it is for this reason that emperors of all dynasties attached great importance to astronomical observation.
from the Shang dynasty, the imperial court had specialized astronomical officials and institutions. Since the Zhou Dynasty more than 3, years ago, astronomical observatories have been continuously built.
For example, Jingtai, the Duke of Zhou in Dengfeng, Henan Province, is the first observatory in China. After thousands of years of vicissitudes and storms, it is hard to imagine how people observe the sun and the moon and measure the stars in this observatory.
However, from the literature left by history, we know that in the Xia Dynasty 4 years ago, people already had the concepts of year, month and day, and heavenly stems and earthly branches's pairing method was used to calculate the day and month.
In ancient Oracle Bone Inscriptions, there were records of solar eclipse, prominence and winter solstice. Recorded the number of days in a year, which means there are 366 days in a year, divided into four seasons. And use leap month method to adjust.
At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, with the development of astronomy, people revised the early calendars. A year is 365 days and a quarter, and seven leap month years are arranged every 19 years. This understanding is very close to the actual operation of celestial bodies.
By the Warring States Period 2,5 years ago, 24 solar terms had been established by describing the anniversary of the solar movement. The establishment of 24 solar terms and the correspondence between solar terms and weather and phenology. In order to accurately predict seasonal changes and changes in temperature and warmth, conditions have been created.
24 solar terms has been used for more than 2 years. It is not only included in the calendar, but also an important basis for agricultural production and daily life. In addition, because the mysterious astronomical knowledge is easy to understand and widely known throughout the ages, it has been widely popularized and applied in China.
In China, the original records of astronomical phenomena have been preserved for thousands of years. In addition, it has been handed down from generation to generation without interruption, and it is a miracle in the history of human culture and science and technology. Some records are not only hidden in the palace, but also written in poetry books to inform the public.
For example, Xin Mao Yue Shuo, Eclipse in Yao Dian of Shangshu is an accurate record of the eclipse on October 1, 776 BC.
For example, in the year of The Book of Songs, the appearance of Halley's Comet was recorded in July 613 BC.
The silk book unearthed at Mawangdui in Changsha also depicts the shape of 29 comets.
These are the earliest in the world and proved to be accurate by calculation. These original records in the history of astronomy in China are precious wealth in the history of world science, and they are also the glorious track of human civilization in the field of astronomy.
according to records, Ji Dan, the fourth son of Zhou Wenwang, once built a post station in Luoyang in the Spring and Autumn Period. It mainly measures the shadow of the sun, the scepter of the earth, the center of the earth and the four seasons. Find out the change of this season according to the change of sun shadow and day.
Weekend:
Set the longest day of the year as the winter solstice. At noon that day, the sun shone on the Tropic of Cancer. The northern hemisphere has the shortest day and the longest shadow.
The shortest "Japanese-Chinese" day in a year is designated as the summer solstice. At noon that day, the sun shone on the Tropic of Cancer. The shadow in the northern hemisphere is the shortest and the sun is the longest.
two days in a year are the same day, the autumnal equinox and the vernal equinox. In addition, 24 solar terms also gradually summed it up.
It is said that this observatory was designed and built by Duke Zhou 3 years ago. It was renovated from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Tang and Song Dynasties. The last large-scale renovation and expansion was presided over by Guo Shoujing, who lived in the 13th century Yuan Dynasty.
Guo Shoujing was a great scientist in Dengfeng annals, and an outstanding astronomer in ancient China after Zhang Heng in Han Dynasty.
There were more than 1 calendars in ancient China, starting from the summer calendar 4, years ago. But only three of them are the most influential
The book defines the length of a year as 365.2425 days, which is completely consistent with the Gregorian calendar promulgated by the Pope 3 years later, and only 26 seconds away from the actual period of the earth's orbit around the sun.
Guo Shoujing's "popular wisdom" lies in his invention of more than 2 advanced and practical astronomical instruments. In addition to being responsible for the expansion and reconstruction of Zhou Jingtai, he also presided over the construction of the world's largest observatory Lingtai in the then capital Beijing.
What's particularly valuable is that he initiated a new era of networked astronomical observation. With King Jingtai of Zhou as the center and 27 observatories distributed all over the country as observation points, he carried out large-scale astronomical observation at the same time and in different places in a planned and step-by-step manner, and obtained a lot of extremely precious astronomical data.
In p>197, in recognition of his outstanding contribution in the history of astronomy, the International Astronomical Society named a crater opposite the moon "Guo Shoujing Mountain".
Bian Xiao has reason to believe that this great scientist who left this world for more than 68 years, if he had a soul, would certainly explore the moon and even Mars.