The development of world beer industry is closely related to the origin of grain. It has been more than 8,000 years since people made alcoholic beverages from grains. The oldest known wine literature is the method of making sacrificial beer carved by Babylonians with clay tablets around 6000 BC. In 4000 BC, there were 16 kinds of beer made of barley, wheat and honey in Mesopotamia. Bitter agents have been used since 3000 BC. In the 8th century BC/kloc-0, King Hammurabi of Babylon (since BC 1750) issued a code, and beer has been recorded in detail. Around 1300 BC, Egyptian beer developed highly as an excellent industry under the management of the state. The hieroglyphics on the Rosetta stone discovered by Napoleon's Egyptian Expeditionary Force in Egypt show that beer feasts were very popular in this area around BC 196. Although bittering agents have been used for a long time, hops were first used as bittering agents in 768 AD. Beer brewing technology was introduced into western Europe from Egypt through Greece. The ancient Roman politician Pliny (62 ~ 1 13) mentioned the methods of making beer, including the use of hops. Before the Middle Ages, beer was mostly brewed by women at home. By the Middle Ages, beer brewing had changed from family production to workshop production in monasteries and villages, which became an important part of monasteries' life. The main food in the monastery is bread and beer. Medieval monasteries improved the brewing technology of beer, and the trade relationship of beer was also established and controlled by priests. In the Middle Ages, beer was used in Europe to pay tithes to churches, trade and pay taxes to the government. In medieval Germany, beer brewing owners formed a powerful trade association. German beer using hops as bittering agent is also exported abroad, and cities such as Bremen and Hamburg have prospered. 17 ~ 18 century, German beer prevailed, which once depressed wine. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, British beer production was industrialized on a large scale, with an annual output of 20Ml. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, the following fermentation methods began to appear in Bavaria, Germany, and the brewed beer gradually became popular throughout the country because of its good flavor. At present, in Germany, 92% of beer is produced by the following fermentation methods. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, Germany promulgated laws to strictly regulate the raw materials of stele wine in order to maintain the purity of beer. Moreover, due to the subsequent fermentation method and regular yeast pure culture, the quality of beer has been improved, which has become the basis of modern Munich beer's reputation. In the New World of America, the technology of beer was introduced by Protestants in Holland and England in the early 7th century 1637, and the first brewery was established in Massachusetts. Soon, beer developed rapidly as a modern industry, making the United States a beer producer that surpassed Germany. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, winemakers elaborated winemaking technology one after another. 1857, L. Pasteur established the theory of biological fermentation; In 1845, C. J. J. Bahrain expounded the theory of fermentation degree; 188 1 year, E hansen invented the pure culture method of yeast, which made great progress in beer brewing science, from mystery to mystery. The application of steam engine and the invention of 1874 Linde refrigerator made the industrialized production of beer a reality. At present, the annual output of beer in the world ranks first among all kinds of wines, which has exceeded 1000000 ml. 1986 10 1588.7Ml beer was produced all over the world. See table10 for the countries before beer production 1986.
/kloc-At the end of 0/9, beer was imported into China. 1900, the Russians first established the Wulublieschivsky brewery in Harbin; 190 1 year, Russians and Germans jointly established Hagemaier-Liuselmen Brewery; 1903, Czechs set up East Bavarian Brewery in Harbin; At 65438+. Since then, many foreigners have set up factories in northeast China, Tianjin, Shanghai and Beijing. For example, Oriental Brewery was built in 1907, Guluoliya Brewery in 1908, Shanghai Scandinavian Brewery (predecessor of Shanghai Brewery) in 1920, Harbin Brewery in 1932, and Shanghai Yihe Brewery (predecessor of Shanghai Brewery) in/kloc. The earliest breweries built by China people are the breweries in three northeastern provinces established in Harbin in 1904, followed by Wuzhou brewery (Harbin) established in 19 14, and Beijing Shuanghesheng brewery established in 19 15./kloc-0. At that time, the beer industry in China developed slowly, was not widely distributed, and the output was not large. The production technology is in the hands of foreigners, and the raw materials of malt and wine are imported. Before 1949, there were less than ten breweries in China with a total output of less than 10,000 tons. After 1949, the beer industry in China developed rapidly and gradually got rid of the backward state of relying on imported raw materials. The yield of 1979 reached 5 10 ml, and that of 1986 reached 4000Ml. China's beer began to enter the international market in 1954, when the export was only 0.3Ml, and by 1980 it had soared to 26Ml.
The three famous wines in the world are Kweichow Moutai in China, Scotch Whiskey in England and French Cognac.