Where are the classical gardens?

Question 1: Where in China are there classical gardens? Private gardens are mainly in the south, small in size but very exquisite

Suzhou gardens, needless to say, there are them in Suzhou, Shanghai, and Wuxi

Lingnan gardens, in Qing Dynasty, Shunde County, Guangdong Huiyuan, Yuyin Shanfang in Panyu, Keyuan in Dongguan, and Liangyuan in Foshan.

Most of the royal gardens are in the north, and their larger size reflects domineering

Chengde Summer Palace, Beijing Summer Palace, Baoding Ancient Lotus Pond

Question 2: Distribution in What are the famous classical gardens across China divided by geography:

1. Northern type classical gardens

Northern gardens are larger in scope due to their vast territory. And because most of them are located in hundreds of counties, the buildings are magnificent. Due to limitations of natural meteorological conditions, there are few rivers, lakes, garden stones and evergreen trees. Due to the rough style, the beauty is not enough. Representatives of northern gardens are mostly concentrated in Beijing, Xi'an, Luoyang and Kaifeng, especially Beijing. Such as the Summer Palace, Beihai Park, Prince Gong's Mansion in Beijing, and the Summer Resort in Chengde, Hebei.

2. Jiangnan type classical gardens

The population in the south is denser, so the garden area is smaller; and because there are more rivers, lakes, garden stones, and evergreen trees, the garden scenery is more delicate and exquisite. Due to the above conditions, it is characterized by bright beauty, elegance and simplicity, and deep twists and turns. However, after all, it is small in area and feels slightly cramped. Representatives of southern gardens are mostly concentrated in Nanjing, Shanghai, Wuxi, Changzhou, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Yangzhou and other places, especially Suzhou. Such as the Humble Administrator's Garden, The Lingering Garden, Canglang Pavilion, Lion Garden in Suzhou, Yu Garden in Shanghai, etc.

3. Lingnan type classical gardens

Because it is located in the subtropical zone, is evergreen all year round, and has many rivers, the gardening conditions are better than those in the north and south. Its obvious characteristics are its tropical scenery and tall and spacious buildings. Existing Lingnan-type gardens include the famous Qinghui Garden in Shunde, Guangdong, Keyuan in Dongguan, and Yuyin Shanfang in Panyu.

Question 3: Where are the best classical gardens in Henan? Where are the best classical gardens in Henan?

When talking about Chinese classical gardens, everyone will think of northern gardens represented by the Summer Palace and Chengde Summer Resort and southern gardens represented by Suzhou Lingering Garden and Humble Administrator’s Garden, but these seem to have little to do with Henan. , does Henan have the best classical gardens? The answer is yes, not only before, but also now.

Gao Han | Text

In the spring of 1750 AD, Wang Chun, the magistrate of Huixian County, received a political mission that could change his destiny. Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Empire wanted to take his mother to inspect Huixian.

Qianlong, who has been in charge of the empire for 15 years, is an emperor with a very high aesthetic vision. He wants to imitate his grandfather Kangxi and make six trips to the south of the Yangtze River. Before departure, he needs to find a venue similar to Jiangnan Zhonglingyuxiu for a preliminary rehearsal to create an atmosphere that can A palace comparable to royal gardens and southern gardens.

In the vast northern region, Qianlong set his sights solely on Huixian, an inconspicuous small county in Henan, which naturally had deep meaning.

After receiving the order, the county magistrate Wang Chuncheng fearfully took the craftsmen to the southern foot of Sumen Mountain, four miles northwest of the city, and laid stones around the shore of Baiquan Lake with an area of ​​34,000 square meters. After eight months of overtime work on the remaining landscape renovation and repairs around Baiquan Lake, a "Cuihua Palace" covering an area of ​​81 acres was finally reborn on the basis of Baiquan Academy in the Ming Dynasty.

Baiquan Garden

On the morning of September 20th, the 39-year-old Emperor Qianlong and the Empress helped the Empress Dowager to visit Mount Sumen and Baiquan Lake. In the evening, Qianlong checked in In Cuihua Palace, the Queen Mother who accompanied her lived in the Bailu Garden of the palace.

During his trip to Huixian in late autumn of this year, Qianlong left eleven poems, six plaques and a pair of couplets here.

Qianlong liked this palace so much that after returning to Beijing, he sent someone to copy the "Comfortable Nest" of Baiquan Garden and built it in the Summer Palace according to its layout and structure, giving it the name "Shaole Nest" ".

The "comfortable nest" in Baiquan Garden in Huixian County is built on the mountain and lives near the lake. Its layout to hide the wind and accept the water can be called the pinnacle of Chinese Feng Shui. Its designers and users It was Shao Yong, a great Confucian in the Song Dynasty and the master of Yixue. One of the important reasons why Qianlong could not leave Baiquan Garden was that when Shao Fuzi, who was proficient in Feng Shui, lived here, he conducted a series of "wise men enjoy water, benevolent men" "Leshan" style transformation.

Comfortable Home

Who is Shao Yong? The "popular fried chicken" in academic circles during the Northern Song Dynasty, the most famous master of Yi studies at that time, also laid the foundation for the development of Yi studies in the Song Dynasty. Hong Kong's famous tycoon and philanthropist Run Run Shaw is his 34th generation grandson. The history of Song Dynasty praised him as "brilliant and heroic, outstanding throughout the ages", and the two younger generations, Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi, highly praised him.

After Shao Yong, a great academic figure, lectured at Baiquan all year round, his disciples flocked in from all over the country. Among them were Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao, Zhou Dunyi, etc. who were later scholars in the Song Dynasty. , they made a special trip to Mount Sumen to discuss knowledge with Shao Yong.

The Tai Chi Academy next to Shao Yong’s residence by Baiquan Lake was famous throughout the country as early as the end of the Five Dynasties. At the foothills of Sumen Mountain and next to Baiquan Lake, we pay attention to the influence of nature on students.

Shao Yong

The academy is a unique form of educational organization in ancient my country. It is mainly founded by private individuals and integrates teaching and research, book collection and proofreading. It is relatively independent. Non-governmental academic research and education organizations outside of official institutions.

After Shao Yong, Zhu Xi of the Southern Song Dynasty, Yao Shu and Yelu Chucai of the Yuan Dynasty successively gave lectures at the Tai Chi Academy in Sumen Mountain, and Baiquan Lake also became the center of Chinese philosophical research. After it was renamed Baiquan Academy during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, it is still the "Zhongnan Mountain" in the hermit community, the "***" in the political community, and the "Sanlitun" among the trendy men and women born in the 1990s.

What made Baiquan even more famous was the Confucian scholar named Sun Qifeng in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, known as Mr. , in the Confucian monograph "Confucian Studies in the Qing Dynasty", he was honored as the "Zhongzhou Great Confucian".

The 25 years that Sun Qifeng taught and wrote books in Baiquan were also the 25 years that Baiquan Academy experienced great development, with people with lofty ideals coming from all over. According to statistics from the "Xia Feng Chronicle" alone, there were 200 disciples of his, including many famous scholars such as Xue Wenzhao, Jia Sanhuai, and Jia Erlin.

In the earlier Wei and Jin Dynasties, the first scholar to live in seclusion in the Baiquan area of ​​Sumen Mountain was a man named Sun Deng. Even the most arrogant and wild Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest admired him. Ruan Ji was in After Su Menshan visited Sun Deng and came back in frustration, he wrote a "Biography of Mr. Adult", praising Sun Deng as a true "adult" who was born with the world and coexisted with the great road.

Ruan Ji and Ji Kang both lived here for a long time because they admired Sun Deng; later Jia Dao, Wu Daozi, Su...>>

Question 4: What types of Chinese classical gardens are there? Types of Chinese classical gardens: According to the selection of the garden base and the development methods, Chinese classical gardens can be divided into two types: artificial landscape gardens and natural landscape gardens. According to the affiliation of gardens, they can be divided into three main types: royal gardens, private gardens, and temple gardens.

Question 5: What are the three main categories of ancient Chinese gardens? The classification of ancient Chinese gardens can be classified in different ways from different perspectives. Generally there are two classifications.

(1) Classification according to the status of the owner

1. Royal gardens are gardens specially designed for emperors to rest and enjoy themselves. It is characterized by its grand scale, many real mountains and rivers, and the magnificent and tall buildings in the garden. The famous existing royal gardens include: Beijing Summer Palace, Beijing Beihai Park, Chengde Summer Resort, etc.

2. Private gardens are gardens for leisure for royal family members, princes, bureaucrats, wealthy businessmen, etc. It is characterized by its relatively small scale, so rockeries are often used; the buildings are small and exquisite. The famous existing ones include Prince Gong's Mansion in Beijing, Humble Administrator's Garden, Liuyuan Garden, Canglang Pavilion, Master of the Nets Garden in Suzhou, Yu Garden in Shanghai, etc.

(2) According to the location

1. Northern gardens occupy a larger area because of their vast territory; and because most of them are ancient capitals, the buildings are magnificent.

Due to the limitations of natural climate conditions, there are few rivers and lakes, rough rocks and evergreen trees. Because the style is rough, beauty is lacking. Most of the representatives of northern gardens are concentrated in Beijing, Xi'an, Luoyang and Kaifeng, especially ancient Luoyang, which also corresponds to the ancient poem "Luoyang is the most important garden in the world".

2. Jiangnan gardens are characterized by bright beauty, elegance and simplicity, and deep twists and turns. However, it feels a little cramped due to its small area. Representatives of southern gardens are mostly concentrated in Nanjing, Shanghai, Wuxi, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Yangzhou and other places, especially Suzhou.

3. Lingnan gardens are characterized by tropical scenery and tall and spacious buildings. Furthermore, because it is located on the southern coast, the architecture has been influenced by the West in modern times. The famous existing Lingnan gardens include Qinghui Garden in Shunde, Guangdong, Keyuan in Dongguan, and Yuyin Shanfang in Panyu.

Question 6: What are the characteristics of Chinese classical gardens? Which categories are they classified according to their geographical location? What are the differences? 10 points Chinese classical gardens are divided according to their owners: royal gardens, private gardens, and temple gardens. According to the gardening form, it is divided into: natural style (free style), regular style (neat style), and mixed style. According to the region: Jiangnan gardens, Lingnan gardens, and northern gardens. According to the affiliation, that is, according to the owner, they should be classified into royal gardens, private gardens, and temple gardens.

Question 7: What are the stylistic characteristics of Chinese classical gardens? The artistic style of Chinese classical garden architecture 3.1. Adapt to local conditions and coordinate with the environment. The combination of architecture and environment must first adapt to local conditions and strive to be in harmony with the topography of the base site. , terrain, and landforms are combined, freely interspersed, and flexible. In order to match various typical environments in nature, various architectural types have been created, and each type has evolved rich and varied forms. The overall layout must be in accordance with the situation and make full use of the natural topography and landforms. Chinese classical gardens generally use mountains and rivers as the theme of landscape composition. Garden architecture is only to enhance the overall beauty of the natural environment and highlight the beauty of nature. Therefore, the architecture emphasizes "relying on the mountain and taking advantage of the situation" and "naturally created". The small volume of the building helps to establish an appropriate relationship between the building and the natural scenery. The volume does not overwhelm the scenery, and it is conducive to the integration between the building and the natural scenery. ① The coordination between Chinese garden architecture and the natural environment is also reflected in the unity of its own image's contours, lines, colors and natural features. It actively and creatively adapts to the environment and creates many shapes that are unified with the environment. 3.2. Implicit expression, exquisiteness and elegance. The implicit effect is one of the important architectural styles of Chinese classical gardens. The pursuit of implication is related to the pursuit of implication in the art of poetry and painting in my country. In painting, the artistic realm of "the far-reaching meaning and the profound realm" are emphasized; in gardens, the emphasis is on twists and turns and unpredictability. This implicitness can be understood from two aspects: first, the artistic conception is implicit; secondly, from the perspective of garden layout, Chinese gardens are often not straight to the point, but full of twists and turns and implicit. In the organization of space, there are often straight and curved, static and dynamic, large and small, virtual and real, positive and changing, sparse and dense, hidden and explicit...these complement each other and are dialectically unified, creating A dynamic and ever-changing space realm. ② The "smartness" of Chinese garden architecture mainly comes from the flexibility of the wooden frame. At the same time, it pays attention to the "smartness" in the layout. It does not have the huge size of Western classical architecture, and is generally small and exquisite. The structure, shape, space processing and the overall layout of the building are all ingenious and harmonious arrangements. Its layout is organically connected with the whole, and it has the characteristics of flexibility, living and growth. To exalt before suppressing is a commonly used gardening technique, and it is also a manifestation of implicit expression. For example, setting up a rockery at the entrance to block the scenery inside makes people feel bright when they enter. . Another example is that first of all, the beautiful lotus pond, bridge and other scenery outside the gate tightly attract the hearts of tourists, but the high walls only expose some roofs, trees and taller buildings in the garden, and the panoramic view inside is not visible. , which will arouse people's imagination and interest in understanding the garden scenery. In Jiangnan gardens, leaky windows are often used as a subtle means. The scenery outside the window is dimly visible through the leaky windows, which is much more interesting than seeing it at a glance. When tourists visit here, they will be spoiled for choice, dizzying and full of fun.

The entire garden architecture should not only pay attention to the beauty of the overall shape from the whole to the parts, but also pay attention to the beauty of the decoration, the beauty of the furnishings, and the beauty of the small buildings. The position, size, thickness, width, and texture between them are all just right. , with a refined sense of proportion and unity. It is not only a kind of image beauty, but also a kind of beauty that conforms to the structure and construction logic. 3.3. Emphasis on artistic conception. Chinese classical gardens pursue "artistic conception". Artistic conception is people's feeling about the image, color and atmosphere of garden architecture. Generally speaking, gardens should highlight "elegantness", use artificial ingenuity to create a scenery that "seems like the sky is opening up", and then melt exquisite buildings into the embrace of nature to create an elegant artistic conception. In order to make the garden a promising, feasible, travelable and livable place, various corresponding buildings must be built in the garden. However, the buildings in the garden should not overwhelm or destroy the main body, but should highlight the main body of the landscape and blend naturally with the landscape. Together, we strive to achieve an organic integration of nature and architecture and sublimate it into a work of art. The creation of garden artistic conception requires detailed observation of the appropriate expression of emotions in specific environments and scenery during the process of investigation and research. The images of things each have the characteristics of expressing personality and affection, which is an objective phenomenon. For example, people often compare willow silk to women and tenderness; flowers to children or beauties; and ancient cypress to generals and steadfastness. If the comparison and expression are inappropriate, the emotional characteristics of things cannot be expressed. Not just comparisons, but also careful observation and good at discovery. If stones are used to symbolize firm character, then pebbles and flower stones are not as good as yellow stones and rock stones because they are not only in quality but also in shape. In the process of such observation, I feel something... >>

Question 8: Which three types of classical garden doors are classified in China? I helped you find it. The most common archway-style door is almost They are spread all over the world. With their rich shapes, exquisite decorations and bright colors, they have become one of the buildings with Chinese national style. This door style evolved from the Huabiao pillars, which are placed horizontally on the upper ends of the two Huabiao pillars. One beam is the archway. Then a door is installed between the pillars of the archway, and it becomes an archway door with an uncomplicated structure.

House-style doors are also used in royal gardens, private gardens, and famous mountain temples. It is very wide. Its shapes are ever-changing and various forms, which are actually unique and have their own merits.

The hanging flower door is a door style often used in royal gardens in northern my country. It has rich and varied shapes, colorful paintings and decorations, and is graceful. Huagui. The "Yueyue Gate" in the corridor of the Summer Palace in Beijing is a typical representative.

Wall gates that set the entrance and exit on the courtyard wall are also very distinctive and commonly used in gardens, temples and other buildings. Door style. Its adaptable to local conditions, exquisite and ever-changing styles are deeply loved by people. In addition to various geometric shapes such as circles, squares, angles, etc., their shapes also have many physical shapes, such as gourds, crabapples, fresh peaches, etc. Maple leaves, ancient bottles, the moon, etc.

The various door styles in Chinese classical gardens and landscape scenic spots are neither created by heaven nor miraculous workmanship. They are the fruits of the labor and creation of our ancestors, as well as the fruits of wisdom and talent. Crystal. They are wonders in the Chinese architectural garden and pearls in the history of world architecture.