The ancients passed on more information and stories.
As early as 3000 years ago in Shang Dynasty, there were records of information transmission.
Passing the post by horse is an early organized mode of communication.
The "Postman" sculpture in Jiayuguan Railway Station Square is based on the mural tomb of Wei and Jin Dynasties in Jiayuguan. The postman is holding a simple document, and the post horse is flying at high speed on all fours.
This brick mural was used as the theme of a small stamp by the First Congress of the All-China Philatelic Federation in 1982, which shows that Jiayuguan is one of the cradles of information culture in China.
During the Qin and Han dynasties, a whole set of post-delivery system was formed.
Especially in the Han dynasty, the documents delivered were graded, and the documents of different grades should be delivered by specialized personnel and specialized horses in accordance with the prescribed order and time.
Sending and receiving these documents must be registered and marked with time to show responsibility.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the cause of post biography developed unprecedentedly.
In the Tang Dynasty, the official postal transportation line centered on Chang 'an, the capital, radiated in all directions and directly reached the border area, with a post station about 30 miles away.
According to the Six Classics of Datang, in its heyday, there were 65,438+0,639 post stations in China, with more than 20,000 people specializing in postal services, including 1.7 million post soldiers.
Post stations are divided into three types: land post stations, water post stations and waterway merging. Each post station is equipped with post house, post horse, post donkey, post boat and post field.
In the Tang Dynasty, there were also explicit provisions on the itinerary of the post station. Lu Yi's fast horses go through six stations a day, that is, 180 Li, and then take about 300 Ali days, the fastest requirement is 500 Ali days. Pedestrians travel 50 miles a day; When sailing against the current, the river is 40 miles, the river is 50 miles, and the other is 60 miles; In good times, it is stipulated that 100 to 150 miles.
The poet Cen Can wrote in "A Word on the Road to Longshan": "After the post station, the post car is like the Milky Way; Pingming sent Xianyang, the curtain and the top of the mountain. "
Here he compares the post horse to a meteor.
On November 9th, 14th year of Tianbao, An Lushan rebelled in Fanyang.
At that time, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was in Huaqing Palace, which was three thousand miles apart. Within six days, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty knew the news, and the spread speed reached 500 miles per day.
It can be seen that the organization and speed of postal communication in Tang Dynasty reached a high level.
In Song Dynasty, all official documents and letters were called "delivery", and "express delivery shop" appeared.
There is a bronze bell tied to the collar of the riding post. When running on the road, ringing the bell during the day and lighting a fire at night, the person killed is not responsible.
Shopping for horses, shopping for people, rain or shine, day and night.
In the early Southern Song Dynasty, Yue Fei, the general who resisted gold, was forcibly recalled to Lin 'an from the front with 12 gold medals by Song Gaozong. This kind of gold medal is a gold plate sent by express delivery, which means urgent need.
There are also bells and drums, fireworks, pigeons, semaphores, wolf smoke and other ways to convey information.
Modern communication
abstract
In ancient times, China used drums to transmit information, as early as the end of primitive society.
By the Western Zhou Dynasty, China had a relatively complete postal system.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with the progress of politics, economy and culture, postal communication gradually became complete.
During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Wei's greatest achievement in postal history was the formulation of the Postal Order.
One of the signs of postal development in Sui and Tang Dynasties is the increase in the number of post stations.
During the Yuan Dynasty in China, the postal service was greatly developed.
The biggest feature of the post system reform in Qing Dynasty is the combination of "post" and "post".
After the mid-Qing Dynasty, with the establishment of modern postal service, the ancient postal system was gradually eliminated.
Fire spreads military intelligence.
"Beacon" is a communication method used to transmit frontier military information in ancient China. It began in Shang and Zhou Dynasties and extended to Ming and Qing Dynasties. We have been learning from each other for thousands of years, especially in the Han Dynasty.
At the height of the frontier defense military fortress or transportation hub, a high platform is built at regular intervals, commonly known as beacon tower, also known as beacon tower, trestle, smoke pier and so on.
Garrison is waiting on the high platform. When the enemy invaded, they burned firewood during the day to give the alarm of "burnt smoke" and at night to give the alarm of "bonfire".
When a station lights a lighthouse, neighboring stations also light their torches one after another and pass them one by one. Soon, in order to report the enemy's situation, they send troops, ask for reinforcements and defeat the enemy.
In the history of our country, there is also a story that a "bonfire-playing warlord" lit a bonfire at will to please beautiful women and eventually led to national subjugation.
Haojing, the capital of the Zhou Dynasty, was established after the demise of the Shang Dynasty, which was called the Western Zhou Dynasty in history.
In the early days, in order to consolidate the state power, Zhou Wang successively enfeoffed his brothers, relatives and heroes to various places as vassals, established vassal states and established a whole set of systems. Agriculture, handicrafts and commerce have all developed to a certain extent.
Letters from Hongyan-Letters from afar
The story of The Legend of Hongyan comes from Hanshu? The story of "Su Wu herding sheep" in Biography of Su Wu.
According to records, in the first year of the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC 100), Su Wu, the ambassador of the Han Dynasty, was detained by Shan Yu, the messenger of the Huns. He was brave and unyielding, and Khan exiled him to the no-man's land in Beihai (now Lake Baikal) to shepherd sheep.
19 years later, Emperor Hanzhao succeeded to the throne, and the fierce Han Dynasty reconciled and became a family.
The envoys of the Han Dynasty were ferocious and demanded to let Su Wu go back. Khan refused, but he couldn't say it, so he lied that Su Wu was dead.
Later, Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty sent envoys to Xiongnu, and Chang Hui, the detained deputy envoy who sent envoys to Xiongnu with Su Wu, met with the envoys of the Han Dynasty in secret one night with the help of the jailer, told them about Su Wu, and came up with a plan for them to tell Khan: "When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was hunting in Shanglinyuan, he killed a goose with a letter tied to his foot, which said that Su Wu. Han was very happy after hearing this, so he blamed Khan according to Chang Hui's words.
Khan was greatly surprised after hearing this, but he couldn't deny it, so he had to let Su Wu go back.
Jade bird delivers books.
According to Shan Hai Jing, an ancient rare book in China, there are three kinds of bluebirds, namely Zhao Lan and Yan Zi (the author of one of them has not been found). They are the attendants and messengers of the Queen Mother of the West. They can fly over Qian Shan to deliver information and good news of good luck, happiness and happiness to the world.
It is said that the Queen Mother of the West once wrote a letter to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The Queen Mother of the West sent a jade bird to deliver a book, and the jade bird always sent the letter from the Queen Mother of the West to the Chenghua Temple in the Han Palace.
In later myths, the bluebird gradually evolved into the king of birds-Phoenix.
In the Southern Tang Dynasty, master Li Jing wrote a poem "The bluebird doesn't spread the news outside the cloud, and the lilacs are sad in the rain"; In the Tang Dynasty, Li Bai wrote a poem "I hope I can repay the three bluebirds of Sauvignon Blanc"; Li Shangyin wrote a poem "There is no road to Pengshan, Oh, Bluebird, please listen!"! -Give me what she said! “； Cui wrote a poem "When will the bluebird fly?" .
Letter forwarding from home
Pigeons pass books, and everyone is familiar with it, because there is also the Pigeons Association here, and long-distance pigeon flying competitions are often held.
The homing pigeon won't get lost in a long flight, which stems from its unique function, that is, it can tell the direction by feeling the magnetic force and latitude.
At present, there is no clear statement about the exact start time of carrier pigeon book transmission, but as early as the Tang Dynasty, carrier pigeon book transmission was very common.
There is a record of "Pigeons Pass Books" in Wang Renyu's "The Legacy of Kaiyuan Tianbao" in the Five Dynasties: "When Zhang Jiuling was a teenager, he raised a group of pigeons at home.
Every time I correspond with my relatives and friends, I only go to the pigeon's foot book department, follow the instructions and fly to it.
I was a flying slave when I was nine years old, and everyone likes to be scared. Zhang Jiuling was a statesman and poet in the Tang Dynasty. He not only used carrier pigeons to deliver letters, but also gave carrier pigeons a beautiful name-"flying slaves".
Since then, carrier pigeons have been playing an important role in people's communication life during the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Kite communication
The kite we use for entertainment today played an important role as an emergency communication tool in ancient times.
According to legend, as early as the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Lu's skillful craftsman lost the game (that is, Lu Ban) and imitated the bird shape. "Cutting bamboo and wood thought it was a magpie and flew three days later." This flying "wooden magpie" made of bamboo and wood is the predecessor of kite.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun invented papermaking. People used bamboo sticks to make a frame, and then pasted it with paper, which became a "paper kite".
In the Five Dynasties, when people made paper kites, they would tie a bamboo whistle to the kite. The wind blows the bamboo whistle, which sounds like a kite, hence the word "kite".
The original kites were made for military needs, and their main purpose was to be used for military reconnaissance or to transmit information and military intelligence.
It was not until the Tang Dynasty that kites gradually became an entertainment toy and spread among the people.
lighthouse
Lighthouses originated from the bonfires in ancient Egypt.
The earliest lighthouse in the world was built in the 7th century BC, located at Baba Point in the Daniil Strait, standing like a huge bell tower.
At that time, people burned firewood in the lighthouse and used its fire to guide the course.
In 280 BC, the ancient Egyptians were ordered by King Ptolemy II Filadelf to build a lighthouse on Faross Island opposite Alexandria, Egypt, which was 85 meters high and burned wood, flames and smoke columns day and night as navigation signs.
Known as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, the Faros Lighthouse was destroyed by the earthquake in 1302.
At the beginning of the 9th century, the French lighthouse was built on Douang Reef, a surgical site at the mouth of the Gironde River, and has been rebuilt twice so far. The existing lighthouse was built in 16 1 1 year.
Among the ancient lighthouses, Livorno Lighthouse in Italy is still in use today.
This lighthouse was built in 1304, made of stone and 50 meters high.
The first lighthouse in America was the Boston lighthouse built in 17 16.
Since then, the lens lighthouse was built in 1823, the electric lighthouse was built in 1858, the lighthouse was first built on soft foundation in 1885, and the first gas flash tower was built in 1906.
1850, there were only 1570 lighthouses in the world, and the number of 1900 increased to 9400.
By the beginning of 1984, including other luminous beacons, the total number of lighthouses had exceeded 55,000.
Communication tower
In the18th century, French engineer Claude Chapp successfully developed a practical communication system to speed up information transmission.
The system consists of several communication towers located 230 kilometers between Paris and Lille.
A wooden pole is erected at the top of these towers, and a horizontal crossbar is installed on the wooden pole. People can rotate and swing the wooden pole under the operation of ropes to form various angles.
Two vertical arms are installed at both ends of the horizontal cross bar and can also rotate.
In this way, each tower can form 192 different configurations through wooden poles, and the nearby towers can see the information representing 192 through telescopes.
In this way, information can be transmitted to a distance of 230 kilometers in two minutes.
This system made great contributions to the French revolutionary war in the18th century.
signal flag
Signal flags have been used for communication on ships for more than 400 years.
The advantage of banner communication is that it is very simple. Therefore, even though modern communication technology is quite developed today, this simple communication method is still preserved and has become an important way of short-distance communication.
In sign communication, signal signs can be used alone or in combination to express different meanings.
Usually hanging a flag indicates the most urgent, important or commonly used content.
For example, the A-letter flag is hoisted, which means "There are divers under my boat, please stay away from my boat slowly"; Hang the O-letter flag, which means "someone falls into the water"; Hanging the W flag means "my ship needs medical assistance" and so on.
flag signal
During the 200 years of15-16th century, the fleet commander commanded his ships by firing guns or sailing.
1777, Admiral Howe, commander of the British and American fleets, printed a signal manual, becoming the first person to write a signal book.
Later, Admiral Sir Pophan used some flags as shorthand letters and created a complete set of semaphore letters.
1805, when Lord Nelson was commanding the Battle of Trafalgar, the last signal he sent before his death was the Popham semaphore 16: "Get close to the enemy and fight at close range.
"
18 17, British navy colonel Mariette compiled the first internationally recognized alphanumeric code.
There are also 40 signal flags, including 26 letter flags, 10 number flags, 3 substitute flags and 1 answer flags.
Flags have different shapes: dovetail, rectangle, trapezoid, triangle and so on.
The colors and patterns of flags are also different.
After Zhou Xuanwang's death, his son Jigong Nie acceded to the throne, namely Zhou Youwang.
Zhou Youwang doesn't care about any national affairs, only knows to eat, drink and be merry, and sends people everywhere to look for beautiful women.
There was a minister named Zhen Bao who advised the king. Zhou Youwang not only refused to listen, but also put Bao Zhen in prison.
Bao Jun was imprisoned for three years.
The people in the praise family did their best to save the praise.
They bought a beautiful girl in the country, taught her to sing and dance, dressed her, and presented her to the reclusive king to make up for her praise.
This girl is her family. Her name is Li.
Wang You was so happy when he got the praise that he published it.
He likes Zan very much, but Zan has been unhappy since he entered the palace. He has never laughed once.
Wang You tried to make her laugh, but she couldn't.
Zhou Youwang offered a reward: anyone who can make the princess smile will get a reward of 1200 gold coins.
There is an apple polisher named Guo Shifu who has an idea about Zhou Youwang.
Originally, in order to prevent dogs from attacking, the Zhou Dynasty built more than 20 beacon towers in Lishan (now southeast of Lintong, Li Yin), one every few miles.
If the dog barks, the soldiers guarding the first pass will light a bonfire; When the soldiers in the second level saw the fireworks, they also lit the bonfire.
In this way, bonfires burned one after another. When the nearby governors see it, they will send troops to save it.
Guo Shifu said to Zhou Youwang, "Now the world is peaceful, and the beacon tower has not been used for a long time.
I'd like to invite your majesty and queen to visit Mount Li for a few days.
At night, let's light a bonfire and let the nearby governor see it. It will be a big trick.
When the queen saw so many troops, she closed her eyes and the keeper would laugh. "
Zhou Youwang clapped his hands and said, "Great, let's get started!"
They climbed Mount Li and really lit the bonfire on Mount Li.
The neighboring princes got the alarm and thought it was a dog barking, so they quickly led the military forces to save them.
Unexpectedly, when I got there, there was no sign of a dog soldier, only the music and songs in the mountains, and everyone was shocked.
Wang You sent someone to tell them that it was difficult for everyone. There is nothing here, but the king and princess set off fireworks to play. you
Let's go home!
Knowing that he had been cheated, Zhuang Ke swallowed his anger and went back.
I don't know what they are doing, but when I saw several military forces coming at the foot of Mount Li, I asked you what was going on.
Wang You told her in detail.
This compliment really laughed.
When you saw the smiling face of praise, the king gave Guo Shifu 1200 gold coins.
Wang You likes praise. Later, he simply abolished the queen and the prince, made praise queen and made praise son prince.
It turns out that the queen's father is a vassal of Shen Guo. When he got the news, he linked the dog with the attack on Haojing.
When Wang You heard the news of the dog attack, he panicked and quickly ordered the bonfire of Lishan Mountain to be lit.
The bonfire did burn, but the governors ignored them because they were cheated last time.
The beacon tower smoked smoke during the day and lit candles at night, but no reinforcements arrived.
When the dogs and soldiers arrived, there were not many soldiers and horses in Haojing, but they barely resisted for a while and were beaten out of the water by the dogs and soldiers.
Dog troops flooded into the city, killing Zhou Youwang, Guo Shifu and Fu Bo, who was born in Baosi.
Praise without laughter was also taken away.
At this time, the governors knew that Dog Rong had really entered Haojing, so they joined forces and took a large group of people to rescue him.
Seeing the arrival of the warlord's army, the dog army leader ordered his men to rob and empty the precious property accumulated in the Zhou Dynasty for many years, and set a fire before retreating.