Is Zhouyi materialism or idealism?

Materialism and idealism are two philosophical schools formed by different answers to the first aspect of the basic question of philosophy. They can only be used in the philosophical sense, that is, when answering whether thinking or existence, spirit or matter is primary. (1) Materialism is a philosophy that material is the origin of the world, material is primary and spirit is secondary. (2) Idealism is a philosophy that asserts that spirit is the origin of the world, that spirit is primary, and that matter is secondary. (3) All philosophy can't surpass or reconcile materialism and idealism, which is the party spirit or partisanship of philosophy. (4) Dualism is not an independent school of philosophy. It thinks that spirit and matter are the origin of the world, and tries to reconcile the opposition between materialism and idealism, but eventually falls into idealism. 2. Historical Forms of Materialism (1) Materialism has experienced three historical forms, namely ancient naive materialism, modern metaphysical materialism and modern materialism, namely dialectical materialism and historical materialism. (2) Materialism, as a universal world outlook, insists on explaining the world as it really is. Materialism and science are essentially the same, which is the philosophical basis of atheism. (3) ancient naive materialism affirmed the materiality of the world and tried to find the origin of the world from a concrete object. For example, China's ancient Five Elements Theory believed that water, fire and gas in ancient Rome were the origins of the world. (4) Modern metaphysical materialism is based on modern natural science, but it deviates from the dialectical view that ancient philosophy regards the world as an interrelated whole. 3. The basic types and roots of idealism The basic types of idealism are subjective idealism and objective idealism. (1) Subjective idealism regards subjective spirit as the only real existence and the source of the world, and objective things and even the whole material world are the products of this subjective spirit. The absurdity is that it will inevitably lead to "solipsism". (2) The absurdity of objective idealism is that it turns a spirit divorced from any individual into an independent existence and regards it as the source of the world (such as reason, idea, universal spirit, absolute concept, etc.). ), and approved the "religious creationism" in a philosophical way. (3) The epistemological origin of idealism. People's understanding is not in a straight line, but similar to a spiral curve. Any section of this curve may unilaterally become an independent straight line, leading people into the mud pit of idealism, and the interests and political needs of reactionary or conservative classes and forces will consolidate it. It is the epistemological source of idealism to exaggerate a certain feature, component, fragment and aspect in the process of human cognition and make it absolute, resulting in the separation of subjectivity and objectivity, cognition and practice. /edu2004/editor _ 2004/school/041217/0417 _170078.htmlmetaphysics (also called metaphysics for short), English is metaphysics, which comes from Greek, and meta root is. Its origin is this: when Aristotle, the great philosopher of ancient Greece, died, his later school edited his legacy and put his works on the so-called "first philosophy" after the so-called "second philosophy", also called physics, which has a broader meaning than today's general usage: it refers to the overall study of all empirical things. Therefore, relatively speaking, metaphysics refers to the overall study of things beyond or above experience. In addition, because some philosophers think that the object of philosophical research (the ultimate truth of things) is often not at the empirical level but at the transcendental level, they think that the scope of philosophical research overlaps with metaphysics. James, a contemporary pragmatic philosopher, once said in some problems of philosophy that metaphysics is philosophy. However, most scholars today believe that metaphysics is only a branch of philosophy. In addition, there are other departments of philosophy, such as epistemology, moral philosophy and language analysis. From ancient Greece to the present, the transcendental things that metaphysicists are most interested in are the whole cosmic entity we face, especially its two faces: its existence or reality, its origin and becoming. So metaphysics has developed two major departments: ontology (which can also be translated into ontology) and cosmology. The former mainly studies the existence of the universe, while the latter mainly studies the biochemistry of the universe. To sum up, we can define metaphysics as follows: "It is a subject that studies the ultimate truth of the universe, including the existence of the universe (ontology) and the generation and change of the universe (cosmology). Incidentally, the Chinese translation of the word "metaphysics" was translated by the Japanese. This translation is elegant and should be deleted. It originated from a sentence in the Book of Changes: "The metaphysical refers to the Tao, and the metaphysical refers to the device. Here, "form" or "metaphysics" refers to everything experienced, while "metaphysics" refers to everything transcendental, so this word can accurately translate the meaning of the word metaphysics. In addition, the word "metaphysics" was translated in modern times, but the meaning of the latter was not accurate enough, because the original meaning of "metaphysics" was dark and extended to profound truth, and later it was used to refer to the philosophies of Laozi, Zhuangzi and Zhouyi that people talked about in Wei and Jin Dynasties. So the latter is more misleading, and fewer people use it today. logs/2003/09/39940.html