The history of Hulun Lake
According to preliminary statistics, there are birds 17 orders, 4 1 family and 24 1 species in Hulun Lake area, accounting for 1/5 of the total number of birds in China, including swans, geese, ducks and herons, among which there are many rare birds. Among them, red-crowned crane, white crane, black stork, bustard and golden eagle are national first-class protected birds. There are 15 species of cranes in the world, and there are 5 species in Hulun Lake Nature Reserve, which are white cranes in these crane families. Red-crowned crane and white-naped crane have been listed as endangered species in the world, and this wetland has become an important refuge for them.
In addition, the three lakes (Hulun Lake, Bell Lake and Wulanoer Lake) and three rivers (Krulun River, Urxun River and Dalan Elomu River) with Hulun Lake as the main body have become natural organic water systems for fish to inhabit and multiply, forming a whole fishery production. The Wulanpao aquatic plants in the middle reaches of Urxun River are extremely rich, which has become the main spawning ground for carp and crucian carp.
In June165438+1October, the lake began to freeze, and thousands of square kilometers of lake were frozen in a few days. This time is the busiest fishing season every year. 70% of the catch is made in this cold weather every year. There are many tourist attractions and colorful activities along the lakeshore. Visitors can put on Mongolian robes and ride horses; You can also ride a bactrian camel, or roam in a primitive Lele car. You can also go boating and fishing in Hulun Lake.
At the tourist spot, the multi-function hall in the shape of a yurt with brick and wood structure has a building area of more than 520 square meters and a height of more than 20 meters. The hall is spacious and bright. The portrait of Genghis Khan is placed opposite the hall door, and the wall is inlaid with a series of Genghis Khan prints. The hall and yurt can accommodate 600 people at the same time, and dances and small concerts can also be held. There are 24 yurts on both sides of the main hall. The yurt is supported by four colorful and resplendent panlong columns, which are spacious, bright, noble, open and distinguished. Tapestry murals are beautifully made, with simple patterns and bright colors. Cattle, horses, sheep and camels are lifelike, and furniture and tea sets are full of national characteristics. Here, you can have a prairie-style all-lamb feast, such as hand-grabbed meat, fried mutton, fried mutton tripe, roast leg of lamb, mutton skewers, fried heart and lungs, fried meatballs, sheep tail, mutton soup and so on. You can also cook it in the lake. This soup is as white as milk and smells good.
There are also horses and camels for tourists to ride, as well as Che Le and Li Mi Gan cars. Here, you can take part in the prize-winning shooting competition of caliber guns and kill wild ducks. Visitors can fish, row boats, watch horse racing, Mongolian wrestling and Ulan Qi Mu performances by the lake. It is the most poetic to attend the grassland bonfire party, and tourists can enjoy singing and dancing. In small shops, you can also buy various tourist souvenirs with national characteristics. River cut-off
The water level of "grain shortage" in Hulun Lake has dropped.
In order to let tourists enjoy the extreme scenery of Hulun Lake, a small pavilion was built in the lake far from the shore, and tourists need to board the pavilion by boat. Also built two walking ropeways from the shore to the lake. Because the lake is dry, the pavilion is tens of meters away from the lake, so tourists can walk instead of taking a boat. Most of the two ropeways have been damaged because only a small part of the ropeways are still in the water.
The Krulun River, the most important to Hulun Lake, originates from the eastern foot of Kent Mountain in Mongolia. Due to the serious desertification in Mongolia, the river dried up at the end of 2007 or cut off from more than 600 rivers in China, which was the chief culprit of the water level decline in Hulun Lake.
Ecological degradation
Due to the drought and other reasons, the water level of the lake has been declining, and the water surface has decreased by about 300 square kilometers, resulting in the shrinking of wetlands and the degradation of the ecological environment in the lake area. From 2000 to 2009, the water level of Hulun Lake dropped by about 4.6 meters, with an average annual drop of 50 cm! The water area of Hulun Lake has decreased by 477 square kilometers, which is 20% less than the historical maximum area of 2,339 square kilometers. The corresponding lake water storage capacity is less than 7 billion cubic meters, which is half of the historical maximum water storage capacity of 654.38+03.85 billion cubic meters.
Salinity rise
The water level drop of 4.6 meters is fatal to Hulun Lake, because it is very gentle, and only the drop of 1 meter will greatly reduce the water storage capacity of Hulun Lake. The decrease of water storage has caused serious water pollution. According to relevant data, the Ph value of the lake rose from 8.5 in the 1960s to 9. 1, the alkalinity rose from 2.28 mg equivalent per liter to 1 1.09, and the salt content rose from 0.7‰ to 1.6‰. The alkalized lake killed three kinds of fish. They are LEPIDOPTERA Polygala, Mongolian Red Tiger and Hucho.
Grassland desertification
The data show that the desertification land area of Hulunbeier has reached more than 6.5438+0.3 million hectares, rising to the fourth largest sandy land in China, forming three irregularly distributed sandy belts with an area of 880,000 hectares, including 40,000 hectares of mobile sandy land and 60,000 hectares of semi-fixed sandy land, with a potential desertification area of nearly 3 million hectares. After desertification, grassland has become extremely cheap, and the rent for an acre of desertified grassland for three years is only three or four yuan.
In the early 1990s, the ratio of grass, sand and forest in Zuo Qi of Xinbaerhu was 8: 1: 1, but in 2009 it has become 6: 3: 1. The three sand belts in Xinbaerhu, Zuo Qi have gradually developed into three sandy lands.
The main culprit leading to the three sand belts in Hulunbeier grassland is not dry weather or overgrazing, but excessive felling of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica. Mongolian dance music in Russia;
During the period of 1886, Russia seized the right to build the railway in the Middle East, and plundered a complete Pinus sylvestris forest belt from Wulijitu to Halagantu to the south of the new Zuoqi railway, so that this Pinus sylvestris forest, which was basically parallel to the Hailar River and extended to the western hills of Hailar, was completely cut down. The sand dunes originally fixed in the Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest became semi-fixed sand dunes, and later gradually became sand belts. 1In June, 1992, Hulun Lake established a national nature reserve. Hulun Lake National Nature Reserve covers an area of 740,000 hectares. China, located at the junction of China, China, Mongolia and Russia, belongs to a transnational ecosystem. Together with Mongolian Daour Nature Reserve and Russian Daour Sike Nature Reserve, Daour International Nature Reserve is formed.
In 2006, the government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region implemented the Hulun Lake water resources allocation and water environment improvement project, diverted water from Hailaer River to replenish the water quantity of Hulun Lake, and restored the wetland in the lake area, effectively curbing the deterioration of the ecological environment.
Since 1999, the Inner Mongolia Meteorological Bureau has continuously monitored the water body of Hulun Lake by satellite remote sensing 1 1 year, and the opening time of Hulun Lake in 20 10 is about 5 days later than that in 2009. Monitoring shows that the area of Hulun Lake has been shrinking in the past 1 1 year, which is less than 1800 square kilometers, and the area has decreased by about 620 square kilometers. The water environment of Hulun Lake is also deteriorating year by year. The observed water level at 20 10 is 0. 17 1 m lower than that in the same period of 2009, and the transparency is 28 cm lower than that in the same period of 2009 1 cm.
Hulunbeier spared no effort to save Mother Lake. When the water sources of the three major rivers are insufficient, Hulunbeier City started the project of "Diversion River into Lake", and directly built diversion ditches from Hailaer River to introduce the river into the lake. This "River Diversion into Lake" project has spent a lot of local manpower and financial resources, and it can replenish 750 million cubic meters of water for Hulun Lake every year! In addition, the aqueduct can provide 300 million cubic meters of irrigation water for the pastoral grasslands along the way every year.
In order to protect the fish in the lake from extinction, Hulun Lake Fishery Company even volunteered to seal the lake to raise fish. They would rather have no income in the short term and protect the ecological resources of the lake.
The results of satellite remote sensing monitoring by the Meteorological Bureau of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region show that as of May 30, 20 14, the water level of Hulun Lake has increased by 1.77 meters compared with the lowest year, and the water area has increased by 204.5 square kilometers compared with the same period of last year, and the water area has recovered to the area of 2002, reaching 2043 square kilometers. The protection of Hulun Lake has achieved results.