Geographical aspects (crop growth)
For the main contents, please refer to the published supplementary contents related to agriculture.
(1) planting
Agriculture is the foundation of national economy, and agriculture in a broad sense includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. In China, planting is the main part of agriculture. Planting is greatly influenced by natural conditions. On the one hand, it requires land suitable for farming, generally requiring flat terrain, deep and fertile soil, sufficient water and convenient irrigation; On the other hand, there must be enough light, heat and water for crops to grow. The areas with early and developed agriculture in the world are mostly distributed in tropical and temperate plains with moderate precipitation. China's planting areas are also mainly distributed in plains, basins and hilly areas in the humid and semi-humid eastern monsoon region. Affected by climatic conditions, there are obvious differences in farming systems and crop varieties between the south and the north of China.
Distribution is mainly distributed in semi-humid and humid plain areas.
The reason is that these plain areas belong to the monsoon region of our country, with good temperature and precipitation conditions, and belong to humid areas. At the same time, the vast plains are conducive to the development of planting.
North-South regional differences
The north of Qinling-Huaihe line is mainly dry land, and irrigation is mostly in the form of pouring water. Crops planted are wheat, cotton, peanuts, sugar beet and so on. One crop a year in Northeast China, three crops a year or one crop a year in North China Plain, south of Qinhuai River, mainly paddy fields, and rice is widely planted. In addition, the planting area of cotton, rape, sugarcane and other crops is also very wide. In most areas, two or three crops are harvested a year.
Importance of Grain Production China has a large population, the demand for grain is rice, the population is growing rapidly, and the per capita grain output is lower than the world average. At the same time, China is a country with frequent natural disasters, which have a great impact on grain production.
The main ways to increase grain output ① cherish and make rational use of every inch of land;
(2) Scientific farming to improve yield and quality per unit area.
Actively developing diversified economy The natural conditions and land resources of China are diverse, and so are the needs of national construction and people's life. Therefore, we should actively develop diversified economy. Agricultural production in China is based on different natural conditions. Accordingly, nine commodity grain bases and commodity sugar, oil and cotton bases have been established to implement the policy of "never relaxing grain production", "actively developing diversified economy" and "developing high-quality, high-yield and efficient agriculture".
B. Comparison of commercial agricultural production bases in China
Basic type distribution area
Nine commodity grain bases: ① Areas with good production conditions and foundations: Taihu Plain, Dongting Lake Plain, Jianghan Plain, Poyang Lake Plain, Chengdu Plain and Pearl River Delta; (2) Areas with great potential for increasing production: Jianghuai area; ③ Areas with high commodity rate of grain: Songnen Plain and Sanjiang Plain.
Five bases of commodity cotton base: Jianghan plain; Central and southern Hebei, northwestern Shandong and northern Henan plain; The lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the plain along the Yangtze River; Huanghuai plain; Southern Xinjiang
Peanut occupies the first place in the oil crop base; Mainly distributed in temperate and subtropical sandy soil and hilly areas; Shandong produces the most.
Rapeseed is the largest oil crop in China, mainly distributed in the Yangtze River basin. There is a trend of "moving north and moving south", such as Huanghuaihai Plain, Liaoning, Heilongjiang and South China.
Sesame is mainly in Henan.
Northwest inland flax area
The growth habit of sugar crop sugarcane: it likes high temperature, needs a lot of water and fertilizer, and has a long growth period. Taiwan Province, Guangdong, Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan and Hainan are the main producing areas (tropical and subtropical).
Sugarbeet growth habits: like warm and cool, salt and alkali tolerance, drought tolerance, short growth period. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang (middle temperate zone)
Export commodity bases aiming at entering the international market: Taihu Plain, Minnan Delta and Pearl River Delta; Planting flowers, vegetables and fruits to develop pond culture and animal husbandry.
C. Food problems and main countermeasures in China
Grain production is the main body of China's planting industry, which occupies a decisive position in the whole agriculture, because grain is the most basic means of livelihood for our people. China has a population of nearly 65.438+0.3 billion, and there is a great demand for food. At present, China's grain output ranks first in the world, but the per capita grain output is only 400 kilograms, which has just reached the world average. At the same time, the population of China is growing rapidly, the cultivated land area is decreasing, and agricultural natural disasters are frequent. Therefore, developing grain production and ensuring its stability is a top priority related to the national economy and people's livelihood. It is also the key to realize the rational distribution of agricultural production.
The main ways to solve the food problem in China are as follows: ① Cherish and rationally use every inch of land and effectively protect cultivated land; (2) Scientific farming, transformation of low-and medium-yield fields, and improvement of yield and quality per unit area; ③ While ensuring the "basic balance" between grain supply and demand, we should actively carry out diversified operations and develop "high-quality, high-yield and efficient agriculture". Facing the market, adjusting crop varieties and agricultural structure will meet the rich and diverse needs of people's lives on the one hand, and really improve farmers' income on the other. (4) Farming scientifically to increase the yield per unit area. For example, using excellent seeds and adopting advanced management methods.
(2) Forestry
Forest is an important natural resource, which not only provides wood, raw materials, food and feed for human beings, but also has great economic benefits. But also has important environmental benefits. Historically, China is rich in forest resources. Due to long-term deforestation, deforestation, war and natural disasters, China has become a Shaolin country in the world. In recent years, China has made some achievements in planting trees and protecting natural forests, such as the policy of "combining cutting with tending and regeneration", the natural forest protection project and the policy of returning farmland to forests. Accelerate the implementation of "14 1" green project construction. China has become the country with the largest planting area in the world.
The forest resources in China are mainly distributed in: ① Daxinganling and Changbai Mountain in the northeast, which are the largest natural forest areas in China; ② Hengduan Mountain area in southwest China is the second largest natural forest area in China; ③ The mountainous areas in Taiwan Province, Fujian and Jiangxi provinces in the southeast are dominated by artificial forests and secondary forests.
In addition to forests, there are various economic forest products, such as: temperate apples (mainly produced in Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Liaoning and other provinces); Subtropical citrus (mainly produced in Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Sichuan and other provinces); Subtropical tea (produced in mountainous areas of southern provinces); The southern coastal provinces (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and Yunnan) produce bananas, lychees, longan, pineapples and other fruits. Coconuts are also produced in Hainan. South Yunnan, Hainan Island and Leizhou Peninsula are the production bases of natural rubber in China.
(3) Animal husbandry
Animal husbandry in China can be divided into pastoral animal husbandry and agricultural animal husbandry.
Pastoral areas in China are mainly distributed in semi-arid and arid areas in the north and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai and Tibet are the four major pastoral areas in China. The famous excellent livestock breeds are Sanhe cattle and Sanhe horse in Inner Mongolia. Xinjiang fine-wool sheep, Ningxia Tan sheep, Tibetan sheep, yak, etc.
Animal husbandry in agricultural areas mainly refers to pigs, cattle, sheep, chickens, ducks, geese and other poultry raised by farmers' families. At present, animal husbandry plays an important role in the production of livestock products in agricultural areas of China, and the output of pigs, cattle and mutton in China ranks first in the world.
The boundary between pastoral areas and agricultural areas: it is roughly close to the 400 mm isoprecipitation line.
(4) Aquaculture
Aquaculture includes freshwater aquaculture and seawater aquaculture. According to the mode of production, it can be divided into natural fishing and artificial breeding. The output of aquatic products in China ranks first in the world. China has excellent water conditions for the development of aquatic products, a vast area of rivers and lakes on land, and a long history of aquaculture; In the ocean, from north to south, there are vast sea areas, such as Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea.
【 Note 】 Factors affecting the distribution of aquaculture in southeastern China:
The distribution of aquaculture is influenced by natural conditions (mainly waters), population, society, economy and technology.
① Natural conditions: it faces the sea in the southeast, with vast waters, and 3/4 of the mainland waters are in the southeast.
② Population: The southeast is densely populated, and residents have a hobby of eating fish.
③ Socio-economic conditions: there are many cities, convenient transportation and broad consumer market.
④ Technology: The technical level of aquatic fishing and processing is relatively high.
5] The main problems existing in agriculture in China are
First, per capita agricultural products are still relatively low; B the situation of "relying on the sky to collect" and "relying on the sky to raise livestock" has not been fundamentally reversed. The comprehensive agricultural productivity is still low, the level of disaster resistance, mechanization and agricultural science and technology is not high, and agricultural production fluctuates greatly. C the agricultural structure is not reasonable, the proportion of planting is too large, and the proportion of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery is too small. D "new, special and excellent" agricultural products are still relatively few, the level of agricultural industrialization is low, and the income level of farmers is low. E. the agricultural ecological environment is fragile and the environmental pollution is serious. Such as arable land reduction, soil degradation and desertification, salinization; Grassland degradation and desertification; The reduction of forest area makes agricultural natural disasters in China increasingly frequent.
[Supplement] Comprehensive analysis of agricultural geography in China
I. Northeast China (Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning)
1, analysis of natural conditions
(1) Leng Xia is warm in winter, with long sunshine time, and it is harvested once a year; The average annual precipitation is 400-600 mm, which belongs to humid and semi-humid areas and has sufficient irrigation water.
(2) The northeast plain is low and flat, with deep soil layers, which are all over the black soil with high fertility, which is extremely beneficial to agricultural mechanization.
(3) Frozen soil is widely distributed, which ensures good soil moisture.
(4) The marshland area is very large, and it has been developed and utilized through drainage, but it also caused the climate to dry up during the development process, so it is not appropriate to overexploit the marshland.
(5) The latitude in this area is high and the heat resources are insufficient. When the early autumn frost or the spring temperature is low, crops will be damaged by low temperature, and crop yield will be greatly reduced.
2. Agricultural characteristics
(1) The commodity grain bases mainly consisting of corn and spring wheat are mainly located in Sanjiang Plain and Songnen Plain.
(2) With soybeans and sugar beet as the main cash crops, soybean production accounts for more than 1/3 of the country, and export accounts for more than 90% of the country. Heilongjiang is the largest soybean producing area in China. Sugar beet production accounts for more than half of the country, with Songnen Plain as the largest.
(3) Other cash crops are flax, oak (tussah), apple, flue-cured tobacco, etc.
Second, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River (Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong, Beijing and Tianjin)
1, analysis of natural conditions:
(1) Most places belong to warm temperate zone, and the temperature is quite high in summer. Most crops are harvested twice a year or three times every two years. The rainy season is short in most areas, and the precipitation is concentrated in July and August. It is a common problem that spring drought (drought in spring and early summer) threatens agricultural production. Due to the dry climate, irrigation water sources are insufficient in most places.
(2) In many places in North China Plain, Weihe Plain and Fenhe River Basin, the harm of saline-alkali is very serious.
(3) The loess on the Loess Plateau is composed of fine sediment particles, which is convenient for farming. Loess is rich in nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. However, the soil is loose, there is no vegetation protection on the surface, and soil erosion is serious.
2, agricultural characteristics:
(1) Winter wheat and corn are the main food crops, mainly distributed in North China Plain, followed by Weihe Plain and Fenhe River Basin. There are many kinds of millet in the Loess Plateau and many kinds of sweet potatoes in the hills and low mountains of Shandong.
Cotton is the most important cash crop in this area. Hebei, Shandong and Henan provinces are the largest cotton-producing areas and commodity cotton bases in China, and Weihe Plain and Fenhe Valley are also important cotton-producing areas. Advantages of cotton planting in this area: high temperature in summer is beneficial to cotton growth; There are many sunny days in autumn, which is also beneficial to the later growth and harvest of cotton; In addition, muddy soil is beneficial to the growth and development of cotton roots.
Three, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai)
1, analysis of natural conditions:
(1) The north of Huaihe River is warm temperate zone, and the rest is subtropical zone, with high temperature in summer. Jianghan, Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake and other plains are surrounded by mountains, which are not easy to dissipate heat and are all famous for their heat. Crops can be harvested twice a year or three times a year. The north of Huaihe River is a semi-humid area, and the rest is a humid area. In late spring and early summer, timely and appropriate plum rains are more beneficial to rice growth. If the plum rains are too short or too long, droughts and floods will occur. The rainy season ended in July, controlled by subtropical high, the weather was sunny and dry, and there was a summer drought. At this time, the heat is sufficient, the evaporation is large, the crops grow vigorously, and it is necessary to ensure sufficient water supply, so the task of drought resistance is very heavy.
(2) The plain is vast, the river network is densely covered, and the irrigation water source is sufficient.
(3) The hilly red soil in the south of the Yangtze River is widely distributed, with low organic matter, strong acidity and heavy soil, which is one of the main low-yield soils in southern China.
2, agricultural characteristics:
(1) Dry crops are mainly planted in the north of Huaihe River (Jianghuai area), and paddy fields are mainly planted in the south. Jianghan Plain, Dongting Lake Plain, Poyang Lake Plain and Yangtze River Delta are all famous rice producing areas, and the rice planting area and yield in this area rank first in China. Wheat is also an important food crop in this area.
(2) The cash crops are cotton, rape and silkworm. Jianghan Plain, the coastal plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the coast of Hangzhou Bay, is one of the main cotton production bases in China. (Cotton planting conditions: sufficient heat, deep and fertile soil layer, long history of cotton planting, good technical conditions and high commodity rate. The unfavorable conditions are plum rains in spring and summer, typhoons in summer and even rainy days in autumn. Rape has a wide planting area and has become an overwintering crop in rice fields. Taihu Plain in Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces is the largest sericulture base in China and the famous "Silk House".
(3) The red soil area in the hilly area of the south of the Yangtze River is suitable for the growth of tea, rape and Chinese fir, with a large yield.
Four, the southern coastal areas (Fujian, Taiwan Province, Guangdong, Guangxi, Qiong and Hongkong, Macao Special Administrative Region)
1, analysis of natural conditions:
(1) is the lowest latitude area in China, and the Tropic of Cancer passes through Taiwan Province Province and Guangdong and Guangxi. Close to the ocean, the summer monsoon brings a lot of water vapor from the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, resulting in abundant precipitation here. The rainy season begins in April and May and lasts until September, 65438+ October. The climate in this area is hot and rainy, with a long frost-free period, and crops can grow almost all year round. The farming system is two or three seasons a year.
(2) Typhoon activities are frequent, and about 80% of the typhoons that invaded China landed in this area. Typhoons form violent storms, which bring certain disasters and sometimes alleviate the drought in coastal areas.
(3) The terrain is mostly hills and mountains, and the plain area is not large. The Pearl River Delta and the western plain of Taiwan Province Province are the two largest alluvial plains in this area.
2. Agricultural characteristics
(1) Rice is widely planted in this area, and the Pearl River Delta and Taixi Plain are important rice producing areas. Sugarcane is the most important cash crop in this area. Guangdong, Fujian and Guangxi have become important sugar suppliers in China, and the output of the Pearl River Delta is even more important.
(2) Pond-based agriculture in the Pearl River Delta: digging land into ponds in low-lying and waterlogged areas, piling mud in ponds and raising fish in ponds. Mulberry, sugarcane, fruit trees and flowers are planted on the dike, pond sludge is used as fertilizer for mulberry, sugarcane and fruit trees, and mulberry leaves can be used as bait. The pond and the base are cultivated with each other to form a good pond-type agricultural artificial ecosystem with mutual cultivation of land and water. According to the different crops planted in the base, there are "mulberry-based fish ponds", "sugarcane-based fish ponds" and "fruit-based fish ponds".
(3) There are tropical crops such as rubber, sisal, oil palm, coconut, coffee, cocoa and pepper in Hainan Island, and rubber cultivation occupies an important position in the country.
(4) There are tropical and subtropical fruit trees such as bananas, oranges, pineapples and lychees.
(5) Cinnamomum camphora in Taiwan Province Province is quite famous, and its camphor production ranks first in the world.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Southwest China (Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and Chongqing)
1, three provinces and one city in the southwest are south of 35 north latitude, and the south of Yunnan Province also extends to the south of the Tropic of Cancer. Most of Sichuan, Guizhou, Chongqing and Yunnan are subtropical, while southern Yunnan is tropical. The plateau mountains in western Sichuan and Yunnan are very high in altitude, and the climate is significantly reduced, forming a cold climate.
2. Sichuan Basin is humid all the year round, with abundant rainfall and rare frost and snow, and sugarcane, citrus and grapefruit can be planted. Purple soil in Sichuan basin is rich in phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients, which is relatively fertile.
3. Chengdu Plain is an impact fan plain with warm climate, fertile soil, early development, dense population and convenient irrigation. Agricultural production has always been developed, known as the "land of abundance" reputation. There is a famous Dujiangyan water conservancy project on the plain. Chengdu Plain is an important commodity grain base in China, which is rich in rice, wheat and rape. The growth of pigs and silkworms is also famous.
4. The valley basin on Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, called "bazi" locally, is an important rice producing area. In the karst landform area of the plateau, due to the serious leakage of caves and underground rivers and the lack of surface water, attention should be paid to building water conservancy projects to ensure the use of water for agricultural production.
5. Southern Yunnan Valley (including Xishuangbanna) belongs to tropical monsoon climate, and crops can grow all year round, which is not affected by cold wave in winter and typhoon in summer. It has a good environment for developing tropical crops and has become an important rubber production base in China.
Six, the Qinghai-Tibet region (Tibet, Qinghai)
1. The latitude of this area is equivalent to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Yellow River, but it has a unique plateau climate because of its high terrain. It is characterized by strong solar radiation, abundant sunshine, low temperature, large daily range, small annual range, more precipitation on windward slope and less precipitation on plateau. Lhasa is called "Sunlight City". The terrain is high and the air is thin.
2. Agriculture is limited by climate and is suitable for the growth of highland barley and wheat. Yak, sheep and goat are the three most widely distributed livestock on the plateau. Grassland is mainly distributed around plateau lakes and in Heyuan area.
3. Huangshui River Basin and Yellow River Basin are relatively wide, with more precipitation and fertile land, which are the main agricultural areas. In the Qaidam Basin, due to the rich melting water of snow and ice in Qilian Mountain and Kunlun Mountain, and the groundwater in the foothills, many places can be irrigated with water to develop agriculture. The lower part of the basin is flat, suitable for continuous cropping wasteland and convenient for mechanized reclamation and cultivation.
4. Yarlung Zangbo River Basin: The humid airflow brought by the southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean makes more precipitation here, which is not affected by the cold wave and is warmer in winter. Highland barley is an important food crop in Tibet, mainly distributed here.
5. "Jiangnan, Tibet"-the southern slope of the Himalayas: The southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean has caused a lot of topographic precipitation here, showing rich subtropical and tropical scenery, especially in the Chayu area. In the fertile valley, orange branches are in Aoba Shigeru, banana plantations are green all year round, rice fields can be seen everywhere, and newly-built tea gardens are scattered on gentle slopes, which is called "Jiangnan of Tibet"
7. Northwest inland areas (Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang)
1, this area is located in the hinterland of Eurasia, deep inland, far away from the ocean, and blocked by the surrounding mountains and plateaus, so it is difficult to send out ocean water vapor, and the water cycle is very inactive. It is the driest area in China. The climate shows a strong continental climate, characterized by less precipitation, more sandstorms and dry climate; More sunny days, less clouds and plenty of sunshine; Daily and annual temperatures vary greatly.
2. Mountain precipitation and melting water of snow and ice are the main water sources for agriculture and animal husbandry production here. The northwest region is full of light and heat, and the daily temperature difference is large. For plants, the high temperature and strong light during the day strengthen the photosynthesis of plants, which is beneficial to the synthesis of carbohydrates. The low temperature at night weakens the respiration of plants and reduces the consumption of nutrients. So the quality of melons and fruits produced in this area is very good.
3. Characteristic irrigated agriculture. Agriculture in this area must rely on irrigation. Wheat, rice, cotton, rape, sugar beet, etc. They grow well in areas irrigated by rivers, melting ice and groundwater.
(1) Ningxia Plain and Hetao Plain are famous irrigated agricultural areas in China. Here, the flow direction of the Yellow River is slightly inclined to the natural slope, and the diversion canal is excavated to divert the Yellow River water for self-flow irrigation. There are famous channels such as Qinqu and Hanqu in Ningxia Plain. On the plain, ditches are criss-crossing, buildings are connected, rice fields are densely covered, and cottages overlook, so it is known as "Upper Jiangnan". Hetao Plain has developed into a "rice river".
(2) Irrigation agriculture in Hexi Corridor of Gan Xin is limited to the alluvial plain at the foot of the mountain, where the soil quality is good and there are abundant water sources such as mountain precipitation, snowmelt water and groundwater. Taking advantage of these favorable natural conditions, the desert has become a fertile oasis through reclamation and irrigation. Tarim basin and Turpan basin are the main producing areas of long-staple cotton in China, with long frost-free period, high summer temperature, large accumulated temperature and sufficient sunshine. In Turpan Basin, Xinjiang, there is a special groundwater irrigation project-Karejing.
4. Important animal husbandry base. Inner Mongolia grassland is the largest natural pastoral area in China. Hulunbeier Grassland in Northeast China has become the pasture and threshing ground with the most abundant aquatic plants in China because of its abundant rainfall. Sanhe Niu and Sanhe Ma are famous all over the country. Tan sheep produced in Ningxia is a rare and high-quality fur sheep breed; In Xinjiang, there are many Tianshan Mountains and Altai Mountains, and there are many topographical precipitation. The mountainside is mainly coniferous forest. Grass grows above and below, grass grows above in summer and grass grows below in winter. Tianshan Mountain is the main pastoral area in Xinjiang, and the fine-wool sheep produced are excellent livestock breeds.
5. Unreasonable reclamation, overgrazing and arbitrary logging in this area have caused serious desertification hazards. Windbreak and sand fixation, reducing the harm of sandstorm, preventing the spread of desert and grassland degradation are the important tasks of environmental management and transformation in this area.