China Naming Network - Eight-character Q&A - What systems did the Tang Dynasty have?

What systems did the Tang Dynasty have?

At the beginning of Emperor Gaozu's reign, most of the systems followed the Sui Dynasty. With the gradual end of the campaign, various systems have been constantly changed. From Taizong to Xuanzong, it was gradually completed. The political system at this stage is of great significance in connecting the past with the future and provides a relatively perfect institutional model for later generations.

1。 Central decision-making

The prosperity of the unified empire enabled the centralized system to fully develop. The decision-making system is centered on the emperor and consists of prime minister, Zhongshu province and Menxia province.

(1) The military affairs of the imperial court were all decided by the emperor, and the imperial edict was issued to relevant departments. There are seven forms of imperial edicts: imperial edict, imperial edict, imperial edict, imperial edict and imperial edict. Among them, compiling and making books is the most grand and important, and issuing letters (calligraphy) is the most commonly used. If the imperial edict involves military affairs, the emperor's seal must be used. Since the Sui Dynasty, there has been a system of eight seals of the emperor. Eight seals are called Shenbao, Shouzhibao, Huanghangbao, Huangbaobao, Huangxinbao, Huanghangbao, Huangbaobao and Huangxinbao, which are used in different occasions. Eight seals are in charge of the government, Baolang, and the province is under the door. It must be approved by the emperor in person before it can be put into use.

Auxiliary imperial edict, and Jeff system. At that time, there were Tongyu, Chuanfu, portable fish, wooden deed and Lianjie. There are strict regulations on use and control. All Jeff is divided into left and right halves. The left half is in charge of Fubaolang, the province under the door, and the right half is in charge of the deacons of relevant departments. If something happens, use the left operator to convey life, and the left and right can be implemented.

At that time, the supreme power of the emperor was restricted to a certain extent. Zhongshu province is in charge of the army's decrees and is responsible for drafting the imperial edict. If you feel uncomfortable, you have the right to seal back China Book Province. In other words, the emperor's will must be preserved in the book and reviewed by the provincial government before it can be issued to Shangshu Province for implementation.

Without such a procedure, it is illegal, and you can not admit it. This system was implemented most effectively during Emperor Taizong's reign, so there were few mistakes.

Around the emperor system, the crown prince system is also more complete than the previous generation. In the East Palace where the Crown Prince lives, a complete official system is set up, just like a small court. In addition, the etiquette system, clothing system, mausoleum system, harem system and imperial clan system around the emperor have been further developed and reached an unprecedented level of completeness.

(2) Prime Minister System Although the governors of Shangshu, Neishi and Menxia provinces in the Sui Dynasty were in charge of state affairs, there were left and right people who were officially called prime ministers, and the axes of the three provinces were all in Shangshu. This is the so-called "three public events" of participating countries, which are all provinces in history. Everything in North Korea will always belong to Taige. The governors of the three provinces in the early Tang Dynasty were the real prime ministers, so they were called the Tang Dynasty. The names of the three provinces have been fixed as Shangshu Province, Menxia Province and Zhongshu Province; The governors of the three provinces are about 1, 2 middle servants and 2 middle divisions respectively. Since Wude, the three provinces have often discussed under the door, which is the so-called government hall. In fact, the government affairs hall is mainly to coordinate the relationship between the two provinces, that is, the book is issued, the door is blocked, and the argument is undecided. Then it will be agreed in the government affairs hall and then tried.

When Wu Zetian was in power, the government affairs hall became the highest decision-making body for the prime minister to decide the military. The prime minister discussed in the government affairs hall and implemented the system of taking turns to grasp the pen. The prime minister who holds the pen is called the ruling pen, that is, the chief prime minister, who presides over the meeting of the government affairs hall and keeps records at all times. If the imperial edict is issued, it needs to be signed by the prime minister, except for particularly important matters. In the first year of Guangzhai (AD 684), Pei Yan moved the government hall from Menxia Province to Zhongshu Province. Since then, the focus of decision-making has shifted from the province under the door to the province under the book. But at this time, the prime minister is still a part-time prime minister, that is, he deliberates in the court before noon and manages affairs in the department in the afternoon. The governors of the three provinces are the prime ministers in the government hall and the governors of the ministries when they return to the three provinces.

When Xuanzong arrived, the government affairs hall was changed to Zhongshumen, and the government seal was changed to Zhongshumen. The purlin is the place where the Prime Minister conducts business. In the backyard, there are five rooms for officials, cardinals, soldiers, households and punishments. Cao is in charge of all affairs and serves as the secretariat of all affairs. At this point, the system of government affairs hall has been further improved, which has become an important authority for the Prime Minister's decision-making and daily work, and the Prime Minister will no longer return to his department to preside over the work.

In view of the fact that servant shooting is subordinate to the second class, middle school students and middle school students are positive to the third class. They all have high tastes and don't want to be frivolous, so they often take him as the post of prime minister and use his name as a fake. Since Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, Du Yan has participated in the state affairs together with the official ministers, and Wei Zhi has participated in the state affairs together with the secretary supervisor. Later, they were still "gains and losses from participating in the Senate" and "participating in politics", with different names, and they were all prime ministers. But because of the low level, it is actually only a deputy. In his later years, Emperor Taizong had the title of "Children's Book", that is, "Children's Book" and "Zhong" ordered officials to enter and leave the yamen. When he was in Zhongzong, although he was a servant, he was not allowed to participate in politics and enter the government without the title of the same book. The three products under the same Chinese book (referred to as the same three products for short) have gradually become fixed titles, replacing the title of participating in government affairs at the deputy ministerial level. During the period of Emperor Gaozong and Wu Zetian, there was a flat chapter (hereinafter referred to as flat chapter) under the same Chinese book. People who knew political affairs below level 4 were all named flat chapters (things). (2) After Xuanzong, the same three products were changed to the same flat chapter, which became the fixed name of the vice phase.

(3) Decision-making procedure from Sui to Tang, with clear division of labor among the three provinces. Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province are two key departments of the central decision-making system. These two provinces are in the north of the Imperial City, collectively referred to as the Northern Province, which is different from Shangshu Province, the southern province of the Imperial City.

In the third year of Emperor Gaozu's Wude (620), the province of internal history (internal book) was changed to the province of Chinese book. Emperor Gaozong, Wu Zetian and Tang Xuanzong were renamed Xitai, Fengge and Weizi provinces respectively, and then they were restored as Zhongshu provinces. There are two people in the secretariat, both of whom are full subjects. They were renamed Xitai Right Phase, Neishi, Ziweiling and Right Phase by the name of the province, and they were honored as gentlemen. The secretariat was the prime minister, and later worked in the government affairs hall. The assistant minister in the secretariat became the actual chief executive of the province.

Assistant Minister Zhongshu, take two people and get four grades. Renamed Xitai Assistant Minister, Fengge Assistant Minister and Wei Zi Assistant Minister with the name of the province. There are six people in the book, all of whom are in grade five. They also changed their names to the name of the province, and were specifically responsible for the central work of the province. Among them, 1 is the official responsible for drafting the imperial edict and attending the meeting in the government hall. Six people respectively contacted the six departments of Shangshu Province to assist the Prime Minister in handling the related memorials.

Since Yang Di changed the official system and gradually got rid of the palace chores, the province under the door has completely become an important decision-making department specializing in refuting and participating in and discussing state affairs in the early Tang Dynasty. When Emperor Gaozong, Wu Zetian and Tang Xuanzong were born, they were renamed Dongtai, Luantai and Huangmen provinces respectively, and soon they were restored to the lower provinces. Martial arts for three years, renamed Yan Na as a supplement, with two people, are families. He renamed Dongtai Jacky, Yan Na, Huangmenjian and Jacky with provincial names. The assistant is the prime minister, and Xuanzong will not be appointed in the future. The assistant minister is always the actual chief executive of the province. There are two assistants at the door, both in the fourth grade. After no assistant was appointed, they were promoted to the third level. They were renamed Dongtai Assistant, Luantai Assistant and Huangmen Assistant respectively. Give things, buy four people, it is five products, directly responsible for the work of the provincial center, approve the division to copy, and refute mistakes; The imperial edict is inconvenient, so the playback is called' Tugui'.

To sum up, the decision-making procedure at this stage of the Tang Dynasty is roughly like this: whether the emperor and the prime minister discuss affairs at the meeting or the emperor himself raises issues, they must first be discussed and decided at the meeting of the government office, and then the provincial secretariat will draw up the imperial edict, report it to the provincial government for examination, and if there is nothing wrong, submit it to the emperor for approval. All departments should first put forward handling opinions through Room 5 of the government affairs hall. After the meeting of the government hall, the book will be sent to the two provinces for formalities.

2。 Administrative system

(1) In the current central system, the central administrative system is a typical mechanism in which six departments of Shangshu Province are associated with monasteries and prisons and work together. Since the Sui Dynasty, the division of responsibilities between Shangshu Province and temples and prisons has gradually become clear. Shangshu province is the center of central administration, in charge of government decrees; Monastery and prison are central affairs organs, which bear the laws of Shangshu Province and are respectively responsible for certain affairs. This is what Emperor Taizong said: Shangshu saves the world and is the responsibility of a hundred companies.

Shangshu Province was renamed Zhongtai, Wenchang and Doutai in the period of Emperor Gaozong and Wu Zetian, also known as Nansheng. Nominally an official, but rarely given and accepted, so the left and right servants are the actual officials. Left and right servants shoot, each 1 person, which is level 2 and always saves trouble. The headquarters of Shangshu Province is called Shangshu Capital, also known as "Doutai" and "Doutang", with Zuo and You Cheng as the main officials, each with 1 person. Four products in the upper left, easy to be punished, in charge of the twelve divisions of the official department, the household department and the ritual department; You Cheng is in charge of the twelve divisions of the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Punishment and the Ministry of Industry. There is also 1 about a doctor, from the fifth grade; The left and right department has 1 foreign minister, who is responsible for the affairs of the department under the control of the left and right department from six aspects. Left and right servants shoot, left and right Cheng, left and right department doctors, and left and right department doctors all work in Shangshu Province.

There are six departments in Shangshu Province: Official Department, Household Department, Ritual Department, Military Department, Criminal Department and Ministry of Industry. Ministers are ministers, each with 1 person, which is the third product; The assistant ministers in each department are assistant ministers, two in each department, below level 4 (assistant ministers in official departments are above level 4). Each of the six departments has four branches, and each branch has 1 practitioners from five grades; Yuan Wailang, 1, is responsible for our affairs from six aspects. There are sometimes two people in the official department, the inpatient department and the Ministry of War, a doctor and a foreign minister.

The specific division of labor of the six 24 administrative orders is: the official department, which is divided into four departments: the official department, the department of seal, the department of respect and the department of examination.

The household department is in charge of fields, fees, money, silks and warehouses, and is divided into four divisions: the household department, the expenditure department, the finance department and the warehouse department.

Ritual department, in charge of etiquette, tribute, sacrifice and tribute, is divided into four divisions: ritual department, ancestral department, catering department and subject and object department.

The Ministry of Military Affairs, which is in charge of military attache selection, territory map, vehicle traffic and ceremonial ceremonies, is divided into four divisions: Command Division, Staff Division, Driving Division and Treasurer Division.

The punishments department is in charge of the criminal laws of the world, the enslavement of officials, the audit of funds and the control of customs and Tianjin, and is divided into four divisions: punishments department, officials department, Bibi department and Simen department.

Ministry of Industry, in charge of civil construction, land reclamation, Shanze Garden Branch and Zhoushan Canal, is divided into four divisions: Ministry of Industry, Land Reclamation, Security Department and Water Department.

Outside Shangshu Province, the institutions responsible for administrative affairs are Jiu Si and Wu Jian, as well as the secretaries and temples of the two provinces.

The length of the nine temples, named Qing, each has 65,438 +0 people. Except for Tai Evergreen, everything else belongs to three categories. The second official is Shao Qing, two people each. Except Taichang Shaoqing, who is in Grade Four, everyone else is in Grade Four. Each temple has a trial service, ranging from 2 to 6 people, except Tai Changcheng for five products, and the rest for six products. Except Dali Temple, the other eight temples are the heads of first-level institutions, in charge of various specific affairs, and set orders, honest and clean, and deputy chief. These nine temples are: Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Weiwei Temple, Zongzheng Temple, Taibu Temple, Dali Temple, Split Temple, Sinong Temple and Taifu Temple.

Five prisons, namely imperial academy, Shaofu Prison, Ordinary Prison, Military Equipment Prison and Capital Water Prison. Among them, Guo Zi, Shaofu and Jiangzuo are stable, while Qi Jun and Dushui are not used much. Imperial academy, in charge of education and discipline, appointed 1 as the chief, from the third grade; The two people in charge of the company are the deputy section chief and the fourth grade students. Shaofu supervisor in charge of handicraft, 1 one person is in prison, and two people are in prison, and they are deputy directors. He will be the supervisor, in charge of civil engineering, 1 supervisor, less than 2 supervisors. Shaofu, will be the second director, and all have subordinate institutions at the department level.

Provincial secretary, temple provincial governor, called supervisor, from the three products; Two officials are less in prison. From four aspects, it is easier to judge by honesty. The subordinate organization is called the bureau, which is similar to the temple management department. Provincial secretary, in charge of the world's ancient books, writing epitaphs, blessing articles and astronomical calendars. In Miyagi province, you are in charge of royal affairs and serve the emperor with food, clothing, housing and transportation.

Until the early period of Xuanzong, Shangshu Province was always in the center of administrative management. All imperial edicts issued by Zhongshumen were forwarded to temples and prisons by Shangshu Province, or specific decrees were formulated according to imperial edicts and handed over to relevant departments for implementation.

The temple supervisor presented the emperor's seal and gave it to Shangshu Province for reading. After the approval, Shangshu Province still issued relevant temples and prisons for implementation. There are two laws in Shangshu Province. One is a specific policy plan formulated according to the imperial edict, which is called the execution of imperial edicts and is mainly used in the military; One is the procedure used in daily government affairs, which is called provincial symbol, that is, there are provincial symbols after the so-called major events. Generally speaking, there is a relatively stable relationship between the six departments and temples and prisons, such as Taifu Temple and Sinong Temple, and Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Split Temple, imperial academy, Secretary Province and so on.

(2) Local system The two-level local administrative system in the Sui Dynasty began to evolve into the three-level system of Dao, Zhou and County when Emperor Taizong arrived. In the border areas, the Sui Dynasty added the content of Jimizhou system to the governor system.

In the first year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan (AD 627), the world was divided into ten roads. As a supervision department, there are no full-time officials, and envoys are sent to inspect roads irregularly. In the 21st year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan (AD 733), it increased to fifteen. Each channel has 65,438+0 journalists, and channels Gyeonggi and Duji serve as imperial advisers. Other channels generally serve as censors or prefects, and their duties are supervision. Later, he gradually intervened in local government affairs.

State, according to the number of accounts divided into three levels, according to the status of Beijing, auxiliary, public, hope, tight. Jingzhou is the seat of Kyoto or the capital, which was later renamed the prefecture. Below the auxiliary state, it is mainly to limit the order of official transfer. In the 13th year of Taizong Zhenguan (639), there were 358 states. In the 28th year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan (740), there were 328 states. The chief official is the secretariat, Shangzhou is in the third class, Zhongzhou is in the fourth class, and Zhou Xia is in the fourth class. Assist the secretariat director in dealing with drivers, attendants and Sima. Jingzhou is Yongzhou and Luozhou. In the first year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan, it was changed to Jingzhao House and Henan House respectively, with Yin as the chief officer and Shao Yin as the deputy.

Counties, counties in Beijing are Jingxian county, and counties in the suburbs of Beijing are Jixian county. Other regions are divided into four levels according to the number of household registration: upper, middle, lower and lower. For official relocation, it is divided into red, auspicious, hopeful and tight. Thirteen years of Zhenguan, 155 1 county. In the 28th year of Kaiyuan, it increased to 1573 county. According to the order of the officers, Jingxian county is in the fifth grade, Jixian county is in the sixth grade, and other counties are from the sixth grade to the seventh grade. Set to 1- 2 as the deputy.

During the period from Emperor Gaozong to Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Anxi, Anbei, Chanyu, Anton, Annan and Beiting were successively established in the border areas, in charge of all ethnic groups including Dadu and Shangdu. Dadu Lake Guards 1, headed by the Prince, two deputy Dadu Lake Guards and two deputy Dadu Lake Guards, are actually in charge of government affairs. Shangdu Hufu has 1 Duhu and 2 pairs of Duhu.

The Duhu government dominated all ethnic groups mainly through the Jimi government. After Emperor Taizong pacified the Turks, the northwest tribes attached themselves to them, and then set up a detention house on their land, the largest being the governor's house and the smallest being the state. It is hereditary to take its leader as governor and secretariat. Although they did not pay tribute, they must be led by the governors and guards of the border States.

3。 Supervision system

The supervision system developed from Taizong to Xuanzong to a quite complete stage, which played an important and positive role in the political field at that time. Its main content was the supervision and admonition of officials.

(1) Yang Di, the supervisory organization, changed the official system and was supervised by three departments: Yushitai, Silitai and Zhetai. Yushitai in Tang Dynasty was the highest supervision institution of Sedimentation Platform and Silitai. During the reign of Wu Zetian, Yushitai was changed to Zuo Su Zheng Tai, and the right Su Zheng Tai was added. Later, it was restored to the Yushitai. In the early years of Xuanzong, the Yushitai in Luoyang, the eastern capital, was called "Stay in the East", also known as Dongtai or Stay in Taiwan.

The highest official of Yushitai is Yushitai, 1 person, from the third grade; The deputy chief mate is Yu, and there are two people, both in the top five. There are three institutions, namely the Imperial Academy, the Imperial Academy and the Imperial Academy, namely the Imperial Academy, the Imperial Academy and the Imperial Academy.

Suggestion and suggestion Zhong Cheng has three other duties besides presiding over the official business of this department. One is to form three divisions with Shangshu and Dali Qing of the Ministry of Punishment to jointly hear cases. Second, the emperor ordered an inspection of the prisoners. Third, take advice and shoot bullets. In view of the fact that censors don't often place them, with the passage of time, censor Zhong Cheng became the actual chief executive. One person is in charge of Yushitai affairs in Beijing, and the other is in charge of Taiwan affairs in Du Dong.

The imperial censor of the Third Academy was played by the imperial censor, who ordered the imperial censor to be in the temple and supervised the imperial censor's inspection.

Yushitai pickets internal and external officials, and his position is quite heavy. In order to prevent it from being arbitrary and overbearing, it is also stipulated that Shang and You Cheng should supervise Yushitai: Yushitai can correct improper things and play at the same time. In the imperial palace, there are two people who know how to push things from east to west, supervising the cashiers in Taicang and Zuoku. At the same time, the punishments department of Shangshu Province also has a financial supervision and audit department.

During the reign of Wu Zetian, the governor system was created, which became another monitoring channel besides Yushitai. Hanging arch for two years (AD 686) was ordered to cast bronze shackles, which were divided into east, south, west and north, and received letters from all directions. Establish 1 knowledge envoy, responsible for performing duties and receiving complaints; There are 65,438+0 managers, and 65,438+0 managers have been appointed to handle complaints.

(2) Official system: Emperor Taizong listened to remonstrance, which promoted the development of official remonstrance system.

In the decision-making process, there are officials who specialize in rules and regulations, such as regular attendants, doctors who advise, people who fill vacancies, and people who pick up the remains, all of whom are divided equally, with the provinces under the door on the left and the provinces under the book on the right. The opposition between the two provinces is more conducive to reducing decision-making mistakes. There are two people on the left and two people on the right, both of which are good, and more elders and ministers are released. There are fewer people criticizing mistakes, and more attendants and consultants. Advise the doctor, fill the gaps, and pick up the remains, which is the truth and the advice.

Advice doctors, two people on the left and two people on the right, are the most important advice officers. Wei Zhi and Chu Suiliang. , have held this position, and then gradually entered the prime minister.

Wu Zetian began to fill the vacancy and clean up the remains. There were two people on the left and two people on the right, from seven products and eight products respectively.

Advise officials to tell things, one is the court dispute, and the other is the seal. The court battle is to tell the emperor's fault face to face in the court.

When Emperor Taizong was in power, books and articles with more than three categories would definitely be brought in, and they would remonstrate with military affairs. The last letter refers to the gains and losses of Chen's writing. Xuanzong once issued an imperial edict: it is not limited to delay in offering the seal to the admonisher, and the seal is allowed to enter, and the door owners must not stagnate. The admonition officer said that one is to admonish the emperor, and the other is to blame the prime minister for his negligence. Whenever the court deliberates, it is not the duty of admonishing the minister, so it is not appropriate to remonstrate the minister first.

4。 Criminal law legal system

The criminal law system gradually established from Emperor Taizong to Xuanzong was a peak in the ancient legal history of China, which laid the foundation of the criminal law system in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

(1) With regard to the laws of the Tang Dynasty, there were many large-scale legislative activities from the reign of Emperor Gaozu to the early period of Xuanzong.

In the first year of Wude (AD 6 18), according to the imperial decrees of Sui Dynasty, 53 articles were formulated. Immediately ordered the ministers to shoot Pei Ji and others to write the martial law, which was roughly based on the method of opening the emperor.

After Emperor Taizong succeeded to the throne, he ordered Wuji and Fang to preside over the reconstruction laws and regulations. In the eleventh year of Zhenguan, there were 500 articles of Zhenguan Law, which were divided into 12 volumes (articles). Compared with the old law of Sui Dynasty, there were 92 pioneers and 7/kloc-0 immigrants, and those who were bored and neglected could not win the discipline. At the same time, 30 volumes of Preface to Zhenguan, 20 volumes of Zhenguan Style and Zhenguan Pavilion 18 were compiled. The four forms of law, order, form and form in the criminal book of the Tang Dynasty have been completed since then. Law is criminal law, decree is national system law, case is administrative law of state organs, and table is official document procedure of state organs.

The emperor also ordered Sun Chang Wuji, Li Ji, Yu Zhining and others to revise the Law of Zhenguan, which is still 500 articles 12 volume, and is called the Law of Yonghui. At the same time, it is made into a permanent emblem, style and style. In the third year of Yonghui (AD 652), he ordered people to interpret 500 laws one by one and set up questions and answers to identify doubts and fill gaps. These explanatory texts are called sparse and have the same legal effect as the law, with a total of 30 volumes. Promulgated in the second year of the world, it is natural to quote and analyze the prisoners (2). The combination of sparseness and law is called "eternal wisdom and sparseness"

In the first year of Wu Zetian's hanging arch, the law, style and style of hanging arch were promulgated.

During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, it was revised many times, which became what later generations called "On the Laws of the Tang Dynasty", which has been passed down to this day. At the same time, it was compiled into 30 volumes of Six Codes of the Great Tang Dynasty, which recorded the responsibilities and activities of state institutions and was the earliest comprehensive administrative regulation in China.

The Law of the Tang Dynasty has 30 volumes, divided into 12 and 502. There are 57 famous examples, which are the general program, and the content is five punishments, eight discussions and ten evils. There are thirty-three articles in Weiban, which are the rules and regulations for guarding the palace and closing it. There are 59 articles in the Post System, which are disciplinary rules for officials who violate the law and neglect their duties. There are 46 family marriages, which are the rules and regulations of household registration, farm houses, services, marriage and family. There are 28 stables and warehouses, which are rules and regulations on livestock, feeding and warehouse management. Article 24 is the rules for conscription and large-scale construction. Thieves steal Article 54 in order to safeguard the rules and regulations of the ruling regime and the inviolability of personal life and property. There are 60 lawsuits for fighting, which are the detailed rules for punishment of fighting and wounding.

Article 27 on fraud and forgery is a punishment for fraud and forgery. There are 62 articles in the Miscellaneous Law, which are all kinds of crimes that cannot be classified in the first nine articles, such as adultery, contracts, loans and other civil disputes. There are 18 rules for capturing the living dead, punishing fugitives and punishing those who cannot be pursued. There are 34 prison escapes, which are regulations and penalties for judicial trial and prison management.

Tang Law not only inherited and developed the previous laws, greatly enriched the content of criminal legislation, but also attached great importance to economic legislation and civil legislation, formulated many special rules and regulations to adjust economic relations and civil relations, and became a representative and complete ancient code.

(2) In the trial of litigation, the Ministry of Punishment is the central judicial administrative organ, Dali Temple is the central judicial organ, and Yushitai is the law enforcement supervision organ. This judicial system was gradually improved from Sui Dynasty to Tang Dynasty. Although local prefectures and counties have also established corresponding legal and judicial systems, they are basically integrated with administrative organs, and the secretariat and county magistrate are responsible for judicial administration and trial.

Dali Temple is the highest judicial organ in the central government, trying cases of crimes committed by central officials, cases of imprisonment above Beijing Normal University (cases of imprisonment below Zhaofu in Beijing) and local death penalty cases transferred by the Ministry of Punishment. The Ministry of Punishment is in charge of judicial administration throughout the country, and is responsible for examining cases tried by Dali Temple and prefectures and counties. If the judgment is improper, the judgment shall be changed or the retrial shall be ruled. Important cases must be submitted to the Chinese book for detailed reply, and the law can be cited to make amendments in the case of saving money.

The death penalty must be reported to the emperor for approval. Under the supervision of Yushitai, major cases are tried by Yucheng, Shangshu of the Ministry of Punishment and Dali Qing, which are collectively called the three divisions; Cases in Fuzhou are sometimes tried by the supervisor, Yuan Wailang of the Ministry of Punishment, and the Dali judge (or Dali judge), and are called the Third Division; Private prosecution of grievances and difficult cases, by the emperor ordered the province to give things, in the book province, the book, the suggestion and suggestion platform three small companies * * * to cooperate with the trial.

The powers of judicial organs at all levels are clearly defined. If a local staff member commits a crime, it will be decided below the county level; Acts above, the county decided to send the state government for review. The death penalty must be finally ruled by the emperor, and sometimes it has to be discussed by books, ministers, ministers and prisons, and then ruled by the emperor. Except for disobedience and manservant murder, all other death sentences must be repeated five times in the first two days, and then three times in each state.

5。 imperial examination system

The imperial examination began in the Sui Dynasty, and subjects such as scholar, Ming Jing and Jinshi began to take shape. In the Tang Dynasty, it developed greatly and became a relatively perfect system for selecting talents.

(1) Take a scholar's book "New Tang Book"? In the electoral system, the methods of selecting scholars in Tang Dynasty are summarized, which are divided into two situations: annual promotion and system promotion. Years old, his target subjects are scholars, Ming classics, gentlemen, scholars, Fa Ming, Ming figures, Ming, Yi Shi, San Shi, Kai, Tao Ju, and a boy. There are five classics, three classics, two classics, one pedant, three rites, three biographies and one history department. The emperor himself wrote a letter, waiting for extraordinary talents, which is called pushing. The annual motion is a regular election, held once a year. A few years later, it was suspended due to natural disasters, crop failure, mutiny and unrest. Among all subjects, Jinshi and Mingjing are the most. Since Emperor Gaozong, Jinshi has been more and more favored by candidates. Although the gentry is a very important person, it is not good to be a scholar. Even the annual tribute is often not reduced by eight or nine hundred people. There are many candidates, so there are few exams. Therefore, there were many candidates at that time, because the main subject of Ming Jing was familiar with classics, the examination was easier than Jinshi, and the admission was not as strict as Jinshi. Except for Jinshi and Mingjing, most of the other 10 subjects are neglected, and they are often absent, and even stop taking exams from time to time. At first, scholars were the highest, especially during the reign of Yang Di. But when I got to Emperor Taizong, there were still people who couldn't lift it, so I won't lift it. Xuanzong, once restored, was even worse, so it was abolished. Other subjects were mostly offered after the middle Tang Dynasty, which was ignored by people, and the enrollment was quite excessive, and classes were suspended from time to time. Filial piety is a topic passed down from generation to generation, and it is also in the annual activities. Emperor Taizong personally experimented with Lian Xiao, but he failed, and he failed to develop in the future.

By the end of the year, there was another martial arts subject, which began in the second year of Wu Zetian's Chang 'an (AD 702). There are long stack, horse shooting, step shooting, flat shooting and barrel shooting, as well as carbine shooting, jumping off, weight bearing and body selection. Take Ming Jing and Jinshi as examples every year.

The system is to establish imperial edicts to support people. There are no fixed subjects, and subjects are set according to the temporary needs of the emperor. For example, in April of the eleventh year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan, Hebei and Huainan were called filial piety; Confucianism should be accessible and can be taught; Beautiful words can only be written; If you know the political system clearly, you can appoint people: those who are determined to build and those who are pushed by the countryside will be sent to Luoyang Palace. For example, in the ninth year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan, the boundary was unclear and it was necessary to unify the boundary. Someone can plan a decisive battle, cut the flag, defeat ten thousand people, and be a hero of a castle. They each listened to their own bootstrap, and Xuanzong tried it himself.

(2) As mentioned above, the selection of scholars in the Tang Dynasty can be roughly divided into two situations: age-based and system-based. At the age of 20, candidates are college students first, followed by candidates from counties.

The number of candidates from university libraries is the largest. At that time, imperial academy was in charge of imperial academy, Guang Literature, Four Schools, Law, Arithmetic, Calligraphy, and New Tang Book? According to the statistics in the election magazine, there are 2280 students. Hong Wen Pavilion, Chongwen Pavilion, Chongxuan Pavilion and many officials' children are students. Their teaching and examinations, such as the national school system, are also located outside museums and schools in East and West Beijing. There are 80 people in Kyoto, 60 in Dadu, Zhongdu and Shangzhou, 50 in Xiadu and Zhongzhou, and 40 in Zhou Xia and Jingxian. Before Xuanzong, he attached great importance to the academy background, and Jinshi was not subject to two prisons (according to: East and West Beijing, imperial academy)

I am deeply ashamed. When Xuanzong was in power, he also went to the countryside to pay tribute, not the country and county scholars gave him a ride. The examination of the Ministry of Rites is also the first two prisons and then the township tribute. Those who don't learn from the library are called rural tributes. Different from the previous generation, the rural tribute in the Tang Dynasty was not recommended by the county magistrate or Dazhongzheng, but the applicants listed their names in each county, took the exam, and then went to Shangshu Province to list their names, and the manuscript fee was guaranteed, and then they were collected by the household department for unified examination. The people who took the provincial examinations in Beijing in the Tang Dynasty were called the jury, which was different from those who took the provincial examinations in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The so-called juren in the Tang Dynasty can only pass the Jinshi exam, which is also called "juren". At that time, xianggong. Every mid-winter, pay tribute to Juren with tributes from various states. At the age of every year, the number of people who pay tribute to things is the largest in Jingzhaofu (the state where Xijing Chang 'an is located). In the later period of Xuanzong, Lu was proud of ",",but he didn't go to school, and rural tribute was gradually valued. The following disadvantages are: Gao Liang's family crowded into the township tribute, and reading in the library was regarded as a despicable thing.

(3) Although the background of each subject is different, the examination time in the examination room is the same as that of the examiner. At the beginning, the examiner was Shangshu of the official department. In the twenty-fourth year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan, he changed to Assistant Minister of the Ritual Department, which has been inherited ever since.

After the audit by the Department of Ritual, it will be sent to Zhongshumen for a detailed reply, and then the list will be released.

There are clear rules for exams in all subjects. Choose its scholar, Ming Jing, Jinshi and other subjects, and copy them as follows: scholar, try five strategies, and divide them into upper, upper, middle, upper, lower, upper and middle levels according to the proficiency of arts and sciences.

In the Ming Classics Department, essays are posted first, and then oral examinations are conducted. In the classic, I asked 10 questions and answered 3 questions, which is also level 4.

Jinshi, try to make five strategies, paste the classics, and put all the strategies first; Cetong 4, post 4 or above is the second.

This kind of ordinary class and later, just got the background, that is, with the qualification of being an official, you can't be an official immediately, and you must have certain selection restrictions before you can try. An imperial edict in June of the third year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan (July15) clearly stipulated that the first scholar in Ming Dynasty, those who were inspected by the state every year to improve their ethics and those who were awarded considerable books, should choose three listening collections. After the trial of the official department, the winner was awarded an official position.

Scholar is the highest, ranking higher than other subjects. On the first day, on the eighth grade; First, under the eight categories; Up and down, from eight products; Upper middle school, below Grade 8.

Mingjing branch, from top to bottom; Grade one and grade nine; Up and down, below grade nine; The first one in the middle, the ninth grade.

Jinshi, first, from the nine products; Second, from the ninth grade.

The system is different from the one-year system. After graduation, officials can be awarded, but there are also grades. For example, in the first year of Taiji (7 12), after Xuanzong acceded to the throne, Han Xiu and Zhao Dongxi followed suit, followed by countermeasures; Zhang Jiuling should teach Iluco, countermeasures are second-class.