What materials are used for Tujia stilt houses? Where do Tujia people generally live? and pictures of Tujia people

They are all civil structures, with white walls, red wood carvings and black tiles.

There are three Tujia autonomous counties (states) in Hubei, specifically: Changyang, Wufeng, and Enshi. In the plain areas of these places, Hanization is more serious, and only in the mountainous areas more Tujia customs are retained.

Youyang, Xiushan, Shizhu, Yinjiang, Yanhe, etc. in Hunan.

Tujia people’s stilted buildings:

Tujia people’s houses are generally made of wood with a small amount of rocks or bricks in between. There are many things to pay attention to when choosing a site for building a house. You must first ask "Mr. Yin and Yang" to set up a compass and check the feng shui. Generally, it is required to sit north and face south, close to mountains and rivers, sheltered from the wind and facing the sun. This not only has psychological factors, but also scientific factors. For example, when building a house, when choosing the material for the main beam, you should not only have few straight branches, but also use a fir tree or a eucalyptus tree that is easy to grow to symbolize prosperity. When a carpenter cuts beams, he first sets off paper money firecrackers and lets the tree fall upward, which is called "going up to the wind." After the beam is made, Tai Chi and Bagua diagrams are drawn on it, and some even have "beautiful" written on it. At night, the carpenter's master will personally preside over the beam-sacrifice ceremony. When dyeing, people should sing "Liang Ge" and "Liang Ba", and relatives would put red cloth on the dye to express their congratulations. When placing beams, press red cloth bags with grains on the tenons to indicate a good harvest. On this day, the host must have a grand banquet for the guests.

The Tujia people live in stilted wooden buildings with a long history. "Old Book of Tang Dynasty" records: "There is a lot of miasma in the morale. There are poisonous weeds and sand vipers in the mountains. People live together in the building and climb up the ladder to make a fence." According to research, today's Tujia people live in stilted buildings, which not only inherit the ancient "ganlan" architectural heritage, but also mostly hang on high cliffs and steep sills, or on river banks and valleys. Looking from a distance, they look even more dangerous. The flat-ground stilts pay attention to the exquisite workmanship, and are often carved, dyed and painted, giving them an antique look. The old Tujia hanging towers are either finely sculpted or carved, some are running around the pavilion, some are flying in the air, or some are dangerously hanging on cliffs. They form a picture against the beautiful mountains and rivers, which is indescribably wonderful. Whenever the wind is nice and the sun is shining, the clouds are lingering and the fog is lingering, the mountain eagles stand by the window, and the breeze blows slowly, which makes you relaxed and happy; if it is a gloomy day, in a multi-layered dark green tone, there are wooden buildings that have been smoky for many years. , is like a colorful lithograph that combines Chinese and Western styles, which can be admired and meditated for a long time. It is also like an ancient rough and slightly sad folk song floating in the air. It is fascinating and sinks into the long river of history and culture for a long time. You cannot deceive yourself. Bai ethnic villages are mostly built in flat dams or at the foot of mountains and rivers, with dozens or hundreds of households in each village. Generally, people live together in groups, and most of the houses are two-story buildings or bungalows. The livestock pen and kitchen are usually separate from the main house. The layout of the house is three rooms, one main room, one square floor in front of the house, and there are also one main house, two side rooms, and one patio square. As for the structure of a house, there is a saying that "the height is no more than eight and the width is no more than five". The niche faces the gate. The Baimin gate is eight minutes wider than the shrine, while the Hanmin shrine is eight minutes wider than the gate, forming a small and unobtrusive contrast. The Bai gate is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, with a difference of five points. There are many flowers, plants and trees planted in front of and behind the house, including ancient cypress, bamboo and plantain.

Before the Qing Dynasty, Tujia, folk houses, and fire pits were not only their living places, but also symbols of Tusi household taxation. Commonly known as "fire pit money". "A pot for burning is a fire pit among the people, and a certain amount of grain is provided." Sang Zhi is called "Yanhu Qian", so ethnic minorities attach great importance to fire pits. Some families do not divide houses even though four generations live under one roof, in order to reduce the "fire pit tax". After the founding of the People's Republic of China, many ethnic minority people introduced Han nationality housing styles into Shanzhai and adopted modern building materials, consciously reforming this old custom. However, the Tujia Bai people living in the deep mountains on the outskirts of the city still have old habits and have little improvement in the structure of their houses.

Introduction:

Diaojiaolou is the place where Tujia people live. Most of them are built according to the situation of the mountain. They are in the shape of a tiger sitting, with "green dragon on the left, white tiger on the right, red bird on the front, and red bird on the back." "Xuanwu" was the best place to live. Later, people paid attention to the orientation, either sitting from west to east, or sitting from east to west. The stilted building on the hillside is supported by wooden pillars on the flat ground and has two floors. The upper floor is ventilated, dry and moisture-proof, and is used for living rooms; the lower floor is used for pig and cattle pens or for stacking debris. The average house size is a house with 4 rows of fans and 3 rooms or a 6-row fan house with 5 rooms. The average house has 5 pillars and 2 bays, or 5 pillars and 4 bays. The large family has 7 pillars, 4 bays and a courtyard with a four-sided patio. For a 3-room structure with 4 rows of fans, the main room is in the middle, and the left and right rooms are called rooms, which are used for living and cooking. The room is divided into two halves with the central pillar as the boundary, with a fire kang in the front and a bedroom in the back. There is a curved corridor on the stilted building that goes around the building, and the curved corridor is also equipped with railings. In the past, stilted buildings were usually roofed with thatch or fir bark, or with slate roofs. Nowadays, stilted buildings in western Hubei are mostly covered with mud tiles.

The construction of stilted buildings is a major event in the lives of Tujia people. The first step is to prepare all the wood. The Tujia people call it "cutting the green mountains". They usually choose chun trees or purple trees. chun and purple are auspicious because they are homophonic for "spring" and "zi", which means that spring is always coming and children and grandchildren are prosperous; the second step It is the processing of beams and column materials, which is called "building large codes". Patterns such as Bagua, Tai Chi diagrams, lotus seeds and so on are also painted on the beams; the third process is called "fan fan", which is to put the processed beams and columns into Connect the tenons and arrange the wooden fans; the fourth step is to "erect the strong pillars of the house". The owner chooses an auspicious day and asks the villagers to help. Before erecting the beams, they must sacrifice the beams, and then everyone works together to erect the rows of wooden fans. , at this time, firecrackers were blasting, and neighbors sent gifts to congratulate. After erecting the vertical pillars of the house, it is time to nail the rafter corners, cover the roof tiles, and install the board walls. Wealthy people would also decorate their roofs with sky-high eaves, carve dragons and phoenixes under the corridors, and decorate the wooden railings of their balconies. Tujia people also plant flowers, grass, and various fruit trees in front and behind their houses. However, they do not plant mulberries in the front or peaches in the back because they are unlucky because they are homophones for "mourning" and "escape". There are many advantages to building on stilts. The elevated floor is ventilated and dry, and can protect against poisonous snakes and wild beasts. Debris can also be stored under the floor. The Diaolou also has distinctive ethnic characteristics. The elegant "silk eaves" and wide "walking rails" make the Diaojiao Tower unique. This type of stilted building has been more successful in getting rid of primitiveness than "railing" and has a higher cultural level. It is called the "living fossil" of Bachu culture. Tujia people like to live in groups and live in stilt houses. Most of the houses built are of wooden structure, with small blue tiles, lattice windows, suspended eaves, wooden railings, handrails, horse corners, and antique fences. There are bamboo poles in the back of the yard, bluestone paving, planed wooden boards, and bright pine trees. I have been living a peaceful pastoral life of working at sunrise and resting at sunset.

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The most basic feature is that the main house is built on the ground. Except for one side of the side room, which is connected to the ground and is connected to the main house, the other three sides are suspended and supported by pillars. There are many advantages to building on stilts. The elevated floor is ventilated and dry, and can protect against poisonous snakes and wild beasts. Debris can also be stored under the floor.

Edit the structure of this paragraph

The stilted building on the hillside is supported by wooden pillars on flat ground and divided into two floors, saving land and being cheaper; the upper floor is ventilated, dry and moisture-proof. It is a living room; the lower floor is a pen for pigs and cattle or used for stacking sundries. The average house size is a house with 4 rows of fans and 3 rooms or a house with 6 rows of fans and 5 rooms. A medium-sized house has 5 pillars and 2 bays, or 5 pillars and 4 bays. A large family has 7 pillars, 4 bays and a courtyard with a courtyard. For a 3-room structure with 4 rows of fans, the main room is in the middle, and the left and right rooms are called rooms, which are used for living and cooking. The room is divided into two halves with the central pillar as the boundary, with a fire kang in the front and a bedroom in the back. There is a curved corridor on the stilted building that goes around the building, and the curved corridor is also equipped with railings. Some stilted buildings are three-story buildings. Except for the roof tiles, the top and bottom are entirely made of fir wood. The pillars of the house are drilled out of large fir trees, and fir trees of different sizes are connected diagonally between the pillars. Although they do not require a single iron nail, they are still very strong. There are also hanging towers around the house, and the eaves of the buildings are turned upward as if they are about to take flight. The four walls of the house are made of fir boards with grooves and close panels, and the inside and outside are painted with tung oil to make it clean and bright. The bottom floor is not suitable for people to live in. It is used to raise poultry and store farm tools and heavy objects. The second floor is a place for eating and living, with bedrooms inside, and outsiders are generally not allowed inside. Outside the bedroom is the main room, where there is a firepit. The family eats around the firepit. It is spacious and convenient. Because there are windows, it is bright, well-lit and ventilated. Family members often do handwork and rest here, and it is also a place to receive guests. There is a wide corridor connected to it on the other side of the hall. There is a half-person-high railing outside the corridor and a large row of benches inside. The family often rests here and mothers dress up their daughters here during festivals. The third floor is ventilated, dry and very spacious. In addition to being used as a living room, it also has small rooms for food storage and storage.

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There are many forms of stilted buildings, and the types are as follows: Single hanging type, this is the most common form, some people call it " "One head hanging" or "key head". Its characteristic is that only the side rooms on one side of the main house are suspended in the air, supported by wooden pillars below. The double-suspended type, also known as "double-headed crane" or "zuojikou", is a development of the single-suspended type, that is, there are wing rooms suspended from both ends of the main room. Single-suspended and double-suspended types are not determined by geographical differences. They mainly depend on economic conditions and family needs. Single-suspended and double-suspended types are often located in the same place. Siheshui style, this form of stilted building is developed on the basis of the double hanging style. Its characteristic is that the upper parts of the stilted building at both ends of the main house are connected together to form a quadrangle. The main door is at the downstairs of the two-bedroom house. After entering the main door of this kind of courtyard house, you have to go up a few stone steps to enter the main house.

Two-house hanging type, this form is developed on the basis of single hanging and double hanging, that is, adding another layer to the general stilted building. Suitable for both single and double cranes. Flat-ground hoisting type, this form of stilt building is also developed on the basis of single hoisting. There are both single hoisting and double hoisting. Its main feature is that it is built in a flat dam. According to the terrain, there is no need for hanging feet, but the wing room is lifted up and supported by wooden pillars. The ground where the supporting wooden pillars are placed is flush with the ground of the main house, so that the side rooms are higher than the main house.

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The first legend

It is said that the ancestors of the Tujia people moved to western Hubei because their hometown was hit by floods. At that time, the ancient trees here were towering , overgrown with thorns, jackals, tigers and leopards everywhere. The "dog paw sheds" built by the Tujia ancestors were often attacked by wild beasts. For safety's sake, people burned twig fires and buried bamboo knots inside. The light of the fire and the sound of firecrackers scared away the attacking beasts, but people were still often threatened by venomous snakes and centipedes. Later, an old man from the Tujia people came up with a solution: He asked the young men to use the ready-made big trees as scaffolding, bundle the wood, then lay the wild bamboo strips, then build the scaffolding on the top and cover it with a canopy, and built various large and small buildings. You can eat and sleep in the air house, and you will no longer be afraid of attacks by poisonous snakes and beasts. This method of building air houses later developed into the current stilted building.

The second legend

A long time ago, the ancestors of the Tujia people lived in caves or under big trees and made a living by hunting and fishing. In the sky, King Zhang Tian saw that the Tujia people had lived in caves and under big trees for generations, and their lives were very hard. He wanted to go to the Dragon King of the East China Sea to borrow a palace to give to the Tujia people. When King Zhang Tian arrived at the Dragon Palace in the East China Sea, he spoke frankly when he saw the Dragon King. The Dragon King thought to himself: My palace is so big and heavy that you can't even move it. So I agreed. King Zhang Tian came to a palace with three stilted pillars and two cavalry. He lifted the palace up with a gentle lift of his hand. When the Dragon King saw it, he regretted that he should not have agreed. He had no choice but to say, "I will return it after use." Zhang Tianwang said, "I will return it in seven days." Zhang Tianwang carried the palace to the Tujia village and asked the Tujia people to imitate a building with three pillars and two cavalry (that is, three pillars on the ground). , two pillars suspended in the air) a building on stilts. Seven days later, the Dragon King came to find King Zhang Tian to return the palace. King Zhang Tian said: "If you want it, I will give it back to you." He picked up the palace and threw it away, so he threw the palace beside a river and laid it on both sides of the river. "Go and move it yourself!" The Dragon King knew he couldn't move it, so he had no choice but to angrily return to the Dragon Palace. From then on, every rainy season, the Dragon King would get angry and flood, causing the water to wash away the temples on the river. People are also unable to cross the river from the temple during high water season. So people installed dragon-slaying knives under the bridge, and dragons no longer dared to break into the palace buildings. Not only did people have houses to live in, but it was also easier to cross the river.

The third legend

Diaojiaolou is a favorite residence of the Tujia people. One end of it stands on the flat dam and is connected to the wing room on the side; the other end is hung under the sill, forming a two-story building of its own. People live on the upper floor, and livestock pens are set up on the lower floor. Most of the three sides of the upper floor have railings, handrails and balconies. They are bright and clean, where you can pick flowers and embroider, read and write, receive guests and hang out clothes and quilts, and live comfortably and beautifully. It has an origin. Legend has it that a long time ago, there was a family of Tujia farmers, and the couple had two children. Every day when my husband returns from work, he always puts his coir raincoat and bamboo hat on the steps. Unexpectedly one morning, the coir raincoat and bamboo hat were pulled into a corner of the wall. It turned out that the dog had slept on it for the night. In order to avoid this happening again, they found a big bamboo pole and tied it to the pillar outside the steps with kudzu vines so that they could hang their raincoats and bamboo hats. Once, my wife was sitting under the eaves weaving and mending clothes. The two children kept pestering her, making it impossible for her to do her job. She was tired of it, so she found a few wooden poles, a few boards, and a bamboo pole for hanging raincoats and bamboo hats. became a platform. She sat on it and continued to weave and mend clothes. She was no longer afraid of the children's noise. People saw that this was good, so they further developed the platform into housing, which became a stilted building. When it comes to Diaojiaolou, people's impression is that of a small wooden building standing on the river. In fact, it is not the case. Diaojiaolou is a kind of folk building hanging in the west of Hunan and Hunan. It has an ancient legend! Beautiful Xiangxi, with its strange mountains and rivers, makes people wander and cannot bear to return. The antique and special architectural style of the stilt building adds to the charm of the landscape. In Phoenix City, the hometown of Mr. Shen Congwen, the Tuojiang River passes by the city. The locals live near the river, with stilted buildings scattered high and low. One end of the stilt building is supported by the river bank, and the other end is suspended in the water. The tall hanging columns stand in the water as a support, which is full of a kind of power and beauty.

The architectural form of stilted buildings in western Hunan is lively. They can be built near water, near mountains and valleys, or right next to fields and dams. After a little digging and construction, good wood is selected to support one or rows of hanging towers, and they are decorated with a few clumps of lush bamboos next to them. This saves time and labor, and makes it warm and picturesque. This kind of building has upturned eaves and corners, surrounded by corridors on three sides, and "hangs" several eight-diamond-shaped and four-square hanging columns with hydrangeas or pumpkins carved on them. The sidings are painted brightly and are embedded with flower windows for ventilation and sunshine. The flower windows also often have profound meanings, with patterns such as "Twin Phoenixes Chaoyang" and "Magpies in Love with Plum Blossoms" carved on them, which are simple and elegant. The advantages of stilted buildings are: first, they are moisture-proof, ventilated and dry; second, they save land and are cheaper to build; third, stilted buildings built near mountains, rivers or fields and dams often leave a certain amount of open space between the hanging columns. It can feed livestock. "There are lambs bleating downstairs on stilts" (Shen Congwen's "Night at Duck Nest"). It is an ancient stilted building with black tiles and wooden structure. The main room is very bright, warm and friendly. If you are lucky enough to visit, the enthusiastic Xiangxi people will make tea, sift wine, and put out all kinds of game, making you feel at home. Diaojiaolou in Xiangxi belongs to the category of ancient Ganlan-style architecture. The so-called Ganlan style building is a kind of house that is "large in size, with an elevated lower floor and wooden boards on the upper floor for living purposes" (Zhuang Yuguang's "Qianlan Architecture"). This architectural form is mainly distributed in the south, especially in the Yangtze River Basin, and in mountainous areas. Because these areas are wet and rainy, the air and ground humidity are high. Since the dry-type buildings are elevated on the ground floor, they are extremely beneficial to moisture prevention and ventilation.

The fourth legend

It is said that very early on, the Tujia people in western Hunan built some thatched houses to live in, cut grass, plowed the land, and planted crops on the land after burning. There are towering ancient trees in this area, and there are many tigers, leopards, jackals, snakes and centipedes crawling everywhere in the barren mountains and old forests. Because people were afraid of wild animals, they lit fires and buried bamboo knots in the fires to burn. Wild animals saw the bright fire and were too frightened to come near. However, snakes, insects and ants did not care much about this and often went into the house. An old man came up with an idea. He asked some young men to cut tree slivers like wooden rafts, then tied a frame to the tree next to the thatched shed, covered it with wild bamboo and thin tree slivers, and then added a layer of leaves and thatch. A thatched roof was set up on top to protect from rain. If a person sleeps halfway up a tree, it will be difficult for snakes, insects, and ants to climb up. However, after the food placed on the ground was crawled by insects, the person suffered from vomiting and diarrhea after eating it. The old man came up with another idea and asked the younger generation to pull large rock slabs up the tree, lay them flat, put a layer of yellow mud on them, and then put a pot on them to make rice, so that insects would not crawl on the food. The old man's method quickly spread from one place to another, and people all followed this method. They built large and small thatched huts halfway up the big trees and lived in them with their feet hanging in the air. Folks Just call it "diaojiaolou".

Edit this paragraph's cultural connotation

Diaojiaolou has rich cultural connotation. In addition to the Tujia folk residential architecture that pays attention to the dragon's veins, is built according to the situation and the deification phenomenon of human and divine integration. , and also has a very prominent concept of space cosmization. The Diaojiaolou of the Tujia people are not only unilaterally in the embrace of the universe and nature, but the universe is also in the embrace of the universe and nature. This concept of space that accommodates the universe is very obvious in the Tujia people's beam-raising ceremony song: "One step forward, look at the treasure beam, a round of Tai Chi is in the center, and the one yuan line begins to show auspiciousness. Two steps forward, I am filled with joy, 'Qiankun' two The words are on both sides, and the sun and moon will be in pairs for eternity..." The "cosmos" and "sun and moon" here represent the universe. In a sense, the Tujia Diaojiao House becomes closer and more intimate to the universe subjectively, making houses, people and the universe integrated and inseparable.