Dadoucheng of Dadu Road
Ryan. According to the orientation, Yuan Ting divides Dadu Street into 50 squares: Futian Square, which is in the area of Xibaita Temple, that is, Baita Temple in Beijing today. Fucai Square is located in the corner of the Golden Jade Bureau of Shuncheng Gate, which is to the north of Beijing National Culture Palace. Fang Jincheng in Pingzemen is the Dashuiche Hutong south of Fuchengmennei Street in Beijing today. Yuxuan Square is close to the front of Zhongshu Province, which is east of the Wumen Gate of the Forbidden City in Beijing today. Baodafang is located in the north of the Privy Council, which is near Wangfujing Street in Beijing today. Lingchunfang is located in the north of Dadu Road, which is the Lingguang Hutong area west of Andingmennei Street in Beijing today. Tangui Square, north of Lingchun Square. Mingshifang is located in the east of Taishi College, near the observatory in Jianguomen, Beijing today. Fengchifang, in the north of Xie Jie, is near the sea, that is, to the north of Gulou West Street in Beijing today. Anfufang is located at the gate of Yangjiaoshun, west of Gennan Street in Xihuangcheng and northeast of Ganshiqiao. Huaiyuan Square is located in the northwest corner of Dadoucheng. Taiping Square has Dacheng Huapuqing Temple, which is located in Baochan Hutong, Xizhimen, Beijing. Datong Square, Wende Square, with its meaning, was still in the Yuan Dynasty, Guo Zi School and Xuansheng Temple, which is today's Jingshi Academy. There is Zhengqilou in Jintaifang, which is the old Gulou Street in Beijing today. The square near the ancestral temple is in the north of Chaoyangmen in Beijing today. Five Blessingg Square is located in the middle or near the central pavilion, which is the area around the Drum Tower in Beijing today. Taihengfang is located in the northeast of Dadoucheng. Bazhengfang, near Wansicang and Bazhuo Temple. In Shiyong Square, there is Qingshou Temple, which is the west side of Beijing Telegraph Building today. Ganning Square is in the northwest of Dadoucheng. Xianning Square, Le Tong Square, Shouwu Square, Yimin Square, Xijin Square and Dihai District, namely the northeast of Beijing Jishuitan and Gulou West Street. Kangqu Square, Jinxian Square and Jiahui Square are located in the south of Dadoucheng. Ping Fang, north of Dadoucheng. Hening Square, Zhile Square, nearby Fangde Square, Friendship Square and Qingyuan Square are located in the northwest corner of Dadoucheng. Japan and China are in the northwest of today's Di 'anmen. Yingbin Square is in the east of Dadoucheng. Xichengfang, to the west of Dadoucheng. From Fang Yi, to the north of Fuchengmen. Jurenfang, in the east of metropolis. Fang, this land is near Wang Fu. Renshoufang is in today's Long Fu Temple, near Tai Hospital. Wanbaofang, west of the right-hand corridor in front of ouchi, is now west of the Wumen Gate of the Forbidden City in Beijing. Yushunfang has a long-lasting saying, that is, today's Huapichang Hutong area in Xizhimen, Beijing. Wuyunfang, to the east of Qianbulang in Ouchi, is to the east of the Wumen Gate of the Forbidden City in Beijing today. Zhanlufang, near the official wine cellar, is in the east of Dadoucheng. Leshan Square is similar to Muqin Square, and it is very close to the palace. Clarification Square, near Jade Terrace, is located in Ganyu Hutong, Mishi Street, Beijing today. In the Yuan Dynasty, all squares were bounded by streets. Although there is a square door, there is no square wall. The square door is just a signboard. According to the analysis of Tianjin Lu, there were 50 squares in the Yuan Dynasty, but the Old News of the Sun and the Unified Record of the Yuan Dynasty cited by textual research only listed 49 squares, or there were omissions. Analysis of Jinzhi also includes Liren Square, Faxiang Square, Li Shan Square, Ledao Square, Haode Square, Zhaoxian Square, Susan Square, Zhao Hui Square, Juxian Square, Mingyu Square, Zhanqin Square, Huiwen Square, Please Teahouse, Li Xun Square, Xian Yi Square, Sicheng Square, Donghuanghua Square, Zhao Ming Square, Penglai Square and Nanxun Square. Analysis of Tianjin Records was written at the end of Yuan Dynasty, and the name of the workshop recorded in it was immediately changed or added by the old workshop at the end of Yuan Dynasty.
If a person stands on the gate and looks straight ahead, he can see the gate of the opposite city wall. On both sides of the city streets, there are all kinds of shops and stalls ... The whole city is arranged in a square, like a chessboard. "Although there are three doors in the south of the city and two doors in the north, there is also a broad okimichi, which passes through Chongtianmen and Daming Gate from the main entrance of Li to the north, Daming Hall, Yanchun Gate, Yanchun Pavilion, Qingning Palace and Houzaimen in the center of the imperial city. After investigation, the Yudao site discovered in the north of Beijing Jingshan Park (Yanchunge and Houzaimen Site) in recent years is 28 meters wide. " "Analysis of Golden Branches" contains: the metropolitan street system in the Yuan Dynasty, "the street width is 24 steps, and the small street width is 12 steps. 384 fire lanes and 29 lanes. Its famous streets are "Qianbrown Street, T-shaped Street, Cross Street, Zhonglou Street, Banbian Street and Pan Qi Street". Through the investigation, it is found that "the basic form of street distribution in Yuan Dynasty is: on the east and west sides of the north-south main road, many east-west hutongs are arranged at equal distances. The street is about 25 meters wide and the hutong is about 6 ~ 7 meters wide. "The hutong planning in Yuan Dynasty is based on the area between two adjacent gates. In recent years, in the exploration from Guangximen (northeast gate) to the northeast corner of metropolitan city in Yuan Dynasty, 22 east-west hutongs were discovered. It is worth noting that there are still 22 east-west hutongs between Dongzhimen (Yuanchongrenmen) and Chaoyangmen (Yuanqihuamen) in Beijing. It can be seen that there are 22 hutongs between two adjacent gates, which should be the unified format of capital planning in Yuan Dynasty. Today, the streets north of Chang 'an Avenue in Beijing, east and west, all belong to the Yuan Dynasty, and all belong to Beiping (Beijing) in the Ming Dynasty, so little change has taken place, and the pattern of the Yuan Dynasty remains. The street layout in Yuan Dynasty laid the basic pattern of Beijing today.
There is a central platform in the metropolis of Yuan Dynasty, which is the center of the city, east, west, north and south, which is the first in the history of urban architecture in China. In fact, the central platform is equal to the north and south walls of the Yuan Dynasty, but slightly closer to the east wall than the west wall. The central platform covers an area of one mu, and there is a central pavilion next to it. "Tianjin Record and Analysis" contains: "The Central Station is fifteen steps west of the Central Pavilion." Just south of the central platform is a stone tablet engraved with the word "Central Platform". The central pavilion is located in the east of the central platform and on the central axis of Dadoucheng. "Analysis of Golden Branches" also contains "Zheng Qilou, the capital city of Liqiao. East Central Pavilion. " Zhengqilou is the Drum Tower of Yuan Metropolis, located to the west of the central pavilion, that is, to the west of the central axis of the metropolis, and located in the old Drum Tower Street in Beijing today. In the Ming Dynasty, the Drum Tower and its North Bell Tower moved eastward to the location of the present Beijing Drum Tower Bell Tower, which is the central axis of the city. In the Yuan Dynasty, the Drum Tower was equipped with time measuring tools such as clepsydra and drum horn. There is an attic, triple cornices and a built-in clock on the bell tower, which is so loud that the whole city can hear it. The bell and drum tower is one of the tools for the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty to control the capital. Marco Polo's Travels wrote: "In the center of the new capital, there stands a tall building with a big clock hanging on it, which rings the bell every night. No one is allowed to walk in the street after the third bell rings. An exception can be made unless there is an emergency, such as a pregnant woman giving birth or someone getting sick. However, if this happens, people who go out must bring lanterns. " "At night, a patrol of thirty or forty people constantly patrols the street to see if anyone leaves home during curfew-that is, after the third bell rings. The person caught was immediately arrested and imprisoned. "
The Yuan Dynasty ruled a vast territory. As the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, it is a political and cultural center, so it has a dense population and a very prosperous commercial economy. From the analysis of Tianjin Zhi alone, there were more than 30 kinds of commercial markets inside and outside the metropolitan area in the Yuan Dynasty. Among them, the rice market, the market, the satin market, the fur hat market, the hat market, the poor Han market, the goose and duck market, the pearl market, the salad market (that is, the treasure market), the firewood market and the iron market are all located in the north bell and drum tower area of Beijing Jishuitan. This is because the water transport vessels in the south are all anchored on the jishuitan. "Analysis of Tianjin Record" describes its grand occasion like this: "The southeast corner of the bell tower is full of needle shops. Xixie Street (now northeast of Beijing Jishuitan) faces the sea and leads to many KTV pubs. It is expected to be a lake pavilion, which was once a place for your officials to enjoy themselves. There is a charcoal fruit cake on the left and right of the building. " Another cloud said, "The bell tower ... is the wealth of this dynasty." The area around Daduzhong and Gulou was the most prosperous business district in Yuan Dynasty. Because it is an oblique street on the north bank of Jishuitan (now Beijing Gulou West Street), it is also called the oblique city. Yangjiaocheng, which is close to the city gate, is also the bustling place of Dadoucheng, including sheep market, horse market, bull market, camel market, mule market and poor Seoul. The slave market is also here, and the address is probably Ganshiqiao to Xisi, Xicheng District, Beijing. In addition, there are fruit markets outside Heyimen, Shunchengmen and Anzhenmen. In front of Zhongshu Province (now east of Nanhe Street in Beijing), there are Wenji City and Zhizha City. In the east of Hanlin Academy (now northeast of Beijing Old Drum Tower Street), there are shoe markets, and there are vegetable markets outside Lizhengmen Bridge, Wenmingmen T-Street and Heyimen. The goods sold in the market, except some daily necessities, are native products, and many of them come from all over the country. At that time, the sea was wide open and the river was smooth. "Businessmen from Sichuan and Shaanxi, sailing straight down" provided rich commodities for Dadoucheng. Of course, among these commodities, more are precious furs such as mink and raccoon, rare treasures such as pearls and fragrant rhinoceros, and noble textiles such as brocade and tamarind for dignitaries. According to Marco Polo's travels, there are not only businessmen from North and South in China, but also businessmen from Central Asia and South Asia doing business in the metropolis. All the rarest and most precious things in the world can be found in this city, especially Indian goods, such as gems, pearls, medicines and spices. "According to the registration, there are no fewer than/kloc-0.000 carriages and backpackers transporting raw silk to Beijing every day." This kind of economic connection between Yuandu and other regions at home and abroad also reflects its economic characteristics as the capital of feudal society.
Why was there a door missing from the North Wall in Yuan Dynasty?
Luo baoping
According to Kao Gong Ji, the capital is square with three doors on each wall. Only two doors were opened on the north wall in the Yuan Dynasty, which is still meaningful in geomantic omen.
Feng Shui pays attention to "Qi", and everything in the world and people's living environment are all related to Qi.
The urban layout of China's ancient capitals is mostly based on the planning scheme put forward by Kao Gong Ji in the pre-Qin period. Its main content is: "Artisans rule the country, nine miles, three doors next to it, nine classics and nine tracks in the middle." Zuo zu you she, facing the market outlook. The city is a lady. " That is, the capital is square with three doors on each wall. Obviously, this is an ideal scheme put forward by Zhou people according to the thought of etiquette and law. As a matter of fact, when building the capital city in past dynasties, we should adjust the plan of testing Gong Ji according to the actual needs. There is no capital really built according to the examination regulations, but among many ancient capitals, Yuan Dadu is the most thorough capital that embodies the examination planning thought. However, even in the Yuan Dynasty, there were some inconsistencies with Kao Gong Ji. The north wall does not follow the system of "three doors by the side", but only opens two doors, such as Anzhen and Jiande.
The reason why the North Wall of Yuan Dynasty only opened two doors is not recorded in the history books, but it is not without solution. The reason should be that the concept of feng shui is at work. In terms of architecture, the ancients in China believed in geomantic omen, and urban construction was also comfortable. Feng Shui, also known as "Feng Shui" and "physiognomy", belongs to the category of ancient "numerology". From the archaeological excavations such as Xi 'an Banpo Site and Xishuipo Site in Puyang, Henan, it can be seen that as early as the end of primitive society, China had the idea of geomantic omen. By the Zhou Dynasty, the concept of geomantic omen had been widely used in building site selection. "Book of Rites Wang Zhi" says that "those who live in it control the city by measuring the land, and control the people by measuring the land", including the geomantic method. Feng shui covers a wide range. "House Classic" said: "From the army, to the counties and cities, to the village entrance and even to the mountain residence, there are examples where people live." Explain the important influence of geomantic omen on urban planning and construction. Liu was a famous scholar in Yuan Dynasty, who was in charge of the planning and construction of metropolis. He has been familiar with classic books since he was a child. He is "particularly familiar with the classics of Yi and Shao" and "proficient in astronomy, geography, law, calendar and Dunjia". Therefore, it is normal for Liu to guide the construction of most cities with the concept of geomantic omen.
Feng Shui pays attention to "Qi", and everything in the world and people's living environment are all related to Qi. For this kind of "qi", "Inside the Burial Book" said: "If you gather, you will not disperse, and you will stop, so it is called Feng Shui." Because of this, when the ancients built cities, settled down, and chose tombs, they should first choose a prosperous place where "the wind is hidden and the gas is gathered", and "the wall is dense and the gas is gathered". According to geomantic omen, the south belongs to Yang and the north belongs to Yin. Most of the Yuan Dynasty was a regular and symmetrical city. If there are three doors in the north and south walls, and the spirit of the sun enters Dadoucheng from the south gate, then it will travel north along the central axis, pass through the imperial city and Miyagi to reach the north wall, and the gas will be discharged from the middle door, which is an unlucky shape. In order to prevent the disadvantages of "air leakage", the designer changed the north wall into a second door to achieve the purpose of "air blocking".
There is another meaning in geomantic omen. In the Yuan Dynasty, only two doors were opened on the north wall. The ancients in China believed that 135795 odd numbers were positive, 24685 even numbers were negative, the south was positive and the north was negative. Therefore, the south wall takes more yang, builds three doors, and the north door is cloudy, with only two doors. This is why most of the north wall only opens two doors.