Introduction to Tianmu Mountain Scenic Area

Tianmu Mountain is located in the north of Lin'an City, Hangzhou. It is named because there are pools on the east and west peaks, which look like eyes looking up to the sky. Tianmu Mountain has ancient geology and complete vegetation. It is a famous nature reserve in my country and the only nature reserve in Zhejiang Province that has joined the international biosphere reserve network. Tianmu Mountain[1] was classified as a forest logging prohibited area by the Ministry of Forestry in 1956 and protected as a nature reserve. In 1986, it was promoted to a national forest and wildlife nature reserve. In 1996, it joined the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Protected Areas (MAB) network to become a world-class protected area. It is the only forest and wildlife nature reserve in Zhejiang Province that has joined the MAB network. The nature reserve was awarded the "National Science Popularization Education Base" and the "National Youth Science and Technology Education Base" by the Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee, the Ministry of Science and Technology and other units. It is also the only nature reserve in China to be awarded the title of "Two Bases" at the same time. Tianmu Mountain holds a number of world records and Chinese records, including being selected as the only place in the world where Tianmu ironwood grows by the World Records Association. Tianmu Mountain holds many world records by the World Records Association. The king of big trees with wonders of flora and fauna

Tianmu Mountain has ancient geology. The mountain was formed in the Yanshan period 150 million years ago. It is part of the "Jiangnan Ancient Continent". It has unique landforms and complex topography, and is known as " "A typical ancient glacier site in East China"; with abrupt cliffs, numerous strange rocks, numerous canyons, and beautiful natural landscape, it can be called the "Fantastic Mountain in the South of the Yangtze River"; the special terrain and long-standing Buddhist culture have contributed to the preservation of the flora and fauna and the integrity of the vegetation in this area. Protection has become a miracle in the world. It is one of the areas with the richest higher plant resources in my country's mid-subtropical forest area. Tianmu Mountain Nature Reserve preserves typical forest vegetation types in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Its forest landscape is known as "ancient, large, high, sparse, abundant, and beautiful". "Ancient": Tianmu Mountain preserves wild ginkgo, a relict plant of the Mesozoic Era, known as a "living fossil." This species only has natural wild forests in Tianmu Mountain in the world. The natural landscape of ginkgo includes "five generations living under one roof", "a house full of descendants", etc.; "big": Tianmu Mountain Nature Reserve currently has more than 400 large trees that can be hugged by more than three people, enjoying the reputation of "the kingdom of big trees"; "high" : The height of the golden pine in Tianmu Mountain ranks the highest among similar trees in China. The tallest one has reached more than 60 meters and is called the "Sky Tree"; "Rare": There are many unique tree species in Tianmu Mountain, and there are 85 species of animals and plants named after "Tianmu" . Among them, there are only 5 Tianmu Ironwood trees left in Tianmu Mountain in the world, and they are known as the "Earth's Only Son". In addition, the fragrant fruit tree, Lingchun wood, Lianxiang tree, silver magpie tree, etc. are all rare and endangered plants; "many": there are 35 species of national rare and endangered plants in the nature reserve, 1,718 species of seed plants, 151 species of ferns, There are 291 species of bryophytes. Dense vegetation further protects 37 species of nationally protected rare animals such as clouded leopards, black muntjacs, white-necked pheasants, and Chinese tiger swallowtails. There are 74 species of mammals, 148 species of birds, and 44 species of reptiles in the reserve. There are 20 species of amphibians, 55 species of fish, and more than 2,000 species of insects have been compiled. Tianmu Mountain is a "treasure house of species genes". Therefore, it was awarded the "National Tianmu Mountain Wonders of Sea of ​​Clouds

Science Popularization Education Base" and "National Youth Science Popularization Activity Center" by the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Ministry of Science and Technology and other units. "Beauty": Various plants of various colors form a spectacular forest picture, with thousands of trees and branches, mountains and peaks, and the four seasons are picturesque. It is the watershed between the Taihu Lake system and the Qiantang River system. It is one of China's ancient mountainous areas and a famous summer resort and tourist resort. Located in the adjacent areas of Zhejiang and Anhui. It runs from southwest to northeast, and its north and south are roughly bounded by Hangzhou-Huizhou Highway and Xitiao River. It is 200 kilometers long and about 60 kilometers wide. It belongs to the southeastern edge of the Jiangnan ancient continent. The mountainous area has a center-deep valley landscape, with more than 10 peaks above 1,500 meters above sea level, and the highest peak, Qingliang Peak, is 1,787 meters high. The lithology is mainly granite and rhyolite. There are many low hills, wide valleys and landscapes on both sides of the mountain. Tianmu Mountain was named Fuyu in ancient times. "Yuanhe County Chronicles" records: Tianmu Mountain "has two peaks, with a pool on each peak, commensurate with each other, named Tianmu". It is a well-preserved area of ​​evergreen broad-leaved forest in China's mid-subtropical zone. The vertical distribution of natural vegetation is obvious: below 1100 meters above sea level is evergreen broad-leaved forest, between 1100 and 1400 meters above sea level is deciduous, evergreen broad-leaved and coniferous mixed forest; above 1400 meters above sea level there are sparse shrubs. The southern slope of West Tianmu Mountain was designated as a national nature reserve in 1956 and became a national nature reserve in 1986. There are many kinds of trees, including more than 800 kinds of trees. China is famous for its ancient, tall and rare forest trees. There is Ginkgo, a Gongsun tree that is more than 1,500 years old and has been under the same roof for five generations; there is Cryptomeria, which was discovered in the Qing Dynasty and is known as the king of big trees, with a diameter at breast height of 2.33 meters and a volume of 42.98 cubic meters; there is a tree with a height of 54 meters and a diameter at breast height of 1 meter. Lots of gold pine. The unique wild ginkgo tree in China was first discovered here. In addition, there are 41 rare and valuable tree species, including Huangshan, Tianmusuo, Tianmupu, and Zhejiang tiemu. The fauna is complex, with 148 species of birds and 37 species of snakes. Among them, the red-billed lovebird is the most famous. The mountainous areas are rich in tea, dried bamboo shoots, pecans, medicinal materials, bamboo and wood, etc. There are many kinds of animals and plants, including rare species, and it is an important base for national teaching and scientific research. It was awarded the "National Youth Science and Technology Education Base" and "National Popular Science Education Base" by the state. The Tianmu Mountain Peak is surrounded by verdant greenery, ancient trees, dangerous rocks, and flowing springs and waterfalls. It is known as the "Kingdom of Big Trees" and "The Cool World" and is a scenic spot for both ancient and modern times.

The celestial eye has thousands of beauties and the spiritual mountain is ten miles deep. It gives mankind an inexhaustible splendid culture and unique natural charm.

History of Tianmu Mountain

Tianmu Mountain has a long history and has dazzling green culture and religious culture. It is a famous mountain where Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and other cultures are integrated. Zhang Daoling, the great Taoist leader of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was born in Tianmu Mountain and practiced here for many years. The existing ruins are "Zhang Gongshe"; Xiao Tong, the prince of Zhaoming in the Liang Dynasty, lived in seclusion in Tianmu Mountain to study scriptures, leaving behind scenic spots such as "Eye Washing Pool" and "Prince's Temple"; Tang Dynasty Li Bai in the Song Dynasty, Su Shi in the Song Dynasty, Zhang Yu in the Yuan Dynasty, Liu Ji in the Ming Dynasty and other literati visited Tianmu Mountain and left beautiful poems. There are existing cultural landscapes such as the "Taibai Poetry Stone"; Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty also visited the mountain and was awarded the title of "Big Tree King"; in 1939, Comrade Zhou Enlai gave a speech on unity and anti-Japanese in Baizi Hall of Zenyuan Temple, leaving a lasting legacy for Tianmu Mountain It has enriched the cultural landscape and endowed Tianmu Mountain with rich cultural connotation, making it more attractive. Buddhism in Tianmu Mountain was introduced in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and has a history of more than 1,500 years. It is one of the famous Buddhist mountains in my country and is known as "Tianmu Mountain". At its peak, there were more than 50 monasteries and nunneries in the mountain with more than a thousand monks. The Lion Zhengzong Zen Temple, built in 1279, and the Chanyuan Temple, built in 1425, are both famous temples in the south of the Yangtze River. Tianmu Mountain is the ashram of Lord Skanda.

Climate environment

Tianmu Mountain is located at the northern edge of the mid-subtropical zone. Due to the unique mountain influence, it forms a microclimate with warm winters and cool summers, with an average annual temperature of 14°C. Dense forests and gurgling water create abundant "negative ions" and other gaseous substances that are beneficial to the human body. The content of "negative ions" in the air of Tianmu Mountain reaches more than 100,000 per cubic centimeter, ranking highest among similar scenic spots. It has dust removal, sterilization and other effects, and has a good curative effect on respiratory diseases. The geographical environment and forest effect of Tianmu Mountain have formed a special microclimate. The annual average temperature at the top of Xianren is 8.8℃ and at the foot of the mountain is 14.8℃. The vast forest sea is quiet and elegant, the summer is extremely cool, and the winter is not severe. Rich plant resources and superior natural environment provide good conditions for the growth and reproduction of various animals. It also creates an excellent environment for human leisure, vacation, tourism, etc. Moreover, the forest here is filled with a variety of gaseous substances that can significantly alleviate neurasthenia, cardiovascular system and other diseases. In 2005, scientific researchers from the School of Tourism of Zhejiang Forestry University found through measurements that the negative ion content in the air in Tianmu Mountain reached a maximum of 130,000 per cubic centimeter, setting a new national record. Therefore, Tianmu Mountain is an ideal place for people's health, tourism and leisure.

Nature Conservation

Tianmu Mountain Nature Reserve. It is located in the northwest of Lin'an City, covering an area of ​​4284 hectares, longitude range: 119°24′11″-119°28 ′21″, longitude range: 30°18′30″-30°24′55″, altitude range 300m-1556m , with typical mid-subtropical forest ecosystems and forest landscapes.

Tianmu Mountain Nature Reserve (12 photos) Tianmu Mountain was approved as a "forest logging prohibited area" in 1956, and a national nature reserve was established in 1986, both of which were among the first batch in the country. In 1996, it was included in the UNESCO International Biosphere Reserve Network and has a high reputation among nature reserves across the country. The reason why Tianmu Mountain is favored by all walks of life is that it is a concentration point of biological diversity and cultural diversity. Not only the biological resources are well preserved, but the tourism cultural resources and location advantages are particularly obvious. There are more than 2,160 species of higher plants within the original 1,050 hectares, including 37 species named after "Tianmu" and 35 species of nationally protected plants; there are 2,274 species of higher animals and more than 2,000 species of insects, including 34 species of national first- and second-level protected animals. There are 48 species of animals named after "Tianmu". It is a veritable "biological gene bank" and has been designated as a teaching and research practice base by more than 70 large and medium-sized universities. The forest ecology in the area is characterized by high, large, ancient, rare and beautiful features. There is the country's tallest 57-meter golden pine, and the trees in the entire Laodian scenic area are all trees over 30 meters tall; there are groups of ancient cedar trees, with more than 600 ancient trees with a diameter at breast height of more than 1 meter in the area, and there are more than 400 cedar trees alone. , there are 19 cryptomeria trees with a diameter at breast height of more than 2 meters, and the largest volume reaches 75.4 cubic meters; wild apricots, lianxiang trees, fragrant fruit trees, and winter jasmine trees are all rare and ancient species, known as "living fossils." The rich forest ecology forms a beautiful forest landscape. In the spring, the wild flowers are everywhere; in the summer, the trees are shaded, fresh and cool; in the autumn, there are green bamboos, red maples, and golden ginkgo all over the mountain; in the winter, there are jade trees and silver flowers. beautiful scene. Modern Xiaocao's poem "Snow·Tianmu Mountain" gives a true interpretation: "The early cold in Tianshan adds plain makeup, and the sky is full of flying catkins; there are tens of thousands of silver spears in the forest, and the roaring on the hilltops beats the howling wolves." It gives a true interpretation. The unique topography, landforms and rich forest vegetation form Tianmu Mountain’s unique complex, changeable and multi-type forest ecological climate. The annual average temperature at Xianrending is 8.8°C, and at Chanyuan Temple at the foot of the mountain is 14.8°C. Especially due to the small environment of the terrain, the Chanyuan Temple Scenic Area has formed a microclimate with warm winters and cool summers. The average temperature in July is 26°C, making it a great place to escape the heat. \"Cool World\". Tianmu Mountain is 41 kilometers away from Lin'an and 90 kilometers away from Hangzhou. It is on the golden tourist route from Huangshan Mountain to Hangzhou and is a green pearl on the southeast coast.

Tianmu Mountain has been a famous religious mountain since ancient times. It is recorded in "Shui Jing Zhu" written by Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The Kaishan Old Temple built in the Yuan Dynasty has a history of more than 700 years, and the Zenyuan Temple built in the Qing Dynasty Covering an area of ​​more than 40 acres, it once had more than 500 dining halls and more than 1,000 monks. It is the largest Vedic monastery in the country. Li Bai, Bai Juyi, Su Shi, Li Shizhen, Qianlong and modern celebrities such as Yu Dafu, Xu Beihong and Hu Shi all visited Tianmu Mountain and left precious cultural heritage for Tianmu Mountain. In recent years, with the development of eco-tourism, the tourist reception facilities in the reserve have begun to take shape, with more than 1,300 reception beds and more than 30 tourist vehicles, making it the first choice for eco-tourism in large and medium-sized cities along the southeast coast. The Zhejiang Tianmu National Nature Reserve Administration was established in 1988 as a deputy county-level institution. Five departments, including the Planning and Finance Department, the Operations and Management Department, the Office, the Conservation Department, and the Scientific Research Institute, have been approved as deputy departments, with a fixed number of 48 people. Administratively, it is led by the Lin'an Municipal People's Government, and its operations are affiliated to the Zhejiang Provincial Forestry Department. The main responsibilities of the Tianmu Mountain Management Bureau are: 1. Protect the ecological and cultural resources of the Tianmu Mountain Reserve; 2. Strengthen scientific research and popular science propaganda, raise the public’s awareness of ecological protection, and promote the sustainable use of resources. 3? Strengthen the development of eco-tourism, accumulate funds for the construction of protected areas, and improve the welfare benefits of cadres and workers. Over the past ten years since the establishment of the bureau, the people of Tianmu Mountain have been diligent, thrifty and dedicated to their business. With protection as the purpose, they have strengthened protection efforts and have been awarded the Advanced Forest Fire Prevention Unit by the Ministry of Forestry and the Ministry of Personnel. Relying on science and technology, it is not only a place for ecological scientific research and popular science propaganda, but also an important base for school teaching practice. According to statistics, more than 70 colleges and universities come to Tianmu Mountain for teaching internships, and more than 30 primary and secondary schools come to Tianmu Mountain to hold various science and education activities every year. Not only are ecological resources well protected, but cultural construction has also reached a new level. Tianmu Academy and Tianmu Mountain Poetry, Calligraphy and Painting Academy have been established one after another; eco-tourism development has begun to take shape. The bureau has established a tourism department, strengthened tourism management, built the entire protected area, integrated protection, scientific research and development, and gradually improved the cause. Just as the poet Zhang Xueliang said in the couplet "The famous mountain of Tianmu Mountain is developed by the pioneers, and the natural treasure house is managed by those who come here." The current leadership team and employees of the Tianmu Mountain Management Bureau are proud of protecting and loving the famous mountain. They are based on a high starting point and determine With high standards, the master plan of Tianmu Mountain Nature Reserve and the detailed plan of Zenyuan Temple Scenic Area designed by Shanghai Tongji University have been completed. Construction is about to begin, and the project to restore Zenyuan Temple, a Buddhist resort in Tianmu Mountain, is in full swing. We believe that with the support and help from all walks of life, Tianmu Mountain will be even more brilliant in the 21st century.

History and Culture

Tianmu Mountain has a long history. It is a famous mountain for three religions and a famous historical and cultural mountain integrating Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. Xiao Tong, the prince of Liang Zhaoming in the Southern Dynasty, once compiled the "Selected Works" here. Zhang Daoling, the great Taoist leader of the Western Han Dynasty, was born and practiced Taoism here. The "Dongyuan Collection" of the Eastern Han Dynasty called Tianmu Mountain "Thirty-Four Cave Heavens". When Buddhism entered the mountains in the Jin Dynasty, there were more than 50 monasteries and nunneries, and at its peak there were more than a thousand monks. Throughout the ages, Tianmu Mountain has had frequent Buddhist exchanges with India and Southeast Asian countries, and it is the birthplace of the resurgence of Japan's Rinzai Sect Eigenji Temple. The Shizi Zhengzong Zen Temple, built in 1279, and the Zenyuan Temple, built in 1665, are both famous temples in the south of the Yangtze River. Historically, they are as famous as Lingyin Temple in Hangzhou. They are the dojo of Skanda Bodhisattva in Buddhism. The profound and beautiful scenery of Tianmu Mountain and the superior and unique natural environment endow Tianmu Mountain with splendid history and culture. Xiao Tong, Prince Zhaoming of the Liang Dynasty, Li Bai and Bai Juyi of the Tang Dynasty, Su Shi of the Song Dynasty, and Zhang Yu of the Yuan Dynasty all left beautiful poems and masterpieces handed down from generation to generation. In the Ming Dynasty, more than 100 literati climbed Tianmu Mountain to explore its wonders, chant about their travels, and left more than 160 poems. Moreover, there have been more than 60 movies, TV series and scenic documentaries filmed in Tianmu Mountain. The rise of Buddhism in West Tianmu Mountain began during the Eastern Jinping Period (357~361), and the founding ancestor was Zhu Fakuang. Afterwards, many eminent monks came to the mountain to practice Zen and inquire about Dharma. At the beginning of Dazhong in the Tang Dynasty, Zen Master Hongyan Xitu succeeded to the throne. "At first there were only a hundred monks, but later there were thousands." In the 16th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1279), Zen Master Gao Feng went to Shizi Rock in Xitianmu Mountain and built a hut against the pines. Later, he and his disciples died on the cliff. In Yi and Zhongfeng Mingben, the magnificent Shizi Zhengzong Zen Temple, Dajuezheng Zen Temple and other Zen temples were built successively. Since then, Xitianmu Mountain has gradually become famous and has frequent exchanges with domestic and foreign countries. Eminent monks from Japan, India, North Korea and other countries continue to come to study Zen and study abroad. Imperial Master Yulin of the Qing Dynasty experienced special experiences during the Shunzhi and Kangxi dynasties. In the fourth year of Kangxi's reign (1665), he founded Chanyuan Temple. He greatly promoted the Dharma seats at the top and middle peaks. The appearance of West Tianmu Mountain was dramatically changed, incense was extremely popular, and there were books in the temple. A lot. In the early years of the Republic of China, Buddhist worship in Xitianmu Mountain declined. There was another revival in the mid-1930s, and there were hundreds of monks. On April 15, 1941, Zenyuan Temple was completely destroyed by Japanese invading aircraft. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the popularity of Xitianmu Mountain gradually declined. In the early 1960s, there were 21 monks living in the mountain. In 1965, 16 monks moved to Linglong Mountain in Lin'an County. During the Tang and Song dynasties, monks from Xitianmu Mountain lived in many residences. Most of them built stone houses and thatched huts, drank from streams and wood, and practiced hard. The earliest sizable temple was Baofuyuan built in the second year of Tang Guangqi's reign (886), followed by Mingkong Temple built in the first year of Tang Wende's reign (888). Throughout the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, Shizi Zhengzong Zen Temple, Dajuezheng and other Zen temples, Zenyuan Temple and 45 nunneries were built one after another. Over the past 1,000 years, due to frequent wars and erosion by wind and rain, the temple has been built and abandoned several times. Still surviving today are some buildings such as the Shanmen of Zenyuan Temple, Tianwang Hall, Wei Tuo Hall, Shizi Zhengzong Zen Temple (now known as Kaishan Old Hall) and Prince's Temple.

There have been many famous monks in Xitianmu Mountain in the past dynasties, and they have been honored by the emperor many times. In the Tang Dynasty, Zen Master Huizhong reported to Suzong "the key to managing people and governing the country, and smoothing the style of Yao, Yu and Shun in the Tang Dynasty." After his death, he was titled "Zen Master Dazheng"; 50 years after Zen Master Jianzong's death, Qian Liu, King Wusu of Wuyue, invited him to the court. , posthumously titled "Supreme Master"; Zen Master Hongyan Xitu, was given purple robes by Emperor Xizong, and "Master Faji" by Emperor Zhaozong. In the Song Dynasty, Zen Master Wumen Huikai was given the title "Foyan Zen Master" by Lizong; Zen Master Tanyin was given the title "Abbot Songyan" by Lizong in his imperial book. In the Yuan Dynasty, Zen Master Feng Feng opened a church in Shusha, and was the master of the first generation of Xitianmu Mountain. His disciples Duanya and Zhongfeng Hongqi Dao and his family were all honored by Chengzong, Shundi and Renzong. In the fourth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1371), Zen Master Songyin rebuilt the temple on the former site of Shizi Zhengzong Zen Temple, which was surrounded by a jungle. In the Qing Dynasty, Zen Master Yulin was given the title of "Zen Master Dajue" by the Emperor Shunzhi, and was given the famous incense robe. Later, he was given the title of "Guoshi Puji Nengren" and became the abbot of Zenyuan Temple. Hui Zen Society; Zen Master Huishi has been the abbot of Xitianmu Mountain for 27 years, and the manager restored the temple and changed its appearance; Zen Master Jijie, chairman of Zenyuan Temple, adheres to the sect's customs and does not dare to fall. He has read through the cold and summer and added "Xitianmu Zushan Chronicle"; During the reign of Tongzhi (1862~1874), Zen Master Wu Zhen destroyed the foundations of the temple, revived the Zen monastery, and continued to burn incense. In modern times, there have been many famous monks in Xitianmu Mountain.