Where was the Guanzhong area in ancient times?
Question 1: Where did Guanzhong and Hanzhong refer to in ancient times? Guanzhong, or Guanzhong Plain, refers to the alluvial plain of the Weihe River at the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi, China, with an average altitude of about 500 meters. It is also called the Guanzhong Basin, and its northern part is the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi. , to the south are the mountains of southern Shaanxi and the Qinba Mountains, which are Shaanxi's developed industrial and agricultural areas, densely populated areas, and a prosperous land, known as the Eight Hundred Miles of Qinchuan.
The scope of reference varies. The ancients used to call the area west of Hangu Pass Guanzhong. "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong wanted to be the king of Guanzhong and made his son Ying his prime minister." "On the Passage of Qin": "The first emperor's heart was that Guanzhong was solid."
Guanzhong was only established because of the great distance to the west. Sanguan has Hangu Pass in the east, Xiaoguan Pass in the north and Wuguan Pass in the south. It is a country with four fortresses, so it is called Guanzhong. In the era of cold weapons, these four levels can be said to be one man's responsibility and cannot be opened by ten thousand people. They are truly impregnable. What is more important to the ancients is that the climate here is mild and humid, with Jing, Wei, Feng, Lao, and Gu being as thin as a sheet.
Hanzhong is an administrative unit in Shaanxi, located at the western end of southern Shaanxi , with the same geography and culture as Sichuan. It is located in the southern part of Shaanxi. The area is south of the Qinling Mountains and north of the Bashan Mountain. It is a small basin.
Hanzhong is named after the Han River. Hanshui is named after Tianhan, which is the Milky Way. Ancient priests, priests, and astronomers believed that after Pangu created the world, Zhu Rong and Jianggong fought a war between heaven and earth. The sky tilted to the northwest and the earth fell to the southeast, forming a world with yellow sky and thick soil. Tianhan is located in the center of the sky, dividing the sky into two parts. Correspondingly, there should also be a big river on the earth, located in the center of the earth and dividing the earth into two halves. The known world at that time: there was a big river in the north, the Yellow River, and a big river in the south, the Yangtze River. Then this big river should be located in the middle of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. They found the great river. The big river in the sky is called Han, so they named the big river on the ground Han, also called Hanshui and Hanjiang. There is a city at the source of the Han River, with plains and seas to the east, snow-capped mountains and Gobi mountains to the west, grassland deserts to the north, and forests and swamps to the south. It is also located in the center of the earth, so it was named Hanzhong, which means the source of the Han River. , the center of the earth. Therefore, the alias of Hanzhong is also called Tianhan.
The history of Hanzhong is like the Han River, flowing continuously from the distance shrouded in clouds and mist, from the top of the mountains, flowing through the mountains and rivers of Hanzhong, and over thousands of years.
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period when wars were constant, Hanzhong was the place where Qin and Chu fought. During the reign of King Huiwen of Qin, the State of Qin defeated the State of Chu, and the State of Chu had to divide the territory for peace, so Qin "took more than 600 miles of land and established Hanzhong County." The name "Hanzhong" was recorded in history for the first time.
Question 2: Where did Guanzhong refer to in ancient times? Which level is "off"? Dashan Pass is the only fortress in the southwest of Guanzhong. Since ancient times, it has been the gateway to and from Guanzhong from Bashu and Hanzhong, and its strategic position is very important because of its "precipitous pass and control". As recorded in "Historical Records": "The north cannot be used to open up the Liang Dynasty, and the south cannot be used to consolidate Guanzhong." Therefore, this place has become a place valued and fought for by military strategists of all ages. There have been more than 70 battles for Sanguan in history. In 206 BC, King Liu Bang of the Han Dynasty adopted Han Xin's theory: "Build a plank road in the open and cross Chencang secretly." Pass to Chencang; in the 20th year of Jian'an (AD 215) of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, Cao Cao attacked Zhang Lu and passed through Sanguan from Chencang; in the sixth year of Jianxing (AD 228), the queen of the Shu Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang left Sanguan to besiege Chencang; in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, In order to open up the passage to Shu, Jin Wushu and the famous Southern Song Dynasty general Wu Gu repeatedly fought here. The occurrence of the above-mentioned wars all shows the military importance of Dashan Pass.
Due to its important strategic position, Dashan Pass has been one of the four major gateways in Guanzhong since ancient times (Hangu Pass in the east, Wu Pass in the south). Pass, there is Dashan Pass in the west and Xiao Pass in the north).
Question 3: Where does Guanzhong refer to? Guanzhong refers to the Guanzhong Plain, the area near present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi Province
The Weihe Plain, also known as the Guanzhong Plain or the Weihe Basin, is a graben-type structural plain. It is between the Qinling Mountains and the Weibei Mountains (Laolong Mountain, Saga Mountain, Yaowang Mountain, Yao Mountain, Huanglong Mountain, etc.). It starts from Baoji in the west and ends at Tongguan in the east, with an altitude of about 323 to 800 meters, a length of about 350 kilometers from east to west, and an area of about 36,000 square kilometers. Because it is between Hangu Pass (later also known as Tongguan) and Dashan Pass (some say it is between Hangu Pass, Dashan Pass, Wuguan and Xiaoguan), it was called "Guanzhong" in ancient times, and also elegantly called "Qinzhong" " said. It was the hometown of the Qin State during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, including the five cities of Xi'an, Baoji, Xianyang, Weinan, Tongchuan and the Yangling Demonstration Zone. It is about 350 kilometers long from east to west, with an average altitude of about 500 meters. It is narrow in the west and wide in the east. It is known as the "Eight Hundred Miles of Qinchuan".
The Weihe Plain is a fault subsidence area, that is, a graben, which was later alluvially formed by the Weihe River and its tributaries, such as the Jinghe River and the Luohe River. It is a key part of the Weihe River Fault Depression Basin. Irrigation has been developed here since ancient times and it is rich in wheat, cotton, etc. It is an important commodity grain-producing area in China. It is the first place in China known as "The Golden City Thousand Miles, the Land of Abundance".
There are natural terrain barriers on all sides, which are easy to defend and difficult to attack. Since the Warring States Period, there has been a saying of "a country with four fortresses". Therefore, Zhang Liang of the Han Dynasty used "Golden City Thousand Miles" to summarize the advantages of Guanzhong to persuade Liu Bang. The capital was Guanzhong. During the Warring States Period, Su Qin presented the plan of "Lian Heng" to King Hui of Qin, and praised Guanzhong for its "fertile fields, prosperous people, thousands of chariots, fighting against hundreds of trades, thousands of miles of fertile fields, and abundant reserves" and said, "This The so-called Tianfu means the most powerful country in the world. This was more than half a century before the Chengdu Plain received the title of "Land of Abundance". This is because after the construction of the Zhengguo Canal in the Warring States Period, Guanzhong became a geomantic treasure land rich in products and where emperors established their capitals.
Question 4: Which places did Guanzhong, Hanzhong and the Central Plains refer to in ancient times? The name Guanzhong existed during the Warring States Period. It is generally believed that it is to the east of Dashan Pass, to the west of Hangu Pass, and to the Wuguan Pass. To the north, to the south of Xiaoguan, it includes the current Xi'an City, as well as four prefecture-level cities, Tongchuan City, Baoji City, Xianyang City and Weinan City, as well as Sanmenxia City in Henan Province. Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, 12 dynasties have been established here. Capitals, such as the Western Zhou Dynasty, Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, etc., lasted for more than 1100 years.
Hanzhong has a long history and is the birthplace of the Han family, with a history of more than 2,300 years. In 206 BC, the Han and Ming Dynasties built plank roads, secretly crossed Chencang, and Zhuge Liang stationed troops in Hanzhong. These little-known stories all happened on this land. Appellations such as Han Dynasty, ***, Han nationality, Chinese language, and Chinese culture have been passed down to this day. Hanzhong is bounded by the Qinling Mountains to the north and Daba Mountain to the south.
The Central Plains in a broad sense refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. Since ancient times, there has been a saying that "whoever wins the Central Plains will win the world." Henan has also been the long-term political, economic and cultural center of China from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors to the Northern Song Dynasty. There were more than 20 dynasties in this land successively, including Xia, Shang, Western Zhou (formed into Zhou Luoyi), Eastern Zhou, Western Han (early period), Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin, Northern Wei, Sui, Tang (including Wu Zhou), Five Dynasties, Northern Song and Jin. Make the capital.
However, in ancient times, Guanzhong, Hanzhong and Central Plains generally referred to the places where the Han people lived together.
Question 5: What was the nickname of Guanzhong in ancient times? Guanzhong got its name because it is between Hangu Pass and Dashan Pass. It was once elegantly called Qinzhong, but the most widely spread and well-known name is Guanzhong, which has been the case since ancient times.
Question 6: "Guanzhong, Guannei, Outside Guandong" refers to which places have different scopes in different eras, and their understandings are also different. "Guan" refers to Hangu Pass, "One man is in charge of the pass, and ten thousand people are in charge of it." "Fu Mokai" is this place. The scope of Guanzhong refers to different areas. The ancients used to call the area west of Hangu Pass Guanzhong. "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong wanted to be the king of Guanzhong and made Ziying his prime minister. "On the Passage of Qin": "The First Emperor's heart was that he thought Guanzhong was solid." "Guanzhong is called Guanzhong because there are Dashan Pass in the west, Hangu Pass in the east, Xiaoguan Pass in the north, and Wuguan Pass in the south. It is a country with four fortresses. In the cold weapon era, these four passes can be called one man's pass. , No one can break it, it is really impregnable.
The city governs ten counties and one district, with a total area of 27,000 square kilometers and a population of 3.72 million. Hanzhong is a national historical and cultural city and a national ecological demonstration construction pilot area. Hanzhong has a profound cultural heritage and unique and beautiful natural scenery. There are 113 cultural relics protection units at all levels in the city, including 10 national key cultural relics protection units, 17 provincial key cultural relics protection units, 1 world human and natural biosphere, and a national key cultural relics protection unit. There are 3 nature reserves, 2 national water conservancy scenic spots, and 3 national forest parks; there are 7 provincial scenic spots, 3 provincial forest parks, and 6 provincial nature reserves.
South of Jianmen Pass, the old name of the central Sichuan area