What are the characteristics of a distinctive house?

have a long history

Huizhou, a mountainous area in southern Anhui, has a long history and profound cultural accumulation, and has preserved a large number of traditional buildings and villages with similar forms and distinctive features. The ancient villages in southern Anhui are not only ingeniously combined with topography, landforms and mountains and rivers, but also with the strong economic strength of Huizhou merchants in Ming and Qing Dynasties, culture and education are increasingly prosperous. After returning home, those Huizhou merchants conceived to build houses with elegant, cultured, lofty and detached mentality, which enriched the cultural environment of ancient villages and made the village landscape more prominent.

Unique place

The biggest difference between the location of ancient villages in southern Anhui and other villages is that the construction and development of ancient villages in southern Anhui have been separated from the dependence on agriculture to a considerable extent. The consciousness, lifestyle and taste of the residents in ancient villages have greatly surpassed the ideology of farmers and the general citizen class, and they are pursuing the literati's house in southern Anhui.

The life interest of the official class is the same, so it has a strong cultural atmosphere. On the basis of the basic pattern, ancient villages in southern Anhui adopted different decorative techniques, such as building small courtyards, digging pools, arranging leaky windows, skillfully setting bonsai, carving beams and painting buildings, and creating elegant living environment, which all reflected the extremely high cultural quality and artistic accomplishment of local residents. The site selection and construction of ancient villages in southern Anhui followed the geomantic theory of Zhouyi, which has a history of more than 2000 years. It emphasizes that man and nature live in harmony and fully respect the ideal realm of the natural environment. Paying attention to material and spirit is a dual demand, with scientific basis and high aesthetic concept. The architectural features of ancient villages in southern Anhui developed with the prosperity of Huizhou merchants in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which can reflect their exquisite thoughts and superb skills to the greatest extent in limited architectural space. This is really a clever architectural form. Later, Huizhou merchants gradually declined, but this Huizhou-style residential building retained its architectural characteristics because it was attached to ancient residential villages, so it has important historical and architectural value.

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The ancient villages in southern Anhui are located in ancient Huizhou (now Huangshan City, Anhui Province and Jixi, Wuyuan, Jiangxi Province). Xidi and Hongcun are the two most representative ancient dwellings, and they are also the typical representative of China's late feudal culture-the carrier of Huizhou culture, which embodies the characteristics of Huizhou-style dwellings with exquisite craftsmanship, well-preserved village form and beautiful scenery. Since ancient times, the village has respected Confucianism and attached great importance to education, and its style of writing is prosperous, which embodies the Huizhou cultural phenomenon that reached its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as the feudal ethical culture of Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism, the clan culture that lived in groups, the geomantic culture of village construction, and the Huizhou merchant culture that was good at Confucianism, etc., with profound historical and cultural connotations. 65438-0999 At the 24th World Heritage Committee of UNESCO, Xidi and Hongcun, two ancient dwellings in yi county, Anhui Province, were listed in the World Heritage List because of their well-preserved traditional features. This is the second time that Huangshan Mountain's natural and cultural landscape has been listed on the World Heritage List. It is also the second city in China with more than two World Heritage Sites after Beijing, and it is also the first time that folk houses have been listed on the World Heritage List.

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Xidi and Hongcun in yi county are the most representative folk houses in southern Anhui, which were listed in the World Heritage List in 2 0 0 0.

Yixian county

Yixian is a small county with a population of only a few hundred thousand. Li Bai, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, once praised: "yi county is a small peach garden with a hundred miles of smoke. There are many plants and trees and people still wear ancient clothes. " It tells the unique artistic conception of rural areas in southern Anhui: beautiful scenery and ancient culture brewing simple and calm folk customs. Xidi, 8 kilometers away from yi county County, was built in the Northern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1049- 1054) and has a history of nearly a thousand years. The village is boat-shaped, with intact ancient dwellings 122 rooms, more than 300 households and a population of 1 1,000. Known as "the epitome of China traditional culture" and "China Ming and Qing Folk House Museum".

Xidi

Xidi is surrounded by mountains, and two streams meet at Huiyuan Bridge in the south of the village from the north and east respectively. The village takes a vertical street and two downstream roads as the main skeleton, forming a village street system that extends eastward and runs through the north and south, and folk customs in southern Anhui.

Streets and alleys are paved with bluestone in Yixian County, and ancient buildings are mostly maintained by wooden structures and brick walls. Wood carving, stone carving and brick carving are rich and colorful, the alley is in harmony with the architectural design layout, the village space is flexible and changeable, and the architectural color is simple and elegant, which is a typical representative of Huizhou architectural art in China.

Hongcun

Hongcun now has 140 well-preserved ancient dwellings in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Rows of stacked courtyards in the village are in harmony with the beautiful lakes and mountains, with appropriate movements, scenery everywhere and step by step. Hongcun has wonderful rural scenery and is known as "the village in Chinese painting". Xidi has 124 ancient Ming and Qing dwellings and 3 ancestral halls. The "three wonders" (houses, ancestral halls and memorial archways) and "three sculptures" (wood carving, stone carving and brick carving) representing the architectural style of Huizhou folk houses have been well preserved here.

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White walls and harmony are the outstanding impressions of Huizhou architecture. The patchwork horse-headed wall not only has the beauty of modeling, but also has the practical function of firewall to stop the spread of fire. One of the characteristics of Huizhou folk houses is high walls and deep courtyards. On the one hand, it is to prevent thieves, on the other hand, it is the need for mobile families suffering from displacement to gain psychological security. Another feature of Huizhou folk houses is the inner courtyard centered on the deep patio, surrounded by high walls, with almost no tiles outside, and only the narrow patio is used for lighting, ventilation and communication with the outside world. This basic shape with patio as the center and high walls closed is the focus of attention. Rainwater falling on rainy days flows into the patio from four roofs, commonly known as "four waters return to the hall", which also vividly reflects the mentality of Huizhou merchants that "fat water does not flow to outsiders", similar to Shanxi folk houses. Folk houses in southern Anhui take Min Lane in southern Anhui.

It is famous for its preservation of a large number of ancient buildings in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Xin 'an is the hometown of culture, and there are many bureaucrats and businessmen in history. There are hundreds of non-commissioned officers in Shexian County alone. Huizhou merchants are all over southern Anhui. "The leaders of rich houses are the first to promote Xin 'an in the south of the Yangtze River", and their great wealth has created this exquisite museum of ancient houses in southern Anhui. The ancient buildings in Huizhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties were mainly concentrated in yi county, Shexian, Jixi and Xiuning. Yixian has more than ten ancient villages such as Xidi, Hongcun, Bishan and Pingshan. There are many ancient buildings in Miancheng. The county has preserved hundreds of valuable ancient buildings. There is 122 building in Xidi alone. There are 365 ancient buildings, more than 0/00 precious buildings and 27 ancient ancestral halls in Shexian County, which are concentrated in Xiongcun, Chengkan, Qiankou, Tang Yue and Shen Du villages. Jixi now has more than 100 ancient buildings, concentrated in Xiangtou, Kengkou, fengcun and Shangzhuang. Ancient villages are generally composed of memorial archways, houses, ancestral halls, water inlets, road pavilions and workshops. Some villages are very large, for example, there are 99 streets and lanes in Chengkan, and strangers often get lost when they go in. Many villages are well organized, and the water system in Hongcun is an example. Hongcun dammed the mountain at the head of the village, and the canals in the village entered every household from both sides of the street and merged into the Moon Pond in the middle of the village. Then it is diverted to households and flows into South Lake. Every household has large and small canals for washing clothes and drinking water. The layout of residential buildings is generally a courtyard centered on the courtyard, with a height of two floors. Large and medium-sized houses adopt multi-courtyard combination, and the buildings are all white walls and tiles. In the old days, the buildings of many large families were large in scale, decorated with three sculptures in Huizhou, with exquisite layout and patchwork. Pieces of ancient buildings in southern Anhui are embedded in the vast mountains and beautiful waters of Huangshan Mountain, Jiuhua Mountain and Xin 'anjiang River. It is a world-class park without makeup.

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Houses in southern Anhui are all buildings with more than two floors, surrounded by a small patio, and the hall is on the north side of the patio. There are no walls, doors and windows between the hall and the patio. It is an open space. In the north of the main hall, that is, behind it, there is a wooden Taishi wall with doors without doors on both sides. Furniture such as long tables and square tables are placed in front of the Taishi wall. On the east and west sides of the hall, there are several groups of armchairs and coffee tables, and people often put some electrical appliances on them as a dress.

Characteristic gatehouse

Huizhou architecture format. The doors of Huizhou buildings are all equipped with gatehouses (the smaller ones are called door covers), which are mainly used to prevent rainwater from splashing on the doors along the walls. Generally, the door covers of farmers' homes are relatively simple. At a distance from the upper part of the door frame, the eaves and feet protruding outward are made of water mill bricks, covered with tiles and carved with some simple decorations. The gatehouse of the rich family is very particular, and there are many brick carvings or stone carvings. On the fifth floor of Jinshi Gate Building in Yansi Town, Huizhou District, there are three rooms and four columns, which are built in imitation of the Ming Dynasty archway and are made of bluestone and water-milled bricks. The gatehouse is carved with double lions playing ball, which is vivid in image and exquisite in knife work. There are huge drum stones on both sides of the column, which are elegant and luxurious. In the gatehouse of a residential building in Yuliang Town, Shexian County, there is a brick carving "Hundred Pictures" between two horizontal purlins. Hundreds of figures carved at the screen level have different shapes, full of charm and lifelike. The gatehouse is the facade of the house and a symbol of the owner's status.

Chuantang style

Structural model of Huizhou architecture. Also called back to the hall. The main hall is located at the back of the main hall, which is closely connected with the main hall and is a transitional building for the main hall to enter the inner room. Most of them are wooden floors, and three rooms are opposite the hall. People enter through the doors on both sides of the front screen of the hall. One hall and two rooms. The hall is smaller than the formal three rooms and has patio lighting.

Hall style

Structural model of Huizhou architecture. The hall is a bright hall, and the three rooms are opened and closed by movable partitions, which is convenient for use in winter. There are two corridors in the main hall, facing the patio. There is also a screen door in the middle of the crowd, which goes in and out from both sides every day. Courtesy activities, from the screen door in and out of the middle door. The variation of the hall sometimes has a side door population, and the patio has rooms to entertain visitors, or the main entrance population has two wings. The hall is mainly used for ceremonial activities of Huizhou folk houses, such as welcoming VIPs and handling wedding and funeral gifts. It is also a place for daily activities and the main part of the whole house.

Kiss on the roof

Huizhou architecture format. Refers to the emblem of large-scale heraldic kiss ornaments. Huizhou ancient poetry hall, ancestral temple, mansion and other large-scale buildings follow the official practice of Song Dynasty's architectural law, and adopt large roof ridge kiss, including forehead kiss, squatting ridge kiss, hanging ridge kiss, horned beast, trapping beast and so on. Modeling is different from the official practice and belongs to the Huizhou school. And the origin is accompanied by many interesting legends. Kissing: pointing at both ends of the roof and holding the roof. The origin of Aoyu (arowana) is relatively primitive. It is said that the "Bailiang Hall" was built by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and it experienced fire. The alchemist said, "There are fish in the South China Sea, and the water is clear, so the rain is heavy, and the temple kisses the fire." Kissing is inherited like this. Another example is the vertical spine kiss: the figure ornaments located at the head of the vertical spine are called "immortals". There are different opinions about immortals. There is often a saying among the people that Dagong Jiang is here to "kill the devil and catch the special". It is also pointed out that "Dayu" must be restrained, for fear that there are too many fish on the roof, which may easily turn over and flood, so please ask "Yu Wang" to keep watch. Some people say that the Hercules "Erlang God" split the mountain to save his mother, and the beast on his back is the "roaring dog", which also means that Erlang God catches evil spirits in this town. All kinds of statements are protecting peace and expressing endless happiness.

Flying chair

Huizhou architecture format. An elegant name for setting armchairs around the patio upstairs in Huizhou residential buildings.

High walls and deep houses

Structural model of Huizhou architecture. There are many ancient houses in Huizhou, surrounded by high walls, which are called "firewalls". From a distance, they look like ancient castles. Except for the gate, there are only a few small windows in the house, and the lighting mainly depends on the patio. This kind of residence is often deep, with a vestibule in the entrance, a patio in the middle and a hall in the back, which is generally where people live. The hall is separated by the middle door, and there is also a two-bedroom and one-bedroom apartment. There is another uphill wall behind the hall, with a patio and wings on both sides. This is the first entry. The structure of the second entrance is that the ridge is divided into two halls, two days before and after the well, with partition, four rooms and two halls. The structure of the third item, the fourth item or more items in the future is roughly the same. This kind of deep house is lived by a family. With the reproduction of children and grandchildren, houses will be built one by one, so the big house has the saying "36 patios and 72 sill windows". Generally, one sticks into the other. When the door is closed, each household lives independently; As soon as the door opened, a gate came in and out, and an ancestor sacrificed. Vividly embodies the cohabitation folk custom in ancient Huizhou. This kind of building with high walls and deep houses is rare at home and abroad, and the folk customs of thousands of people have never been scattered.