Brief introduction of Zhou Li
Zhou Li, formerly known as Zhou Guan, is one of the pre-Qin ancient books collected from the people by Liu De, the king of Hejian, during the Wang Jun period in the Western Han Dynasty. Zhou Li is a Confucian classic and one of the thirteen classics. Biography was written by Zhou Gongdan, but in fact it may have been induced and created during the Warring States Period.
Jia's Preface to the Justice of Zhou Rites contains: "The official of Zhou Dynasty began at the time of filial piety, kept secret but not passed on"; "Because of the rock wall, back into the secret house, five Confucianism don't see how. Emperor Xiao Cheng, talent is Liu Xianghe's secretarial school, and the preface is written in Luhelue. However, one of his "winter officials" died, and "Kao Gong Ji" was enough.
It was not until Liu Xiang and Liu Xin sorted out the secret documents that Zhou Guan was discovered and recorded. During Wang Mang's reign, due to the invitation of Liu Xin, Zhou Guan was listed as a scholar and renamed Zhou Li. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xin's disciple Du Zichun taught Li Zhouxue. He once paid attention to the bees at home. Zheng said: "Since the ancestors, Dr. Zheng Shaogan was a master, and Zhong Shi was the son of the master. Therefore, I negotiated with the doctor, Wei Zhongzhong, to serve Jia Junjing and Bo, and to serve Ma Ji, the magistrate of Nanjun County. They all wrote Li Zhoujie. " At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan, a master of Confucian classics, made a note for it, and Zhou Li jumped to the top of the "Three Rites".
Scholars in past dynasties have had a long-term debate about the author and age of Zhou Li. For example, the Summary of Siku said: "(Zhou Li) is among the classics, and its authenticity is also controversial. Famous ancient scholars, such as Liang Qichao, Hu Shi, Gu Jiegang, Qian Mu, Qian, Guo Moruo, Xu, Du, Yang Xiangkui, etc. , all took part in the big discussion. There are six opinions about Western Zhou Dynasty, Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasties, Early Han Dynasty and Wang Mang Forgery.
An important fact is that all the pre-Qin documents did not mention the book Zhou Li. Among the pre-Qin documents, there are Zhou Guan in Shangshu and Wang Zhi in Xunzi.
However, Shangshu Zhouguan has been lost, and there are only a few hundred words left in the ancient prose Shangshu Zhouguan. It was once thought that the original name of Zhou Li was Zhou Guan, and it should be a chapter of Zhou Guan in Shangshu. But we can be sure that "Zhou Li" is not the "Zhou Guan" mentioned in Preface to Shangshu. Jia's Preface to Zhou Li quoted the biography of Han Ma Rong: Zheng Zhong said in the preface that "becoming a king is not only a disgrace to his life, but also a reward and a loss to Feng"; He also quoted Zheng as saying that it was a slip of the tongue. Zheng Xuan further pointed out: Shangshu, Pan Geng, Gao Kang, fortune teller, Taishigui ","There are only three thousand words today ",while Zhou Li is six tens of thousands of different essays"; "What a book does is written according to current events, and the words of the monarch and the minister lead to life", while "Zhou Li" begins with words, unlike books, so it is difficult to belong to it. The Preface to the Notes on the Rites of Zhou quoted Han Confucianism as saying, "However, the Rites of Zhou began in Emperor Cheng and Liu Xin, and was made in Zheng Xuan, which lasted for more than half a year. Therefore, Lin Xiaocun thought that Emperor Wu knew that the book Zhou Guan was blasphemous and untested in the last days, and pretended to write ten papers and seven difficult problems to get rid of it. He Xiu also believes that the Book of Six Kingdoms has a conspiracy. " These materials have actually proved that "Zhou Li" is not a "commercial barrier".
The official system recorded in Xunzi Wang Zhi can generally reflect the degree of development of official systems in various countries at the end of the Warring States Period, but there are only more than 70 official names, about one-fifth of that in Zhou Li, and there is no six official systems like Zhou Li.
In addition, there are many official records in Chunqiu Zuozhuan and Guoyu, but no country has the same official system as Zhou Li. Although several official names can be found in every period from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Western Han Dynasty, no one can be sure which dynasty or vassal state conforms to the official system of Zhou Li. In addition, there are many records about the official system in Book of Rites, Book of Rites and Mencius, but they are often different from Zhou Li's official system. Therefore, according to Zhou Li, Sun Chuzhi was quoted in the Summary of Siku: "The capital system does not conform to Zhao Gao and Luogao, the system of sealing off the country does not conform to Wu Chengmeng, the system of appointing officials does not conform to Zhou Guan, and the system of nine capitals does not conform to Yu Gong. Furthermore, it is pointed out that "the Ritual Classic in Zuo Zhuan can't be found in Zhou Li". Rites and betrothal gifts are different from Zhang Ke's articles, and they are devoted to harmonious things, the quantity of rice and straw, the reality of beans and pots and pans; In addition, the system of waiting for the emperor and the king in the big shooting ceremony is different from that in the four shots. Miscellaneous Notes of the Book of Rites records that people hold their laurels, which is different from the words of Dian Rui. The number of seats for emperors and princes in the ritual system is different from that for Si Jiyan. "And so on, and these two" gifts "are contradictory."
The explanation of all these contradictions in the Summary of Siku is: "Fu's Zhou Li was written at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, but the things that can be tested in the Zhou Dynasty are unknown only after the Spring and Autumn Period and the gains and losses of the official system and political code for more than 300 years before its eastward movement, except for the old and the new. It didn't go far to Cheng Kang at first, but because of its old chapter, it changed slightly. Not all the people who changed hands were Duke Zhou. So the afterlife law broke into it, and its books were miscellaneous. The farther he goes, the more people are infeasible, and his book will be abolished. " He also quoted Zhang Zai's "Quotations from Hengqu": "Zhou Li" is a serious book, but it must be added in the last days. "Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, Sun Yirang wrote" Justice of Zhou Rites ",still insisting that" Zhou Rites "was written by the Duke of Zhou:" In the past, the ambition of Yue Gong, civil and military officials, and the political affairs were all described in the house to form a constitution, and there was a "Code of Zhou Dynasty", which was fully prepared. " (Preface to Justice of Zhou Rites) But this conclusion has been questioned by many scholars since modern times. In fact, Sun Yirang's own preface said: "This sutra has been passed down by hundreds of kings, and it is suitable for its long and short", "It is not a classic of the Zhou Dynasty" and "It was all decided by the Duke of Zhou?" Today, most scholars believe that Zhou Li was written in the Warring States Period (even in the early Han Dynasty).