The custom of the ancient royal family
Palace etiquette generally refers to the etiquette system that ancient emperors and their family members must follow and the established habits and rules that occurred in the court. It is permeated with the strict feudal hierarchy of respect between monarch and minister.
Palace etiquette is much more complicated and strict than folk etiquette, but it is also an indirect reflection of social folk etiquette. Some emperors attended court ceremonies in person, some queens attended, and some took the children of emperors and other officials as the main roles.
Second, court etiquette.
1. Royal Sacrifice
Including offering sacrifices to land, heaven and ancestors, it is an important ceremonial activity of the court, presided over by the court etiquette department.
(1) Sacrificial Ceremony to Heaven
Sacrificing to heaven, also known as offering sacrifices to heaven, suburbs and southern suburbs, is a grand ceremony for emperors to sacrifice gods, and it is also the most grand and grand activity in the sacrificial ceremonies of emperors in past dynasties.
Fasting: There are three kinds: fasting, fasting and fasting. During fasting, the emperor and all other civil and military officials attending the ceremony must bathe and change clothes, abstain from lust, drink no wine, eat no meat, and stay away from women, which is used to show their piety to heaven.
Display: The requirements for display are more stringent when offering sacrifices to heaven, mainly including the order of things to be done, the location of things, the location outside the door, the location of sacrificial utensils, the location of gods and so on. Strictly abide by the rules, which also has a far-reaching impact on our life today, such as the general fish and other dishes will be placed in the middle.
Sacrificial containers: put all kinds of sacrificial containers in various designated positions, and then clean and sweep them.
(4) Offering jade and silk: playing the song of Su He.
(2) Ancestral Temple Sacrifice
The so-called ancestral temple, according to the explanation of its name, records: "Zong, Zun also; The temple is also beautiful, and the ancestors are also there. " The ancients in our country thought that the ancestral hall was the place where ancestors and the dead lived. If the sacrificial vessels in the ancestral temple are removed, it means the demise of a country.
(3) Closing ceremony
Irregular ceremonies of ancient emperors offering sacrifices to heaven and earth.
2. Imperial ceremony
The ceremony of enthronement, the ceremony of conferring the crown prince, the wedding ceremony of the emperor (six ceremonies: winning the lottery, asking the name, Najib, accepting the levy, inviting guests, and welcoming the relatives), the birthday ceremony of the emperor, the title, the emblem and the royal festival ceremony.
Attachment: royal etiquette terms
Festivals, feather fans, blowing dust, covers, music.
3. Palace political etiquette
(1) Meeting Ceremony
There were two main imperial meetings in ancient China:
Grand dynasty: There are hundreds of civil and military officials in the imperial parliament, sometimes including foreign envoys. This is a very solemn ceremony.
Chang Chao: It is one of the important activities for emperors to handle state affairs. Rites are the etiquette rules for emperors and cultural relics officials to handle government affairs at court.
In the Song Dynasty, according to the size of official positions and positions, courtiers clearly defined the order in which civil and military officials entered the palace: Taishi, Taifu, Taibao, Taiwei, Situ, Sikong, Taizi Taishi, Taizi Taifu, Taizi Taibao, County King, Taizi Shaobao, Dawei, Daduhufu, Physician, Liushangshu, Assistant Minister and Dali Temple Minister.
(2) Guo Jun 10.
After the monarch abdicated, the scholar-officials met with him privately, which was called "Jane Eyre" in literature.
In short, the position of monarch and minister is also based on the position of monarch facing south. If the monarch does not stand facing the south, he should salute the monarch due east or west. When the monarch is in class, there is no strict rule about which step I take, so I will go to class from which step you are near.
4. Courtyard life etiquette
The etiquette of court life is mainly aimed at women, including queens, concubines and courtiers ... Three palaces and six courtiers, among which the etiquette culture is extremely complicated, but it is the preference of costume film and television dramas. Let's take the court etiquette of the Qing Dynasty as an example to illustrate.
(1) clothing
Clothing is not only to keep out the cold and privacy, but also a symbol of the rank and status of feudal society. In the royal court, dress should be based on status, status and rank. If the royal family uses bright yellow, this is the royal service color.
Qing dynasty harem costumes:
queen
The queen's crown clothes can be divided into formal clothes and auspicious clothes. She wears formal clothes at every ceremony and auspicious clothes at ordinary times. The top of the dress is decorated with three layers, embroidered with three small golden phoenix, decorated with pearls, and there is a big pearl on the top; There are seven small golden phoenix around the tassel of the red hat, and there is a "Golden Zhai" behind it, decorated with precious opal and pearls; Zhai Wei consists of five strings of pearls, with a total of * * * 30 1 bead. The robe is bright yellow, embroidered with golden dragons on the back of the chest, and decorated with five-color sea of clouds at the bottom. The skirt is pleated and the jacket is shaped like a vest. Gifford's pattern is relatively simple, but the embroidery is gorgeous and the workmanship is extremely fine.
The queen has many ornaments, such as beads, earrings, walking and shaking, all made of gold, coral, pearls and jade. Generally speaking, the queen wears court clothes and hangs three strings of court pearls, one string of oriental pearls and two strings of corals; Wear a uniform with a crown, robe and jade belt.
imperial concubine
Concubines in the harem of the Qing Dynasty can wear high heels without binding their feet. The heel of Manchu traditional high-heeled shoes is about three to five inches high, which is similar to the stilts in the middle of the sole and is called "flowerpot shoes". They should put on cheongsam, comb their "two heads" and bring accessories such as walking.
(2) Daily etiquette
First of all, the hierarchy of the harem in the Qing Dynasty.
The order from high to low is:
The queen (one person), followed by the imperial concubine (one person), followed by the imperial concubine (two people), the princess (four people), the wife (six people), the aristocrat (indefinite number), the constant presence (indefinite number), the promise (indefinite number) and the maid-in-waiting.
welcome
There are two manners of kneeling on one knee in Qing dynasty: one is called "cheating", which is a common ceremony for slaves to meet their masters and subordinates to meet their superiors. Hang down your right hand, bend your left knee and lean forward slightly. The other is the "welcome ceremony", in which the man's action is to kneel down; When a woman moves, she presses her left knee with both hands, slightly bends her right knee and squats.
There are four kinds of etiquette in the daily life of the palace: bowing down, kowtowing, bowing down, greeting and nodding.
Bow down ",divided into one, one, three, six, three nine and so on.
The so-called "Su" means upright.
The so-called "kneeling" means kneeling on the right leg first, and then kneeling on the left leg.
The so-called "knocking" is kowtowing.
"Knife Wan Fu" and "knife Wan Fu" are a kind of etiquette of Manchu, and it is also a kind of etiquette when women greet their elders or superiors. When saluting, the left leg is forward, the right leg is backward, the legs are crossed, the right hand is up, the left hand is down, the fingers are together, and they are placed on the left side, and they are squatting at the same time, not exceeding 50 degrees.
"Instant", nod.
The basic principle of salute is to perform high-level etiquette compared with people with high levels and low-level etiquette compared with people with low levels.
title
When the emperor or empress dowager summoned, all the officials in the Qing Dynasty knelt down. Han Dynasty ministers must call themselves "XX ministers respectfully request the imperial edict of the emperor (or empress dowager)", while Manchu ministers call themselves "slaves". Empresses, concubines and Manchu ministers called the emperor "emperor" in person or behind his back, and only the empress dowager or imperial concubine called the emperor "emperor"; The emperor. "
For concubines, eunuchs call them "masters". Starting with a title, the written words are called "themes". As for the title of the prince, it is not quite the same as the "brother" in the current film and television drama. In the Qing dynasty, the names of governors were different. "Brother" is the title of a vassal, and officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and eunuchs are called "X Lord" according to the ranking of vassals. The written style is called "yellow x" according to the ranking. The emperor's daughter was called "Gege" before she was awarded the princess.
Three. Appendix-Other Common Items
Section 1: The object of the emperor's voucher is "If I come in person".
2. Feather fan: A large fan made of peacock feathers and other bird feathers with a long wooden handle, which is used to strengthen the facade and expand the momentum.
3. Blowing dust: made of yak tail and ponytail, held by eunuchs and etiquette personnel for ritual needs.
4. Cover: Also known as Gai Hua and Huang Gai. Some people call it an "umbrella cover"
5. Music: If there are no special circumstances, you need to play music. Palace music is mainly divided into two categories: etiquette and entertainment.