How many tombs were there in the Tang Dynasty?
The size and shape of the eighteen tombs in the Tang Dynasty are different, as are the types and quantities of stone carvings and the setting of cemeteries, but they all reflect the political, economic and cultural conditions at different stages in the history of nearly 3 years, as well as the characteristics of the mausoleum system in the Tang Dynasty.
The shape of the mausoleum in the Tang Dynasty can be divided into two types:
One is to accumulate soil for burial. It is modeled after the mausoleum of Qin and Han Dynasties, and the enclosure is tall and shaped like a bucket. That is to say, choose the land of Gaofu and dig the tomb from the ground down. The tomb was called "Fang Zhong" in ancient times, and the land above the ground was called "Fang Shang". This kind of mausoleum is called "Mountain Mausoleum", also known as "Mountain". Just because it is shaped like a mountain. In the early Tang Dynasty, in the ninth year of Zhenguan (AD 635), the great-grandfather Li Yuan died and built a tomb. Emperor Taizong wrote a letter: "Mountain Mausoleum is based on the story of Han Changling (Emperor Gaozu Liu Bangling), and the service lies in Chonghou." Advised by ministers, Fang Xuanling's opinion was adopted, namely, "Fang Xuanling thought that the Changling Mausoleum in Han Dynasty was nine feet high, and the original Mausoleum (Guangwu in Eastern Han Dynasty) was six feet high. Today, the nine feet are too worshipful, and the three blades are too humble. Please follow the system of the original Mausoleum". (The Compendium of a Mirror) Later, it was modeled after the Mausoleum where the tomb was buried, and there were Li Zhan Zhuang Mausoleum, Li Yanduan Mausoleum, and Li Xian Jing Mausoleum. ***4 seats. However, Xianling imitated the Han system because the national power and financial resources were not strong in the early Tang Dynasty. However, Zhuangling, Duanling and Jingling were due to the decline of the country in the late Tang Dynasty and the anxiety of the imperial regime, especially Jingling, which was hasty.
the other is to take the mountain as the mausoleum. It started from Zhaoling of Taizong and was perfected in Ganling of Gaozong. Since then, it has formed a system with 14 seats. The system of relying on mountains as tombs also originated from the previous dynasty, when Emperor Han ruled the tombs, "Because of mountains as tombs" and "Because of mountains, we can't afford graves". In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, many emperors took mountains as tombs, and in the Southern Dynasties, many emperors followed suit. In the tenth year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (AD 637), Changsun Shi, the queen of Wende, died, and Taizong issued a decree to build Zhaoling Stone Palace because of the peak of Jiuzhang Mountain, and ordered his descendants to abide by this law forever. The method of building a mausoleum by the mountain is to dig a tomb and tomb from the middle of the mountain to the mountain, in which stone masonry is strong and abnormal. This kind of tomb system is stronger and safer than a tomb with soil as a grave. That is, the so-called "I don't know where it is after I want to change generations", so I can make "rape and theft". Depending on the mountain as the mausoleum, Shi Xiong, a poet of the Song Dynasty, thinks that it is more effective with half the effort. He said: "Yu Guan's luxurious burial in the mausoleum of the emperor since ancient times is nothing like the Qin Emperor Hanwu, with a labor service of 6,, and one third of the taxes in the world are paid to the mausoleum of Qin. Qinling is only 5 feet high, and Maoling is only 14 feet high, because it is not because of the Tang Dynasty. The reason for Zhaoling is Jiuzhang, the reason for Ganling is Liangshan, and the reason for Tailing is Jinsu and Weizhongfeng, which rise from the top of the mountain and are surrounded by hills and hills, and have the shape of dragons and phoenixes. The people are strong, and the situation is strong. He Qin and Han's foot is full! "
The 18th Tombs of the Tang Dynasty all have Zhaocheng planning, cemetery architecture and stone carving layout, but they are different in size and number for different reasons. According to the literature records, the scope of each tomb is the largest in the early Zhaoling Tomb, which is 6 kilometers per week; Ganling is second, 4 kilometers per week; Tailing is next, 38 kilometers a week; The Ming Tombs of Ding, Qiao, Jian, Yuan, Chong, Feng, Jing, Guang, Zhuang, Zhang, Duan, Xun and Jing are next, and the surrounding area is still 2 kilometers; Xianling is the smallest, only 1 kilometers a week. (According to He Zicheng's statistics). All the tombs are surrounded by walls, and the city circle surrounded by walls is irregular square, and those who accumulate soil for burial are more regular. There is one gate in the middle of the city wall in the east, west, north and south, with Zhuquemen in the south, Xuanwu Gate in the north, Qinglong Gate in the east and Baihumen in the west. There is a memorial hall in Zhuquemen, a lower palace in the southwest of Mausoleum, and sleeping halls in Xuanwumen of Mausoleum and Zhaoling, all of which are places for offering sacrifices to Mausoleum. There is a Shinto outside the Suzaku Gate, and stone instruments are set on both sides of the Shinto, forming a system from Ganling. From south to north, there are 1 pair of watches, 1 pair of exotic animals, 1 pair of ostriches, 5 pairs of stone birds and 1 pairs of stone men, 3 pairs of stone horses outside the Xuanwu Gate, and 1 pair of stone lions in front of the four city gates, all of which are tall, magnificent, lifelike and very powerful. There are one pair of gates outside the four city gates, one corner gate in each corner of the city, one pair of breast tables in the south of Shinto outside Zhuquemen, and one pair of magpie tables in the south. These 16 gate buildings, together with four gate buildings and other temples, make the whole cemetery magnificent and magnificent. The whole cemetery building layout researchers think it is modeled after Chang' an city; Mausoleum (or Xuan Palace) is the main building, which stands high in the north of the cemetery, surrounded by walls, with a city gate in the middle of the walls, and a memorial hall in Zhuquemen. This part seems to be Miyagi in Chang 'an City. The distance from the gate que outside Suzaku Gate to the breast platform is about 7 meters, and stone instruments are placed on both sides of the Shinto, which symbolizes the ceremonial ceremony of the emperor's patrol, just like the arrangement of the three provinces and nine temples in Chang 'an City, and this part seems to be the imperial city of Chang 'an City. Within a distance of about two or three kilometers from Rutai to Quetai, there are tombs of Xiagong, relatives and heroes, which are scattered all over the place, just like Fangli, and this part is still the outer city of Chang 'an City.
The system of burying the tombs in the Tang Dynasty originated from the Han Dynasty. In the eleventh year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan (AD 637), the imperial edict said, "From now on, those who have made contributions to the cause of death should be given a place and a secret weapon, so that when they die, there will be no shortage of funerals. In the 19th year of Zhenguan (A.D. 645), "Xu's descendants were buried". Therefore, from the early Tang Dynasty to the prosperous Tang Dynasty, all the tombs were buried with graves. According to the investigation in recent years, there are 52 buried tombs in Xianling, more than 18 buried tombs in Zhaoling, 17 buried tombs in Ganling, 15 buried tombs in Dingling and 12 buried tombs in Qiaoling. Since Tailing, there have been one or two, but most of them have none. The funerary system in Tang Mausoleum from prosperity to decline is a reflection of the prosperity and decline of the Tang Dynasty. In the early Tang Dynasty, emperor gaozu Li Yuan and emperor Taizong Li Shimin were the founding kings, and the country was thriving and full of vitality. The relationship between the monarch and the ministers was "just like a boat" and they were buried in the same place, which not only won the heroes, but also won the descendants of the heroes, which was beneficial and harmless to consolidating the political power. Since Emperor Gaozong and Wu Zetian, the royal family has eaten each other's flesh and blood, the monarch and the minister are separated, the martial arts are unjust, the murder is carried out, and the arrogance is abused. Everyone is in danger, so who else is worthy of being buried in such interpersonal relationships? Who dares to be buried with him? After the prosperous Tang Dynasty, party struggles intensified, eunuchs were dictatorial, treacherous court officials were in power, the separatist regime in Fanzhen became increasingly serious, the political situation in the imperial court was unstable, interpersonal relationships were weak, and the burial system naturally declined.