Did Tibet belong to the central government in the Tang Dynasty?
The Relationship between Tang Dynasty and Tubo in China History
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First, the origin of the relationship between Tang and Fan and its historical burial basis
Tubo appeared in the history of China in the early 7th century. At that time, it was the reign of Songzan Gambu (the Tang book said that the praise was abandoned and the translation was poor). Prior to this, Tubo was a local government and had no contact with Chinese mainland, so it was not recorded in Chinese. Only in the Sui Dynasty, there was a country called Dongnvguo, which communicated with the Sui Dynasty, and Tang Gaozu and Wu Dezhong also paid tribute to the Tang people. This country of oriental women, or Tang Dynasty. At the end of Sui Dynasty and the beginning of Yong Dynasty, Tubo successively unified the tribes of Qiang or other nationalities in this area, such as Tang Fang, Toarey Yang, Supi and Guo Fu, and gradually merged more than 100 primitive Qiang tribes scattered on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with some non-Qiang tribes in the western regions. This is Tubo. The rule of Songtsan Gampo was consistent with that of Li Shimin, the second emperor of the Tang Dynasty. In the eighth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign (AD 634), Songzan Gambu sent envoys to ask questions in the Tang Dynasty, and Feng Dexia, the envoy of the Tang Dynasty, made friends in Luo 'an (now Lhasa). This is the beginning of the relationship between the unified dynasty and Tubo established by the Central Plains in the history of China. At that time, the two sides did not seem to know enough: therefore, the words "coming to Korea" or "coming to tribute" were recorded in their respective chronicles.
Through Feng Dexia's re-employment, Songzan Gambu married the Turkish and Tuguhun Princess Tang, so he also proposed to Tang. With the marriage of Princess Wencheng in Tang Dynasty and Zangpu Songzan Gambu in Tubo, the communication and competition between Tang Dynasty and Tubo began. Although China was founded more than 2,000 years earlier than Tubo, it was during this period that it established formal ties with Tubo. Nevertheless, the origin of Tubo ancestors and the Chinese nation and the indirect relationship with Shang, Zhou, Qin and Han dynasties are always inseparable. At the same time, from the early Tang Dynasty, it officially became one of the main members of this unified multi-ethnic country, which was also based on its profound ethnic, historical and geographical factors. It is not comprehensive enough to say that it has joined the ranks of new elements of the Chinese nation halfway; As for the west in terms of ethnic origin, it is a rootless talk with ulterior motives.
Ethnically, according to archaeological data in recent years, today's Neolithic human remains in Tibet belong to Mongolian race. 1983, the Quaternary vertebrate fossils and ancient cultural relics were discovered for the first time in Hengduan Mountain area, indicating that primitive people were active in this area before Neolithic Age. As for the activities of the Qiang people, the oldest ethnic group in western China, there are records in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, inscriptions and ancient books. At the same time, during the Qin and Han Dynasties, Qiang and Tang Fang of the Qiang nationality entered northern Tibet from Heyuan. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there was also a saying that six yaks of Qiang people entered the present Tibet. Before the Sui Dynasty, the tribal countries active in this area were all attached to the state and their enthusiasm was high. There were Nvguo, Baoji, Supi, Toarey Yang, Tangut and other tribes in Sui Dynasty, which were the main members of Tubo at that time. The Qiang nationality was the largest clan since Qin and Han Dynasties. The ethnic composition of Tubo can be said to be the combination of Qiang tribe and other ancient western nations, which appeared in historical books, while the two theories of coming from the south to the west are due to the religious attachment after the introduction of Indian Buddhism; First, the political incitement after the invasion of modern western imperialism from the east has no historical basis.
The formation of the Tubo nationality is dominated by the ancient Qiang nationality in western China, which is not difficult to see from the geographical distribution and language sources of Tibetans today. Speaking of Qiang people, their ancestors are the legendary Yandi people. Yan Di entered the Central Plains earlier and formed the earliest ancestor of Han nationality with Huangdi nationality. Therefore, the ancestors of Han people in modern China became the main body of Han people from the Han Dynasty, first in the form of Huangyan Alliance, and then through the marriage of Ji and Jiang. After the Han Dynasty, although there were differences and combinations, they even became identical bodies with different qualities in a certain historical category, but from the perspective of national origin, this is an undeniable historical essence. Except for Qiangrong, which did not enter the Central Plains during the Huangyan Alliance, or was driven to the west of China when Qin Mugong, Qin Xiangong and Xirong competed for hegemony, it was still in the social stage of settlement and nomadism due to traffic barriers and cultural backwardness. By the time Tubo unified the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which had been scattered by Qiang tribes since Qin, Han, Wei and Jin dynasties, and established the first unified kingdom with Qiang as the main body, its slave social nature and nomadic economic form had not changed. However, once this long-term social state formed by geographical environment and mode of production is politically unified and a powerful national organization is established, the backward social and economic outlook must be rapidly changed under the impetus of the situation.
If the Tubo society wants to make a breakthrough and develop, the first thing is to communicate with neighboring countries and regions. In this regard, if it develops to Nipolo and Tianzhu areas in the south, it will obviously be limited by climate, wind and human feelings, because once it enters the humid and hot zone from the alpine zone, it will be difficult to adapt in a short time. They can only engage in cultural and economic exchanges, take advantage of its emerging trend, brave the wind and snow, bend horses and bows, enter the terrain and climate-adapted areas with fast and powerful cavalry units, and then plunder the means of production and living. This is the fundamental reason why Tubo entered the northeast to annex Tuyuhun and Tangut, entered Songzhou in the east to seize Qiang controlled by Tang, and entered Khotan in the north to compete with Tang for four towns, which are the main roads between China and the West. It was also the historical development of Tubo at that time. In line with this situation, there is also a historical factor for Tubo to move eastward and northward, that is, Tianshan South Road and the southwest areas of Qinghai, Gansu and Sichuan at that time were all areas where Qiang, clan, Tuguhun and Xianbei (bald, begging, yifu, etc.) lived together. ) and other non-Han people are closely related to Tubo in production and life, and keep consistent with Tubo in many aspects, further contributing to it. Therefore, after the merger of Luo Tang and Su Pi, Tubo paved the way for attacking Tuguhun in the northeast. After the conquest of Yang Tong, conditions were created for the northward attack on Khotan. In this way, today's Qinghai, Sichuan and the four western towns (Qiuci, Yutian, Yanqi and Shule) clashed with the Tang Dynasty, which founded the Central Plains. Not only that, it also forms a threatening situation with Persia, Dashi and Nanzhao in the southeast. In this complicated relationship of conflicts and negotiations in many aspects, comparatively speaking, the relationship between Tang and Tubo is both unified and competitive, and peaceful and cultural exchanges are the main trend of historical development, that is, the further development of historical relations between the Han and Tibetan nationalities in Huangyan, Chongqing and other historical periods can also be said to be a new achievement in establishing a multi-ethnic unified country.
However, it must also be pointed out that I don't think this way because I regard Tang and Tubo as equal and have no difference in the historical development trend and role of China at that time. Judging from the general trend or main trend of historical development at that time, there is no doubt that the Tang Dynasty was not only comparable to the Tubo in the Songtsan Gambo era, but also in its heyday. Moreover, in the history of the East and the world at that time, the Tang Dynasty was at the forefront of all countries in the world in politics, economy, military affairs and culture. At that time, the influence of China culture not only went deep into Korea, Japan, Tianzhu (now India) and Lion (now Sri Lanka), but also reached Dashi (now Arabia) and Fu Lin (now the eastern Mediterranean). At the same time, the east-west land transportation avenue (now called the Silk Road) opened after the Tang Dynasty and the Han Dynasty further promoted the cultural exchanges between the East and the West. The vast territory of the Tang Dynasty is unique in the history of China. As far as prestige is concerned, at that time, all the countries in the western regions respected Emperor Taizong and Li Shimin as Tiankhan, and called the east-west traffic arteries the road of Khan. Chang 'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, was the center of China culture and western civilization. Under such historical conditions, when the Tubo Kingdom first established contact with the Tang Dynasty, it could only live as a vassal, which was completely determined by the historical conditions at that time. After the collapse of the Tubo dynasty, it finally became one of the important members of the unified family of the motherland in the early Yuan Dynasty. It can be said that it is based on this historical factor and karma. Otherwise, due to the efforts of Saban Gongga Kenzan and his nephew Bathba, the local people in Tibet could not have succumbed to the Dayuan Dynasty like water. The chronological trend in Tibet at that time was mainly adapted to the basic conditions of China's historical development. On the contrary, although the Yuan Dynasty successfully crossed Europe and Asia, Mongolian cavalry also traveled all over Central Asia and Eastern Europe, but it did not bring about the submission of Hanros and other countries and regions, which is an obvious example. What is the reason? Bottom line: the factors of national culture are inconsistent, and the historical relationship has no foundation. It is impossible to expand by force alone.
The relationship between Tang and Tubo is based on the same language, but there are still some twists and turns in its continuous development, which is completely in line with the general law of historical development. After Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan, with the further growth of Tubo forces, Tang was threatened in Longyou and the Western Regions, so the Tang Dynasty and Tubo were in a situation of confrontation or alliance. The purpose of alliance is to strengthen internal economic and cultural exchanges and deal with the threat from the big food forces in the East, while confrontation is the expression of the rise and fall of the forces of both sides. When the Anshi Rebellion broke out, the border guards of the Tang Dynasty in Helong moved eastward to defend Tongguan, and the development of Tubo forces gradually tended to be superior. However, the basic relationship between the two sides is still a friendly alliance. For example, in 730 AD, Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, sent messengers to make peace with Tubo, and Tubo Zanpu abandoned his official position and praised the above table.
The nephew was the uncle and aunt of the first emperor, and was also given the title of Princess Jincheng, so he became a family.
Another example is Chang 'an's Monument to the Tang-Fan Alliance in 823 AD.
When Cecilia Yip is consulted, he will be sure that Antai's surname will be the same, and he will be a great good man for a long time.
Renew the affection of old relatives and reaffirm the loyalty of good neighbors. ..... make it smoke twice, ignore the name of bandits and thieves, and be fearless afterwards. Seal people off, the countryside is safe, the grace of happiness hangs for thousands of generations, and the sun and the moon are full of praise!
This good relationship between two different national regimes established under the specific historical conditions of feudal society is beneficial to both Tang and Fan, especially to the people's living and working in peace and contentment. It is really "everyone in the world is happy." Tubo has been in contact with the Tang Dynasty for about 200 years, and its culture and economy have developed greatly, gradually sweeping away the remnants of clan society. However, in the end, due to the worship of the remnants of slavery in Tubo society, the annexation of land by the aristocratic class and the increase of land rent, the killing of religious believers and the continuous use of soldiers, all the groups within the aristocracy were disintegrated. When the Tang Dynasty tended to decline, Tubo had already recovered. Song people in the repair, once commented on the historical relationship between Tang and Tubo:
Tang Xing, the four barbarians are blessed, and all of them are beneficial to move the soldiers, trip their teeth, and cultivate their courts. Only Tubo and Uighur were powerful, and China suffered the longest. Zanbo then stole Hehuang. Wang Boji is in the east, invading the capital, plundering the near auxiliary, destroying the Han Dynasty, looking for a handsome husband, looking around, and dying is irrelevant. In the evening, the second surname died, and Tang also declined.
Although the struggle between Tubo and the Tang Dynasty led to their downfall, it mainly means that the rulers, Tubo and the people of that place, through more than 200 years of contact with the people of the Central Plains and the regime of the Tang Dynasty, made the two sides interdependent in the further formation and development of a unified multi-ethnic country, and were inseparable from now on. This historical relationship, in Tubo's view, is the expansion and plunder of the mainland by the minority regimes in the border areas of the motherland in the process of development. This is the necessity of historical development, and it is also of positive significance to unify the scattered tribes in western China and make the tribal groups transition to a single form of national regime. As far as the Tang Dynasty is concerned, its struggle with Tubo was not a historical factor of expansion and conquest as some imperialists said in modern times, but to protect the highly developed productive forces in the mainland at that time from being destroyed and strive for the smooth traffic routes between the east and the west, which was of great significance in history. In particular, the formulation and implementation of the policy of intimacy and alienation carried out the intention of peaceful exchanges in the Tang Dynasty. This has also contributed to the historical development trend of the further development of a unified multi-ethnic country. This was undoubtedly a mainstream in the historical development at that time. By misinterpreting these two points, the real picture of historical development at that time was completely obliterated.
Second, the ethnic policy of the Tang Dynasty and its relationship with Tubo.
Since the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, China has become an ancient civilization in the East. By "big", I mean big and popular. In ancient times, due to the influence of geographical environment and the limitation of traffic conditions, there were many nationalities with different habits from the beginning. In the long-term historical development process, "people of different nationalities, east, west, north and south, gradually tend to be unified because of mutual contact and mixing." This is a historical factor that China has been a multi-ethnic country from the very beginning. In the process of China's reunification, the assimilation and integration of all ethnic groups, and the evolution and evolution of culture are constantly influencing each other. As mentioned above, the alliance between Huang and Yan and the marriage between Ji and Jiang have successively bred the Chinese culture which is the confluence of Yangshao (painted pottery), culture and Longshan (black pottery). On the basis of this unified culture, it promoted the emergence of the unified empire in Qin and Han Dynasties. The formation of this unified situation is not the result of the individual creation of that nation, but the result of the integration and assimilation of all ethnic groups in the long-term historical development process. Later, in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, after the national and literary ratio converged again, a new situation of the unification of Sui and Tang Dynasties appeared. The emergence of the unified empire in Sui and Tang Dynasties was based on the great migration and integration of all ethnic groups in China, so their national concepts and positions were different from those in Qin and Han Dynasties. Although Li Tang claimed to be the hope of Longxi County, his ancestors were tainted by ethnic origin. As far as Li Yuan and the three generations are concerned, their empresses, such as Dugu, Grandson and Wende, all belong to the surname of Hu (at that time, Hu meant the ethnic minorities in northern China). And the "Hu" of the Han nationality in the Tang dynasty, its matter is also. And quite common. Therefore, the racial concept of the Tang people is weaker than that of the previous generation. The Tang Dynasty had the largest number of generals, including warrior officials from Turkic, Koryo, Uighur, Shatuo and Tubo, many of whom were commanders or generals of Tang Jun, precisely because the Sui and Tang Dynasties were the era with the widest national territory. In order to resist the invasion of cavalry of all ethnic groups in the northwest, northeast and southwest frontiers and ensure the smooth flow of the Silk Road, generals who are good at riding and shooting naturally become indispensable talents in this field. It is also an inevitable trend to select and employ people regardless of region under the situation of great unity; Although it is impossible to completely eliminate ethnic discrimination and Han chauvinism, it must be changed and restrained accordingly. Emperor Taizong and Li Shimin have repeatedly said:
I love you as much as I love you.
Yidi is also popular, and it feels different from summer.
On another occasion, Bian reported the news of Liao people's rebellion, so please send troops to conquer. He retorted:
How can you be a parent if you rely on mountains to take risks, trust with kindness and threaten with force?
This view of non-discrimination against ethnic minorities in the border areas does not seem to be entirely out of strategy or temporary expediency, nor is it just the work of Emperor Taizong alone, which is basically the case throughout the Tang Dynasty. So the policies adopted and implemented at that time, including Tubo, were as follows.
Pro-democracy policy
In the ancient history of China, when the regimes of several different nationalities were opposed to each other, the marriage relationship between them served as a link between the two sides to seek and ensure peaceful and friendly exchanges, which was the origin and essence of pro-government. If it is regarded as humiliation or deception, it does not conform to the historical reality at that time.
This kind of marriage form between different nationalities and different countries has established peaceful exchanges with each other as early as the Zhou Dynasty. The only difference from later generations is that the geographical scope is still in the Central Plains. Later, Han Gongsheng's profound adaptation of foreign countries came into being after the country's territory was greatly developed. Although Princess Pipa is sad in the imagination of future generations, the marriage between the Han Dynasty and Wusun and Xiongnu did play a great role in the exchanges between the two sides and the stability of national defense, and its historical contribution cannot be underestimated. King Wusun and Xiongnu Shan Yu both wrote to Han Ting and presented them with gifts, but they didn't threaten or force them. The Han princess just feels that the language is unreasonable and the customs are different. At first, they were not used to it. Later, after the death of Lao Wang, they were able to "marry their stepmother" from their son. This kind of marriage relationship only exists between the royal families of both sides, so it is called pro-government in later generations. At the time of the formation of a unified country in China's history, the relationship between the Central Plains and frontier ethnic groups became more prominent. The way to produce this kind of communication is obviously to meet the needs of the new situation at that time. First of all, we must fully understand this specific historical background.
Before the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty had married Turk Khan with two princesses, the imperial clan and Anyi, and was also the son of Guanghua Princess's wife, Tuyuhun Kwaluk Khan. At the same time, Fu also invited women to prepare Wendi's backyard, and Wendi resigned. It can be seen that the royal marriage of different ethnic groups at that time was not a rare thing, nor was it just that Han princesses married ethnic minorities. After the founding of the Tang Dynasty, Princess Tang had married Turks, Tuguhun and other countries before Tubo proposed marriage. In the early Tang Dynasty, Tuguhun had not yet become a threat to the Tang Dynasty. It can be seen that affinity was just a peaceful way of making friends at that time, in order to communicate the cultural, political and economic exchanges between the two sides and promote the unity and friendship between the fraternal peoples. There are no such problems as who is strong and who is weak in big countries and small countries, and what uses each other to deceive.
After Songtsan Gambu ascended the throne, the Tubo forces flourished, and he was interested in Sifang, so he naturally had a certain understanding and understanding of the Tang State. He heard that both Turkic and Tuguhun were princesses of the Tang Dynasty, so he also sent messengers to propose to the Tang Dynasty. Proposing marriage is naturally a good sign. Judging from the situation at that time, in addition to this traditional way of peaceful communication, there are also factors of the times that envy and yearn for the advanced civilization of the Central Plains, and they are not simply imitating other people's fashionable practices. Because Chang 'an at that time was not only the center of China culture, but also the place that the eastern countries looked at, and it was also the gathering place of western civilization. Tubo respected Shang culture at that time, which is not difficult to see from the records of Tang books: although this record came from Han officials, it was not unrestrained. However, from the historical facts that Princess Wencheng brought Buddha statues, scriptures, handicrafts, silks and satins, crops, musical instruments and craftsmen when she entered Tibet, and sent overseas students to study in Chang 'an, it shows that Tubo not only inherited Buddhist culture through the Tang Dynasty, but also introduced the traditional culture and production technology of the Han nationality, which promoted the cultural exchange between the frontier and the mainland. Economic exchanges have also prospered Tibetan culture. In some Tibetan records of later generations, Luo 'an's blueprint for establishing a Buddhist temple and offering sacrifices to gods was entirely attributed to Princess Wencheng's star calculation and geographical feng shui, which is naturally a religious language, but taking Princess Wencheng as a symbol of Tang Wenhua has its historical context. The historical reasons why Tubo first proposed to the Tang Dynasty are as mentioned above, but its formation has experienced some twists and turns. After Tang and Tubo first made diplomatic envoys, Tubo proposed to Tang. At that time, Tang probably lacked understanding of Tubo and failed to teach it at the moment. In addition, the Tubo emissary blamed Tang Ting's unsuccessful marriage change on Tuyuhun's obstruction, so Songzan Gambu first attacked Tuyuhun, which belonged to the Tang Dynasty, and forced it to withdraw from Huangshui and Haomen Valley. Forced Brandon and the Tangut to move eastward. Then 200,000 soldiers were sent to attack Songzhou, threatening that Tang Re would not marry the princess, which was about to deepen. Kissing is a peaceful way to make friends. Of course, it can't be forced by force. Therefore, after the invasion of the Tubo army was repelled by Emperor Taizong, Zanpu sent envoys to apologize and ask for marriage, allowing the use of Songzan Gambu, the wife of Princess Wencheng, and Tubo to offer second-class treasures such as gold 5200 as a dowry. That's when the Tang-Fan Alliance began. Since then, the relationship between Tang and Fan is no longer completely equal to the historical ethnic relations, geographical relations and cultural relations, but further developed on the basis of the existing historical relations. Its main historical symbols are as follows:
1. Establishment of the relationship between nephew and uncle. Princess Wencheng entered the country, and the Tang Dynasty sent Shang Shu and Li Daozong, King of Jiangxia, as special envoys to escort her. Tubo Zanpu Songzanganbu met his son-in-law in Bohai Sea at the source of the Yellow River. Later, Zanpu called himself the nephew of the Tang Emperor, and this relationship was further strengthened by Princess Jincheng's re-entry into Tibet. The so-called "Prince Rong's son-in-law is happy, and Uncle Han's family is kind" has been circulated as a beautiful talk in history.
2. Establishment of grant relationship. In 649 AD, Li Zhi, Tang Gaozong, ascended the throne, making Zan Qian Bu his surname (official position) and king of Xihai County (title). He wrote to Sun Chang Wuji, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, saying, "When the Emperor first ascended the throne, there were disloyal people under him. He is willing to send troops to the countryside to beg. " 15 kinds of Zhao mausoleum of Emperor Taizong were named Jin Xuan. The Tang Dynasty also made him king (or guest and host), and carved him in Zhaoling along with the stone statues of 13 other minority princes. After a long time, Zamp must tell Tang his condolences after his death. New firm Pa must also be registered in the Tang Dynasty to be legal. No matter what twists and turns took place in the later historical stage, the relationship between Tubo and the central government of the motherland was clearly established at that time. Before accepting Tang's official position and title, Zanpu wrote to Emperor Taizong to congratulate him on his return from the victory of Liao, saying, "Your Majesty has pacified the Four Kingdoms, and the sun and the moon shine, ruling the Four Kingdoms." Since the sun and the moon shine on them, Tubo is undoubtedly included. Then the Tang Dynasty sent Wang Xuance to Tianzhu, who robbed him on the way. Wang Xuance asked Tubo for help, and Songzan Gambu immediately sent Wang Xuance's chosen men to get rid of them, and offered Chang 'an as a prisoner to win good news. These are all subordinate positions (that is, the central and local governments now). After the Anshi Rebellion, the situation changed dramatically and the conflict between the two sides intensified. The above relationship once again appears in the form of alliance contract, which is obviously against each other. However, the general trend is still based on peaceful exchanges. The article "Monument to the Tang-Fan Alliance", established in 823 AD, formally confirmed the equal relationship of this society, and maintained the fenced border and friendly exchanges until the dispute over the Tubo aristocratic group disintegrated. Generally speaking, since Tang Zhenguan, the two sides have made good friends, during which envoys exchanged 190 times, and envoys exchanged every year. This laid a solid foundation for the integration of Tubo and the central government in the future and took a new step.
3. Sino-Tibetan cultural exchange and the formation of Tubo culture. Tubo introduced Buddhist culture from Niboro and Tang Dynasty, and Han culture from Tang Dynasty, which are the two major origins of Tubo culture. Buddhism has a far-reaching influence on the political society of Tubo, and industrial and agricultural production technology, calendar medicine, music painting and even Confucian classics have become part of Tubo culture. It is no accident that the marriage and alliance between Tang and Zhu influenced each other in culture and became a whole, but the national psychological state of * * * is extremely prominent in the process of dealing with the aggression of imperialist forces such as Britain and Russia in the future.
It is difficult for modern western countries to understand the direct and indirect results of the policy of affinity and alienation, but in the long-term formation process, it is a successful way to bring a unified multi-ethnic country like China closer to each other.
The marriage between the Tang Dynasty and China's minority regimes, whether vassal or rival, was carried out on the basis of equality and friendship. Therefore, apart from Tubo, Turkic, Tuyuhun and Uighur Khan were all princesses in the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, Tubo Zanpu Songzangambu married Princess Nibilo, and Chide Zuzamp married his daughter to Bolu Xiao Wang in order to get married, taking marriage as the means and way of alliance. However, some Tibetan scholars and western imperialist mouthpiece described the marriage relationship between Tang and Tubo as cheating and blackmail to the Tang Dynasty. They think that Princess Wencheng is the daughter of my ancestors and Princess Jincheng is the daughter of Wang Yong. Neither of them was born to a queen, and both pretended that the princess was a monk. When Tang Zhongzong bid farewell to Princess Jincheng, he pretended to bid farewell and deceived the Tibetan emissary. They even accused Emperor Taizong and Tang Zhongzong of marrying the princess, demanding gold, jewels and good horses to do their profitable business. This attempt to provoke relations between modern Tibet and the motherland against historical facts is extremely vicious. The so-called profitable business is undoubtedly the self-disclosure of imperialism. It should be noted that the identity of the princess at that time was determined by the royal background and seal. That's what happened the previous generation. No matter Wusun, Xiongnu, Turkic, Tuguze or Tubo, they never raised any objection. This problem is that when Princess Ningguo, the daughter of Tang Suzong, married Rupijiajue Khan, the envoy of the Tang Dynasty greeted the book with a big gift in order to dispute Khan, saying that this was the true daughter of the Tang Emperor, which was a courtesy. Khan also considered it a great honor to hire a real princess. This shows that it is not necessary for the Tang Dynasty to marry foreign princes to be patriarchal. In addition, Tang Daizong's daughter, Princess Xian 'an, was married to the Uighur Gudu Lupi Gahan; Tang Xianzong's daughter, Princess Taihe, got married in Yulu, Luoden, and sentenced Peijiahan and others. , are obvious examples. As for the princess, it must be the queen's office, which is probably just an excuse for some modern western scholars to have ulterior motives; Because, according to them, the relationship between Tang and Tubo, and between China and Tibet after the Yuan Dynasty was only the fraud and occupation of Han chauvinism. This is a lie that completely ignores the historical development of China.
Imprisonment policy
The word Jimi first appeared in Hanshu. In the current words, it is contact. Later generations did not pay enough attention to fetter, but only paid attention to direct jurisdiction and rule. In fact, the emergence of detention policy has its complex and specific historical background and conditions, and its role should be viewed under certain historical conditions. The early Han Dynasty passed through the Western Regions, where there used to be many kingdoms of various ethnic minorities such as Shanshan, Qiuci and Yutian. In addition, in countries such as Da Yue and Daxia, the cultivation is very complicated. Moreover, Huns often go in and out to plunder, and the situation is very unstable. The main purpose of Korea's communication with the western regions is to defend the Huns and ensure the smooth traffic routes with Central Asia and West Asia. Therefore, setting up military guards in the western regions and even stationing troops in the fields serve this purpose, not conquering and directly ruling this vast area. As long as the local vassal States lived in peace, the Han Dynasty only strengthened cultural and trade ties with them, and did not seek the same unified management as the mainland. This is the origin of shackles, and it also conforms to the historical development conditions at that time. Sui and Tang Dynasties were the unified empire of China after the Han Dynasty. Although the sea passage was first opened at that time, the main east-west route was still the western corridor since the Han Dynasty, which was called the Silk Road by outsiders. The management of the Western Regions in the Tang Dynasty went further than that in the Han Dynasty, that is, in the second year of Xianqing (AD 657), the western Turkic was broken, and Mengchi was divided into two to protect the imperial court. In the first year of Longshuo (66 1 year), there were sixteen states, seventy-two states and one hundred and ten counties in the west of Khotan and east of Persia, belonging to Anxi County. This is only nominal national capital, but in fact it still maintains an independent state. But since then, the prestige of the Tang Dynasty has spread far and wide in West Asia and Central Asia, and its influence is still great. The establishment of the western regions has a great relationship with the security of Tubo. We can understand the interdependence between Tubo and Kang as long as we look at the fall of four towns in Tang Dynasty, the eastward invasion of big food and the pressure on Tubo from three aspects: Uighur, Nanzhao and big food.
Secondly, most of the imprisoned states in Guannei Road, such as Huzhou in Longyou, Tangut in Jiannan Road, Tuguhun and Qiangzhou, were later merged or resettled by Tubo to overseas Chinese. The establishment of this captive country is a gradual transitional form. Strengthen the role of contact through such forms and policies. At that time, many immigrants from ethnic minorities and foreigners, such as Turks, Tuguhun, Tangut, Uighur, Qiang and Qidan, who came to the mainland, were naturally integrated or assimilated. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Yichao returned to the Tang Dynasty with eleven states of Guasha, and the Tubo people had few attached trees. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, there were no prefectures and counties in Tubo, but through friendly exchanges and mutual exchanges, the ties between the two sides were strengthened, which was obviously a step further than the general establishment of Jimi House. In the ethnic policy of the Tang Dynasty, there was no intention or measure of forced assimilation, which can be understood only by the migration of Turks, Tuguhun and Tangut in the Tang Dynasty. This is determined by the law of social development, and it will be naturally assimilated without coercion. The application of this policy under the new historical conditions in the late Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties basically completed the historical task of further unity and growth of a unified multi-ethnic country. Isn't this the truth that "climbing high will make you feel inferior and walking far will make you feel inferior"?
(3) Religious policy
Another connection between Tubo and the Tang Dynasty is the support and belief in Buddhism. Tubo was introduced into Buddhism from Tang Dynasty, Nepal Polo and Tianzhu. Although Buddhism in China also came from Tianzhu, it was reformed in the Tang Dynasty to adapt to the situation in the Central Plains. Tubo was introduced into Buddhism from the Tang Dynasty, and it was also combined with the local actual situation to form the Tibetan Buddhist culture, which is the predecessor of Tibetan Buddhism today. According to historical records, when Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, her gifts were mainly siddhattha gotama and 306 volumes of Buddhist scriptures. When Tang Dezong was in China, Han monks Liang Yin and Wensu were invited to give lectures in Tubo. In Tang Muzong, Tibetan envoys visited famous Buddhist temples in the mainland, such as Anguo and Ci 'en. Tubo worships Middle-earth Buddhism, and once sent envoys to ask for a map of Wutai Mountain to see the grand rules of the Buddhist temple in Wutai Mountain. The Tripitaka now has several classics, which have been translated into Chinese. In terms of Buddhist beliefs, Tang and Fan had close contacts and influenced each other. Later, Tubo built Jokhang Temple for Princess Wencheng. Tibetan monks and nuns carved a princess statue in Potala Palace, and regarded her as the protector, which shows that this aspect has far-reaching influence.
Although there was no provision for freedom of religious belief in the Tang Dynasty, Zoroastrianism, Nestorianism, Manichaeism and State religion (Islam) introduced from West Asia were all popular in China, and temples were all built in Chang 'an. This also strengthened the ties between Tang and countries in West Asia and Central Asia. Although Buddhism was once banned, it was only limited to the influence on productive labor and social atmosphere, and did not touch the classics themselves. Religion itself is a social ideology with a certain economic foundation, which thrives with the use and support of feudal nobles and serf owners. However, the spread of religion is accompanied by cultural exchanges. Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty is an exhibition hall of western civilization. The popularity of various religions embodies the mind and boldness of the Tang people, which naturally promotes the unity and friendly relations with Tubo.
(4) Trade policy
Since Princess Wencheng entered China and Tang Fan formed an alliance of nephews and uncles, the relationship between culture and economy has become increasingly close. In addition to Princess Wencheng bringing a large number of vegetable seeds, handicrafts, textile technology and so on. Emperor Gaozong's Zanpu invited silkworm eggs and craftsmen who made wine, paper and ink, and the Tang government sent them one by one. Tubo caravans also buy silks and satins, silk and military bows and arrows from the mainland. Tang also gave Tubo a lot of silks, sometimes as many as 10 thousand horses. For example, Princess Jincheng entered Tubo, followed a large number of skilled craftsmen and carried a large number of tapestries:
Send tens of thousands of gifts to acrobats.