List of Characters Written by Sima Qian in Historical Records
Schich
Historical Records is a historical work by Sima Qian, a historian in the Western Han Dynasty. Historical Records is one of the most famous classic works in ancient China, and it is also called "the first four histories" with the later Hanshu, Houhanshu and the History of the Three Kingdoms.
At first, there was no fixed title for historical records, or "Taishi Office" or "Taishi Gong", etc., and it was also called "Taishi Gong" in the province. Historical Records was originally the general name of ancient history books. Since the Three Kingdoms period, Historical Records has gradually become the proper name of "Taishi Gongshu" from the general name of historical books.
Historical Records records the history of more than 3,000 years from the time of the Yellow Emperor in the ancient legend of China to the first year of founding ceremony, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The book includes twelve biographies, thirty families, seventy biographies, ten tables, eight books, 130 articles and more than 526,500 words. Sima Qian, the author, made Historical Records the first and most famous biographical general history of China with his historical knowledge of "studying the relationship between man and nature, connecting the changes from ancient times to modern times, and making a family statement".
Historical Records had a far-reaching influence on the development of later historiography and literature. His original biographical method of compiling history was passed down by the "official history" of later generations. At the same time, Historical Records is regarded as an excellent literary work and occupies an important position in the history of China literature. Lu Xun called it "the historian's swan song, Li Sao has no rhyme."
content
Historical Records records the history from the legendary emperor to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It is divided into five themes: biography, books, family and biography. The Final Preface of Taishigong is subdivided into 130 chapters. Among them, chronicles are the deeds of rulers all over the world, and the order of events or historical trends is arranged in tabular form. Books are related to laws and regulations of past dynasties, family histories describe the deeds of influential families or nobles, and biographies present the historical performances and social features of various figures in history. Different from previous history books, the writing of Historical Records is the first of its kind: it mainly describes the life of the characters, followed by the year. Since then, other historical works such as History of Han Dynasty, History of the Three Kingdoms and History of the Later Han Dynasty have imitated this style, making biographical style the mainstream writing method adopted by official historical works after the Tang Dynasty. Zhao Yi's Notes on the Twenty-two Histories said: "Sima Qian gave consideration to both ancient and modern times and drew inferences from others to make it a general history. This period of history is in the order of the emperor, the aristocratic families remember the country, the ten tables are current events, the eight books are detailed, and the biographies are aimed at people. Then sum up the gains and losses of a generation of monarchs, ministers and politicians into a series. Since then, the historians of past dynasties cannot go beyond their scope, and those who believe in history are extremely good. "
As for the content of the article, the article in Historical Records can be divided into two parts: the first part is a description of the life of the characters, all of which are composed of representative events or anecdotes; After the text, the author's comments or feelings will be added, usually starting with "Gong Yue, a Taishi". The content may include the author's personal experience, the evaluation of the characters, or the process of collecting information, but it still focuses on commenting on the characters' personality and behavior, which also echoes the writing goal of "studying the relationship between heaven and man" put forward by Sima Qian in the preface.
Basic yearbook
Five emperors, Xia Benji, Yin Benji, Zhou Benji, Qin Benji, Qin Shihuang, Xiang Yu, Gao Zu, Lv Hou, Xiao Wen, Xiao Jing and Xiao Wu.
table
Chronology of Three Dynasties Twelve Chronology of Governors Six Chronology of Qin Chu Chronology of Governors Since Han Dynasty Chronology of Emperor Gaozu and Heroic Chronology Since Yuan Dynasty Chronology of Prince Calendar Chronology of Famous Officials Since Han Dynasty
book
Li Shu Le Shu Law Li Shushutian Guan Shu's High-yield Techniques and Qushu Techniques
noble family
Wu Shijia Yan Guancai Qi Shijia Wei Shijia Song Shijia Jin Shijia Chu Shijia Yue Wang Gou Jian Shijia Zheng Shijia Zhao Shijia Han Shijia Tian Jingzhong Wan Shijia Confucius Shijia Chen She Shijia Consort Shijia Chu Yuan Wang Shijia Jing Yan Jiaqi Mourning Wang Shijia Xiao Xiangguo Shijia Liu Hou Shijia Chen Prime Minister Shijia Jiang Hou Shijia Liang Xiaowang Shijia Five Families and Three Kings Shijia.
Biography (a historical figure in China's historiography rather than a monarch or saint)
"Historical Records" Volume 63 "Biography of Bo Yi Shu Qi" First
Historical Records Volume 63 Biography of Yan Guan II
Historical Records Volume 64 Lao Zi Han Fei Biography III
Historical Records Volume 65 Biography of Sima Yi Part IV
Historical Records, Volume 66, The Art of War, Biography of Wuqi, Fifth
Historical Records Volume 67 Biography of Wu Zixu Volume 6
Historical Records Volume 68 Biography of Zhong Ni's Disciples Volume 7
Historical Records Volume 69 Biography of Shang Jun Volume 8
Historical Records Volume 70 Biography of Su Qin Ninth
Historical Records Volume 71 Biography of Zhang Yi Tenth
Historical Records Volume 72 Biography of Lizi Gan Mao Eleventh
Historical Records, Volume 73, Biography of Hou, Twelfth
Historical Records, Volume 74, Biography of Wang Jian of Tian Lei, Thirteenth
Historical Records, Volume 75, Biography of Mencius and Xun Qing, Article 14
Historical Records Volume 76 Biography of Meng Changjun Fifteenth
Historical Records Volume 77 Biography of Ping Yuanjun Yuqing Article 16
Historical Records Volume 78 Biography of Wei Gongzi Seventeenth
Historical Records Volume 79 Biography of Shen Jun Spring 18
Historical Records Volume 80 Biography of Fan Sui and Cai Ze Article 19
Historical Records Volume 81 Biography of Le Yi Back to the 20th.
Historical Records Volume 82 Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru 2 1
Historical Records Volume 83 Biography of Tian Chan Article 22
Historical Records Volume 84 Biographies of Lv Zhonglian and Zou Yang Article 23
Historical Records Volume 85 Biographies of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng Article 24
Historical Records Volume 86 Biography of Lv Buwei Article 25
"Historical Records" Volume 87 "Biography of Assassins" Article 26
"Historical Records" Volume 88 "Biography of Lisi" Article 27
Historical Records Volume 89 Biography of Meng Tian Volume 28
"Historical Records" Volume 90 "Biography of Zhang Er Chen Yu" Article 29
Historical Records Volume 91 Biographies of Wei Bao and Peng Yue Thirtieth
"Historical Records" Volume 92 "Biography of Qing Bu" Article 31
Historical Records Volume 93 Biography of Huaiyin Hou Volume 32
Historical Records Volume 94 Biography of Han Xin and Lu Wan Article 33
"Historical Records" Volume 95 "Biography of Tian Yan" Article 34
Historical Records Volume 96 Biography of Fan Irrigation 35
"Historical Records" Volume 97 "Biography of Prime Minister" Article 36
Historical Records Volume 98 Biography of Li Sheng Lujia 37
"Historical Records" Volume 99 "Biography of Fu Jinci Cheng" Article 38
Historical Records Volume One Hundred Biographies of Liu Volume 39
Historical Records Volume 101 Biographies of Lu Bu and Luan Bu Fortieth Back
Historical Records Volume 120 Biography of Yuan Ang and Chao Cuo Article 4 1
Historical Records Volume 130 Biography of Zhang Shizhi and Feng Tang Back to the 42nd Session.
"Historical Records" Volume 1.4 million Stone Story "Biography of Zhang Shu" Article 43
Historical Records Volume 150 Biography of Uncle Tian Article 44
Historical Records Volume 160 Biography of Bian Que and Cang Gong Forty-five
Historical Records Volume 107 Biography of Wu Wangying Article 46
Historical Records 180 Biography of Wei Qitian Article 47
"Historical Records" Volume 109 "Han Chang Ru Biography" Article 48
Historical Records Volume 100 Biography of Li Article 49
Historical Records 1 1 1 The Biography of Xiongnu Volume 50
Historical Records, Volume 112 Biography of General Wei A title of generals in ancient times 5 1
Historical Records Volume 113 Biography of Hou Fu Back to 52
Historical Records 1 14 Article 53 of Biography of South Vietnam.
Historical Records 1 15 Article 54 of Biography of East Vietnam.
"Historical Records" Volume 116 "Biography of Korea" Article 55
Historical Records 1 17 Article 56 of Biography of Southwest Yi
"Historical Records" Volume 1 18 "Biography of Sima Xiangru" Article 57.
"Historical Records" Volume 119 "Biography of Hengshan Mountain in Huainan" Article 58
"Historical Records" Volume 120 "Biography of Officials" Article 59
Historical Records Volume 12 1 Biography of Zheng Ji Volume 60
Historical Records, Volume 122, The Scholars, Sixty-first Back
Historical Records Volume 123 Biography of Cool Officials Sixty-two
Historical Records Volume 124 Biography of Dawan Sixty-third
Historical Records Volume 125 The Legend of the Ranger Episode 64
Historical Records Volume 126 Xing Chuan Sixty-five
Historical Records Volume 127 Biography of Funny Sixty-sixth
Historical Records, Volume 128, Sixty-seventh Biography
Historical Records Volume 129 Biography of Turtle Policy Article 68
Historical Records Volume 130 Biography of Huo Zhi Back to Sixty-ninth
Historical Records Volume 13 1 Taishi Gongxu 70.
At first, there was no fixed title for historical records, or "Taishi Office" or "Taishi Gong", etc., and it was also called "Taishi Gong" in the province. Historical Records was originally the general name of ancient history books. Since the Three Kingdoms, Historical Records has gradually become the proper name of Taishi Gongshu.
Historical Records is a general history that runs through ancient and modern times. It describes the history of China for about 3,000 years from the legendary Huangdi to the first year of Emperor Wudi's yuanshou.
According to Sima Qian, biographies 12, tables 10, 8 books, 30 aristocratic families, 70 biographies and * * 130 books. Ban Gu mentioned in the Biography of Sima Qian in Hanshu that there are ten missing pieces in Historical Records. Wei pointed out that these ten articles are Biographies of Emperor Jing, Biographies of Emperor Wu, Book of Rites, Le Shu, Law and Discipline, Biographies of Generals since Han Dynasty, Biographies of Japanese People, Biographies of Three Kings, Biographies of Tortoise and Fujin. Most descendants disagree with Zhang Yan's statement, but the incompleteness of Historical Records is beyond doubt.
Today's Historical Records is also 130, and several chapters are obviously not written by Sima Qian. Chu Sun Shao, a doctor in the Han Dynasty, wrote Historical Records when he was Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and the "Mr. Chu's Theory" in Historical Records was his supplement.
Historical Records has a wide range of materials. Shi Ben, Mandarin, National Policy, Ji Qin, Chu and Han Chunqiu, hundred schools of thought, national documents and archives, and materials obtained from field investigation are all important sources for Sima Qian to write Historical Records. What is particularly valuable is that Sima Qian carefully analyzed and screened the collected materials and eliminated some nonsense. For some problems that cannot be clarified, we either take a skeptical attitude or record various opinions. Due to its extensive materials and serious attitude in compiling history, Historical Records is informative and rich in content.
Writing of historical records
Historical Records is a masterpiece spanning thousands of years. On the one hand, its appearance is the inevitable requirement put forward by the times, on the other hand, it is the product of the hard work of historians.
For Sima Qian, the first thing is to inherit the inheritance and continue the Taishi public career of the ancestors. His father Sima Tan had long planned to write a history book, but this wish failed to come true. Sima Tan said to his son before he died, "If I die, you will be an official. You will never forget what I want to write!" ! And husband filial piety began to serve the pro, and he served the gentleman. Finally, he established his position and made a name for himself in later generations to show his parents. This filial piety is the biggest! My husband said that he recited the Duke of Zhou in the world, saying that he could talk about the virtues of singing and being both civil and military, and that he wanted Ji Wang, King Tai, and Liu Zun Houji. After seclusion, the kingship was missing and the rites and music declined. Confucius repaired the old and abolished it. Scholars have done so far about poems, books and Chunqiu. It has been more than 400 years since it was weighed, and all the princes have it, and the historical records have been released; Today, the Han Dynasty is prosperous, the country is unified, the rulers are wise, loyal and loyal, and I'm afraid it's because I'm too old to discuss it and waste world history! You missed it! "
Compiling historical records is a famous mountain undertaking that continues the cultural life of our ancestors. As an official, it is a great sin not to perform the mission. Since then, my father's last words have always been hovering in Sima Qian's ear: "The ancestors said that the Duke of Zhou had Confucius since he was 500 years old. As for the 500 years after the death of Confucius, it can explain the Ming Dynasty, Yi Chuan, following the Spring and Autumn Period, and this poem, book, ceremony and music are originally beautiful! I am serious! "
The times also put forward the inherent requirement of constructing a new historical and cultural text-'Yu Wen's ancestors said:' Fuxi to Chunhou wrote easy gossip. Shangshu records the prosperity of Yao and Shun, and the ceremony and music go hand in hand. Tang Wu's Dragon is a poet's song. "Spring and Autumn Annals" adopts good and disparages evil, promotes the virtues of three generations and praises the surrounding rooms, but it is not just ridicule! "Since the han dynasty, to the next day, the glory of ruifu, feudal zen, crescent, easy to admit defeat. He was ordered by Mu Qing and was extremely conceited. Overseas customs, retranslated paragraphs are blocked, and people who come to see them can't win the road. I am a courtier and I am eager to recite virtues, but I still can't declare my intention. Moreover, it is shameful to have the virtue of the country without using it; The Lord is wise and holy, but he doesn't know it. There is an error. Besides, I have tried my best to take over his official position, but I have failed to carry out the noble deeds of Ming Sheng, ruined the deeds of famous doctors, and failed to say what my ancestors said. This is a great sin! "
In order to write, Sima Qian can be said to have exhausted his whole life. Writing history books requires collecting a lot of materials.
Historical records are widely used. First, there are dozens of documents, including Xia's, Shi's, Chun Qiu, Guo Ce, Chu, Han Chun Qiu and so on. The second is the income from making friends. Sima Qian made extensive friends and frequent contacts in his life, and also obtained many extremely precious historical materials. The third is field interview. Sima Qian traveled around at the age of 20, and his trip almost reached the whole territory of the Western Han Dynasty. He saw many ancient ruins and heard many ancient anecdotes, which greatly enriched his treasure house of historical materials. During his travels, Sima Qian also paid special attention to the records of inscriptions, which pioneered the use of stone materials, such as the biography of Qin Shihuang.
If it is only the accumulation of historical materials, it is certainly impossible to complete a great work. Sima Qian suffered great humiliation because his ambition was too great, so he was "executed without being sad". He said: "Servants can't steal, relying on incompetent words, collecting old news in the world, testing it and finding out the reasons for its success or failure. Every 130 articles should also learn from the changes of ancient and modern times and become a family statement. " Only such lofty ideals and firm beliefs support arduous compilation and leave a glorious and immortal work for the history of China.
The style of historical records
Historical Records is a general history that runs through ancient times and modern times. From the legendary Huangdi to the first year of founding ceremony (BC 122), it records the history of China for about 3,000 years. According to Sima Qian, biographies 12, tables 10, 8 books, 30 aristocratic families, 70 biographies and * * 130 books.
"Chronicle" is actually the biography of the emperor, because the emperor is the supreme head of state in charge of state affairs, and it is called "Chronicle" for their biography, which shows the position of the whole world and makes the officials and people act under certain discipline.
It is also the general outline of this book, recorded in chronological order. In the writing of Historical Records, Sima Qian adopted the method of making the present a little more detailed, and the farther the times go, the more detailed it is. The origin of "Benji" is Huangdi, because he is the ancestor of the Chinese nation and the founder of "rectifying everything". Xiang Yu was included in the "chronology" because of the emergence of politics in Qin and Han Dynasties and respect for his personality.
"table", so list the events, so the outline is eye-catching, simplify the complex, be clear at a glance, and be easy to check and retrieve.
"Book" is a special chapter that records chapters and sentences of past dynasties and national codes to clarify the evolution of ancient and modern systems. It is impossible to write a book unless historians are familiar with anecdotes. Ban Gu's Hanshu was renamed Records and became a general rule. The revision of "Book" provides rich materials for the study of various special history.
Home is the record of the vassal kingdom. This is because the princes founded the country, inherited the family and the descendants inherited it, which gave them a biography called the family. From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the vassal states successively dominated the whole country, and it is very appropriate to describe this situation with the genre of "aristocratic families". Sima Qian's inclusion of Confucius and Chen She as "home" is an exception. Although Confucius is not a prince, he is the patriarch of three generations of culture, not to mention the dominance of Confucianism in Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. Confucius is the founder of Confucianism, and his inclusion in "home" also reflects the reality in the ideological field. As for Chen She, he was not only the first leader who rose up against Qin, but also the first person who opposed the brutal rule of the civilian in three generations. He established many princes who died in Qin. Sima Qian listed him as a "noble family", and compared his achievements with Tang, Wu and Spring and Autumn Annals, writing him as a great historical hero who shocked the rule of the Qin Dynasty and dominated the world, reflecting the author's progressive view of history.
Biography is a record of various historical figures other than emperors and princes. There are single pass, joint pass and category pass. A single biography is a biography written by one person, such as Biography of Shang Jun and Biography of Lisi. The joint biography was written by more than two people, such as Biography of Yan Guan and Biography of Zhuang Zi and Shen Han. Type biography refers to the activities of the same kind of characters in a biography, such as The Scholars, Biography of Officials, Biography of Assassins, etc. Sima Qian recorded the history of ethnic minorities around China at that time in the form of biographies, such as biographies of Xiongnu, Koryo and Dawan, which provided an important historical source for studying the history of ancient ethnic minorities in China.
The last book of 70 biographies is Preface to Taishi Gong, and the preface is put at the end of the book, which is the practice of ancient literati in writing books.
In a word, Sima Qian's Historical Records described emperors, nobles, figures, laws and regulations, covering all ages, including hundreds of generations, breaking the chronicle of Spring and Autumn Annals and the regional division of Mandarin.
Evaluation of historical records
The birth of Historical Records is an important event in the cultural history of China. In the Outline of the History of China Literature, Mr. Lu Xun praised Historical Records as "a masterpiece of historians, leaving Sao without rhyme" in order to know what to say. As far as the specific development of China's historiography is concerned, Historical Records has contributed a lot.
First, establish an excellent general history school. Historical Records is the first general history masterpiece in the history of Chinese historiography. It is no exaggeration to say that it is the most brilliant achievement in the history of ancient historiography in China, or that it is the most brilliant achievement in the history of ancient historiography in China in the world. This, as long as compared with the history of Herodotus, will be very clear. It is precisely because historical records can be written into a book, which sets a precedent and an example, so people who follow this genre to compile and edit history have begun. The style of general historians has always influenced the research and writing of modern historiography.
Secondly, the independent position of historiography was established. In ancient China, historiography was included in the category of Confucian classics and had no independent status. Therefore, Liu Xin's Seven Outlooks and Ban Gu's Records of Literature and Art both attached the books of the History Department to the Spring and Autumn Annals. Since Sima Qian compiled Historical Records, there have been more and more specialized historical works. Therefore, in order to meet the new requirements, Xun Xu in Jin Dynasty divided the ancient books into four parts: Part A recorded the Six Arts Primary School, Part B recorded the martial arts of various schools, Part C recorded the historical records of emperors, and Part D recorded poems. As a result, historiography has gained an independent position in the academic field of China. Thinking about the source of drinking water should be attributed to Sima Qian and his Historical Records.
Third, the establishment of the literary tradition of historical biography. Sima Qian's literary accomplishment is profound, and his artistic means are particularly ingenious. Often, some extremely complicated facts are handled in a very proper and orderly manner, and then they are far-sighted, knowledgeable, vivid in words, tempered in brushwork, full of feelings, handy and vivid in image, which makes people "exclaim and clap their hands, I don't know why." (The Beauty of Rong Zhai's Essays and Historical Records)
Historical Records is not only a master of China's historical biographical literature, but also has a great influence on Wei-Jin novels, Tang-Song ancient prose and even Song-Yuan operas, and has become an important source of China literature.
Of course, Sima Qian's highest ideal in compiling Historical Records is to "understand the changes of ancient and modern times and become a unified statement when studying the relationship between heaven and man." Is to establish an all-encompassing system of historical philosophy. A detailed study of Historical Records will leave us with a deeper understanding.
The most exciting thought in Historical Records has four main points today: First, it shows the progressive national outlook. Sima Qian absorbed the theory of the development sources of various nationalities in China and neighboring countries since the Warring States Period, and regarded the countries and nationalities in the Central Plains, Jingchu, wuyue, Qin Long, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and Guizhou, Saibei and Northeast China as descendants of the Yellow Emperor in historical records, which played an inestimable role in the formation and stability of this multi-ethnic friendly family in China for two thousand years. Moreover, when Sima Qian wrote that the Han Dynasty used troops against neighboring countries and nations, he always stood against belligerence, expansion and plunder. He pursues equality, friendship and harmonious coexistence of all ethnic groups. It is in this sense that we say that Sima Qian was a friend of the oppressed people of the Han nationality and the surrounding ethnic minorities at that time.
The second is his progressive economic thought. This includes emphasizing economic development, which is considered as a strong foundation of the country; Oppose "emphasizing the foundation and restraining the end" in singles, and advocate paying equal attention to "industry", "agriculture", "business" and "danger"; Oppose political discrimination against businessmen, but praise their skills and talents, erect monuments for them and so on.
Third, it is strongly democratic and critical. Historical Records is the epitome of pre-Qin culture, and Sima Qian is the inheritor and promoter of pre-Qin literati's excellent ideological personality. The reason why he wrote Historical Records was not simply to record historical records, but to make a clear statement. Therefore, Historical Records highlights the author's pursuit of ideal politics and ideal society, as well as various criticisms of real politics and real society. Some of them are quite profound and accurate, and even some of them have been reading and innovating for two thousand years.
The fourth is to carry out the heroic outlook on life, life and death and values in the book. Almost all the heroes praised by Sima Qian in Historical Records are brave in making progress and making contributions. They have ideals, ambitions and pursuits; They can sacrifice their lives for certain beliefs and principles; They all have a spirit of perseverance and never give up until they reach their goals. Sima Qian once wrote in Baoren An Shu: "People are inherently mortal, or they are heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather, so it is different to use them." He was castrated and in great pain. In order to complete the historical records, he stubbornly survived. The example he cited was "Wang Wen was arrested and played Zhouyi"; Zhong You wrote Spring and Autumn Annals; Qu Yuan's exile is a tribute to Li Sao. Zuo Qiu is blind and has "Mandarin"; The ruler of the revised version of Sun Tzu's Art of War; It's not Shu, but Lu Lan. Han Fei imprisoned Qin, expressing embarrassment, loneliness and anger; There are 300 poems, which are generally attributed to the angry actions of sages. This man has a sense of stagnation and can't understand his way, so he tells the past and thinks about newcomers. "Sima Qian's personal struggle experience and the thought of hard struggle praised in Historical Records are a precious wealth left by Sima Qian to future generations, which will always inspire us and enlighten us, and give us incomparable strength, confidence and courage when we are discouraged and on the verge of despair.
Historical Records is China's first people-centered great historical work and China's first people-centered great literary work. From a historical point of view, Historical Records initiated the "official history" of China's two thousand-year-old biographical dynasties. From the literary point of view, Historical Records shows people colorful and distinctive historical figures with colorful artistic techniques for the first time. There are emperors who shocked ancient and modern times, such as Qin Shihuang, Xiang Yu, Liu Bang and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. There are well-known courtiers such as Guan Zhong, Yan Ying, Xiao He and Sean; There are invincible stars such as Bai Qi, Han Xin, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing; There are reformers such as Wuqi, Shang Yang and King Wuling of Zhao. Other frugal types are Qu Yuan and Qin Wang; The oral debate types are Zhang Yi, Su Qin and Li Shiqi; Chivalrous types include Lu Zhonglian, Jing Ke, Zhujiajian Island and Guo Jie; Funny ones are Chun Yukun, You Fang and so on. They are varied, and about one hundred of them can leave a deep impression on readers.
The remarkable difference between the characters in Historical Records and those in pre-Qin literature lies in their distinct personalities. Because the author pays great attention to the specific situation of each plot and scene, and strives to realistically express the psychological character of each character, the description language of Historical Records and the dialogues he designed for the characters in his works are extremely wonderful. I think we just need to carefully analyze the specific descriptions of plots and scenes in Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru and Biography of Jing Ke, such as "Full Return to Zhao", "Mianchi Meeting", "Yi Shui Bie" and "Qin Ting Sudden Change"; By analyzing the dialogues between Xiang Yu, Liu Bang and Sean in Biography of Gao Zu and Biography of Xiang Yu, we will be deeply fascinated by the author's superb ingenuity. In Biography of Emperor Gaozu, when Liu Bang and Xiang Yu were in Xingyang, Xiang Yu's men shot an arrow at Liu Bang's chest, and Liu Bang actually said,' I pinched my toe!' "This is a vivid portrayal of Liu Bang's extremely clever, quick and natural improvisation, and at the same time, he is" generous ",abusive and ridiculous! Xiang Yu was besieged and heard that the Han army was besieged on all sides at night. He "lamented and wrote a poem for himself:' If you pull out the mountain, you will be angry with the world, and if it is unfavorable, you will not die. What can I do if I don't die, but what can I do if I worry? ""In the Qing Dynasty, Duke Liang of Zhou said, "When was it injected? The princess died and her children were scattered, and the horse escaped. She was obsessed with Ozawa and didn't have time to write songs and poems! If there is a work, who will smell it and remember it? I'll call this number of words. No matter what, it should be Tai Shigong's pen to make up. " This statement can be described as some important secrets of the literariness of Historical Records. It is also from these aspects that I say that Historical Records seems to have a leap-forward maturity in the method of shaping characters.
Another notable feature of Shiji literature is lyricism. Some works in Historical Records are short in length, but the whole work is like a poem, such as Biography of Boyi, Biography of Qu Yuan and Biography of a Ranger. The lyricism of a large number of chapters in Historical Records lies in the narration and discussion of the works, as well as the strong feelings of love and hate in the narration and description. Such as Biography of Xiang Yu, Biography of Wei Gongzi and Biography of General Li. The whole Historical Records is an ode to love, a curse of hate and a sad song full of the author's blood and tears. Lu Xun once said that Sima Qian "hated being a jester, was deeply ashamed of his life experience and passed on the grotesque to future generations." Although it recites the meaning of Spring and Autumn Annals, it is a masterpiece of historians, and it has no rhyme. " (Outline of China Literature History) The subjective color and lyricism of historical records are the strongest and most prominent in the "official history" of past dynasties.
The appearance of Historical Records determines the basic pattern of China's ancient biography, such as taking history as a mirror in thought, which is enlightening; The form is short, emphasizing the performance of the characters, rather than the richness and completeness of the materials and the delicate lyricism of the language. The methods of writing characters and stories in Historical Records have had a far-reaching impact on later novels and dramas in China. Numerous themes, character paradigms, plots and scenes in Historical Records have opened up countless methods for later novels and dramas.
The establishment of Historical Records as the first biographical literature is of world significance. In the past, Europeans took Europe as the center, and they called Plutarch in ancient Greece "Biography of the king of world". Plutarch was born around 46 AD and died in 120 AD. He wrote 50 biographies (translated into Greek and Roman biographies), which was the beginning of European biographical literature. If we compare Plutarch in the ancient history of China, we can find that Plutarch was born 14 years later than Bangu (32-92) and 19 1 year later than Sima Qian. Sima Qian's Historical Records predates Plutarch's biography by almost two centuries.
Original reading: /shiji/index.htm
Open classification:
Traditional culture, sinology, Confucian classics, twenty-four histories, six books of talents.
References:
1. History
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Red and blue pencils 05, Liu Eryin Fox, Song, Dong Leyev, yz Ruoyao, ftsos, can write poetry, SS7E, study ancient history, goodbye Seattle, Fan.
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