What kind of aircraft is the Tu-154? Where is it produced?

The Tu-154 (Ту-154) is a three-engine medium-range passenger aircraft developed by the Tupolev Design Bureau of the former Soviet Union. The code name at the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was "Careless". Similar models are the American Boeing 727 and the British Trident airliner. The Tu-154 was designed in 1966 to replace the Tu-104 and IL-18 passenger aircraft of the former Soviet Union. Ground taxiing tests were conducted at the Zhukovsky factory near Moscow in early 1968, and the first test flight took place on October 14, 1968. ***There are 6 prototypes and pre-production aircraft used for test flights, and starting from the seventh aircraft, they were delivered to the Civil Aviation Administration of the former Soviet Union. In 1971, the Soviet Union's civil aviation used the first Tu-154 received for preliminary verification flights and crew training flights. In May 1971, mail and cargo transportation began, and in July, passenger flights on the route between Moscow and Tbilisi began. On February 9, 1972, the flight between Moscow and Mineralnye Vody in the North Caucasus began. On August 1 of the same year, the Russian Airlines Tu-154M started flying on the international route between Moscow and Prague. The basic layout of the Tu-154's fuselage with three engines and a "T" tail is similar to that of the Boeing 727. The Tu-154 has a solid structure, good propulsion-to-weight ratio (thrust-to-weight ratio), good take-off performance, and can take off from uneven runways. It has 14 large low-pressure tires that enable it to land on snow-covered and uneven runways. . For passengers who are used to Boeing airliners, the cabin of the Tu-154 seems relatively narrow. This is because the interior of the cabin section is oval and the ceiling is lower than that of typical Western-developed passenger aircraft. The Tu-154 cabin door is also smaller than similar Western aircraft, and the space for overhead luggage racks is also very limited. By the time production ceased in 2006, 935 Tu-154s of various types had been produced. Most are used by the former Soviet Union and Russian civil aviation. Foreign users include Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Cuba, Poland, North Korea, Syria, Iran and China. [Edit this paragraph] Main models Tu-154 Tu-154 passenger aircraft has many models. In addition to the general differences in weight and engines, the Tu-154 also has different models that use different fuels. Many Tu-154s are equipped with noise reduction devices, and some have been converted into cargo aircraft. Figure-154 Basic type. The power unit is equipped with three Kuznetsov NK-8-2 turbofan engines. It has a passenger capacity of 167 people. It was delivered for use in July 1971. Figure-154A developmental type. The passenger capacity and overall dimensions remain unchanged, and three NK-8-2U turbofan engines are installed to increase engine power. The addition of a central fuel tank increased the maximum takeoff weight, improved equipment and systems, improved flight performance and reliability, reduced maintenance requirements, and installed more emergency exits. The first test flight was in the second half of 1973, and it was put into trial operation in the civil aviation of the former Soviet Union in April 1974. It was officially put into flight in 1975. Figure-154B Figure-154B Improved version. The power plant is the same as Type A. Thomson/CSF/SFIM automatic flight control and navigation equipment for Level II automatic landing has been newly added. A low-speed lateral control spoiler is used in the control system. The spoiler is enlarged along the span and the outer low-speed ailerons are shortened, which improves the lateral controllability of the flight. Maximum takeoff weight increased. The rear airtight partition of the fuselage has been moved backward to increase the length of the cabin, with a capacity of 180 passengers. The fuel used for ballast on Type A can be used as normal fuel on Type B. Batch production began in 1977. Tu-154B-1 has upgraded control equipment. The Tu-154B-2 introduced Western flight control and navigation systems, including a crosswind landing system and new radar systems. This model is mainly exported. Figure-154C (Figure-154S) Cargo type. The plan was proposed in 1982. Improved on the basis of the B model, a cargo door 2.8 meters wide and 1.87 meters high was added in front of the left wing of the fuselage. Reinforced cargo floor. The main cargo hold has a volume of 73 m3, and the entire cargo hold floor is equipped with a ball and roller system, which can transport nine 2.24 m × 2.74 m container pallets. There is also 38 m3 of space for bulk cargo in the luggage compartment under the floor. The Tu-154C has a normal load capacity of 20,000 kilograms and a range of 2,900 kilometers. Tu-154M Tu-154M (formerly known as Tu-164) The latest improved model. After the production of the Tu-154B began, the Tupolev Design Bureau made necessary modifications to its structure and proposed the Tu-154M in 1980. It was first delivered to the former Soviet Union for civil aviation use on December 27, 1984. The tail wing was redesigned, the wing slats were reduced, the spoilers were enlarged, the central engine air inlet at the tail was enlarged, and the auxiliary power unit originally located under the central engine was moved to the tail cone of the fuselage. Replaced with a Soloviev D-30KU turbofan engine, which is more economical, quieter and more reliable than the previous model. The flight reliability rate of Russian Aeronautics Tu-154M continues to be higher than 99%. China Civil Aviation has introduced 30 aircraft of this model. Tu-154M also has the following models: Tu-154M-LK-1 is a model used to pick up important personnel. The Tu-154M2 is a twin-engine model equipped with two PS-90A turbofan engines. Tu-154-100 has redesigned cockpit and passenger cabin. Figure-155/Figure-156 are models using hydrogen or natural gas as fuel.

The Tu-155's central engine can run on natural gas or methane, and it first flew in the late 1980s. All three engines of the Tu-156 can run on hydrogen or natural gas. Low-temperature physics technology was introduced in the development of these two models. [Edit this paragraph] Design features: Wing: cantilevered lower wing, ordinary all-metal triple-beam damage safety structure. The sweep angle of 1/4 string is 35°. The center beam extends to the left and right sides to the inner ends of the ailerons. Five sections of leading edge slats occupy 80% of the leading edge of each wing. Three-slit flaps. The slats are hydraulically driven and the flaps are electric. There are four spoilers on each side of the wing, and the two spoilers on the inside of the wing can be used as deceleration and lifting devices. The outer ailerons provide lateral control, and the inner ailerons serve as speed brakes in flight. The leading edge slats are electrically heated for anti-icing. The tail wing has a T-shaped cantilever all-metal structure. The horizontal tail 1/4 chord line sweep angle is 40°, and the vertical stabilizer edge sweep angle is 45°. The rudder and elevator are honeycomb structures. All control surfaces of the tail wing are hydraulically controlled. The leading edges of the vertical tail and horizontal tail are engine bleed air anti-icing. The fuselage has an ordinary circular cross-section all-metal semi-monocoque structure. The cross-section diameter of the fuselage is 3.8 meters. Except for the nose radome and the tail cone equipped with the auxiliary power unit, which are non-pressurized cabins, the remaining cabins are airtight pressurized cabins. All skins are chemically milled. Landing gear: Hydraulically retractable front three-point type. The nose landing gear retracts forward into the fuselage, and the main landing gear retracts rearward into the wing trailing edge fairing. Disc brake with anti-skid device. The nose landing gear is a parallel twin wheel, and the main landing gear is a 6-wheel trolley type. This trolley type landing gear allows the Tu-154 to be used on a 180 mm thick cement runway. The basic version of the power unit is equipped with three Kuznetsov NK-8-2 turbofan engines, each with a thrust of 93.16 kN (9500 kg). Two of them are suspended on both sides of the tail of the fuselage, and the middle one is located at the tail. Its air inlet curves and extends to the root of the vertical tail. The Tu-154A is equipped with three NK-8-2U turbofan engines, each with a thrust of 102.9 kilonewtons (10,500 kilograms). The Tu-154M is equipped with a Soloviev D-30KU turbofan engine, with a single thrust of 104 kN (10,604 kg). All fuel is stored in six integral fuel tanks on the wing. In order to adjust the fuel volume of each fuel tank, each fuel tank is connected to a fuel collection tank. In the event of an emergency forced landing, carbon dioxide gas can be used to quickly flush out the fuel in the fuel tank. There is an engine bleed air anti-icing device on the leading edge of the engine inlet. Each type is equipped with a TA-95 auxiliary power unit. Cabin The cockpit has 3 seats for the pilot, co-pilot and flight engineer. The standard layout of the basic model is 6 seats per row, with 54 seats in the front cabin, 104 seats in the rear cabin, and 158 seats in the rear cabin. The latest model Tu-154M seats have been increased to 180. ***There are 4 cabin doors and 4 emergency exits. The cargo hold is a pressurized cabin with two front and rear hatches and cargo handling machinery. Systems The air conditioning system pressurizes the cabin. The three hydraulic systems are powered by engine-driven hydraulic pumps. Each hydraulic system can independently drive wheel brakes, control system boosters, flaps, spoilers, and landing gear retraction. The engine drives three alternators, a 36-volt AC and 27-volt DC power generation system, and four batteries. There is a fire extinguishing system in each engine nacelle, and the auxiliary power unit drives a DC generator or alternator as an emergency power system. There is a smoke alarm in the luggage compartment. There are two sets of anti-icing systems, the leading edge of the wing is electrically heated for anti-icing, and the leading edge of the tail uses engine bleed air anti-icing. Airborne equipment automatic flight control system and inertial navigation system, radio navigation system to measure distance and heading relative to ground navigation station, Doppler radar system to correct yaw angle and ground speed, movable map display, recordable inertial navigation system and Radio navigation system data. Hybrid digital/analog computers can integrate data from aircraft air data sensors and navigation equipment to be used by automatic flight control systems. The transponder provides own aircraft speed, altitude and identification of ground radar. 3 sets of angle-of-attack sensors, PB-5 radio altimeter, APK-15 radio compass, shortwave and ultra-shortwave communication radio stations, and weather radar installed in the nose cowl. The Tu-154M also has a 3-channel autopilot used in conjunction with the autopilot system. The automatic flight control system can be used during the flight stage after the aircraft takes off to 400 meters and before landing to 30 meters. [Edit this paragraph] Technical data Wingspan 37.55 meters Wing area 201.45 square meters Length 47.90 meters Height 11.40 meters Fuselage diameter 3.80 meters Cabin length × width × height 22.57 meters × 3.58 meters × 2.02 meters Passenger capacity: 150- 180 people, empty weight 55,300 kg, maximum commercial load 18,000 kg, maximum take-off weight 100,000 kg, maximum fuel weight 39,750 kg, maximum cruising speed 950 km/h, North Korea’s Air Koryo Tu-154, economic cruising speed 900 km/h, maximum cruising altitude 11,900 m, practical liters Limited to 12,100 meters, maximum load range is 3,740 kilometers, maximum fuel range is 6,600 kilometers [edit this paragraph] Safety record The safety record of the Tu-154 is relatively poor. But the causes of accidents are usually due to prolonged exposure to bad and extreme weather, frequent flights, poor maintenance and human error, and rarely to design flaws. Since the Tu-154 entered service, 62 aircraft have been lost due to accidents.

Among the crashed Tu-154s, six were caused by terrorist attacks or being shot down by the military. There were also some take-offs and landings on the runway that were apparently due to bad weather, including one collision with a snow plow that was accidentally left on the runway. There are also cases due to poor air traffic control. For example, on July 2, 2002, due to negligence at the Swiss Air Traffic Control Center, Bashkir Airlines Flight 2937 and DHL Flight 611 (Boeing 757 freighter) crashed in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Collision in the sky above Uberlingen in Tenberg. Major accident: On July 7, 1980, a Tu-154B-2 passenger plane crashed after taking off from Almaty Airport, killing 163 people. On October 15, 1984, a Tu-154 passenger plane collided with a fuel truck on the runway of Omsk Airport. 150 people died in the fire. On July 10, 1985, a Tu-154 passenger plane entered a spin and crashed after taking off from Tashkent Airport, killing 200 people. On May 23, 1991, a Tu-154 passenger plane stalled and crashed into the ground while approaching Pulkovo Airport in Leningrad. 12 of the 164 passengers on board were killed and 34 injured. On July 20, 1992, a Tu-154 cargo plane crashed at Tbilisi Airport due to overloading, killing seven crew members and six delivery personnel. On February 8, 1993, an Iran Air Tu-154 passenger plane collided with an Iranian Air Force fighter, killing 130-135 people. On January 3, 1994, a Tu-154 passenger plane flying from Irkutsk to Moscow crashed due to a malfunction on its way back to the airport shortly after takeoff, killing all 9 crew members and 111 passengers. On June 6, 1994, a China Northwest Airlines Tu-154M passenger plane (No. B-2610) crashed near Xi'an, killing 160 people. Afterwards, an investigation revealed that a maintenance error in the control system was the cause of the accident. On December 7, 1995, a Russian Tu-154 passenger plane crashed on its way from Yuzhno-Sakhalin to Khabarovsk, killing all 88 passengers and 8 crew members on board. On August 29, 1996, a Russian Tu-154 passenger plane crashed while landing at Longyearbyen Airport in the Spitsbergen Islands of Norway, killing all 10 crew members and 131 Norwegian miners on board. On December 15, 1997, a Tajikistan Airlines Tu-154 passenger plane crashed while approaching Sharjah Airport in the United Arab Emirates. Of the 86 passengers on board, only one survived. On August 31, 1998, a Cubana Airlines Tu-154 crashed while taking off from Quito Airport in Ecuador, killing 70 people. On September 13, 1997, a German Tu-154 passenger plane collided with an American C-141 military transport aircraft in Namibia, killing 33 people. On February 24, 1999, a China Southwest Airlines Tu-154 passenger plane (No. B-2622) flying from Chengdu to Wenzhou stalled during descent and crashed 30 kilometers away from Wenzhou Airport. 64 people were killed. According to investigation, the cause of the accident was due to an assembly error of the elevator control link in the overhaul shop, and the failure to find hidden problems during routine maintenance. As a result, the aircraft's elevator control link detached during flight operations, lost its pitch control ability, and stalled and crashed to the ground. On July 3, 2001, a Russian Tu-154M passenger plane crashed 20 kilometers away from the Irkutsk Airport during its approach, killing all 127 passengers and 9 crew members on board. On July 3, 2001, a Russian Tu-154 passenger plane crashed 22 kilometers west of Irkutsk Airport, killing all 136 passengers and 9 crew members on board. On October 4, 2001, a Siberian Airlines Tu-154 passenger plane flying from Tel Aviv to Novosibirsk was hit by a Ukrainian anti-aircraft missile over the Black Sea, killing all 78 people on board. On July 2, 2002, a Russian Bashkir Airlines Tu-154 passenger plane collided with a Boeing 757 cargo plane over Uberlingen, Baden-Württemberg, southern Germany. 69 people on board the passenger plane and the cargo plane All 2 crew members on board were killed. On February 12, 2002, an Iran Air Tu154 passenger plane crashed in the mountains near Khorramabad in western Iran, killing all 105 passengers and 12 crew members on board. On August 24, 2004, a Russian Siberia Airlines Tu-154 passenger plane was en route from Moscow to Sochi when it was attacked by a Chechen "Black Widow" named Debirkhanova in a suicide terrorist attack in Rostov Oblast. It crashed, killing all 46 people on board. On August 22, 2006, a Russian Pulkovo Airlines Tu-154 passenger plane crashed near the eastern Ukrainian city of Donetsk, killing all 160 passengers and 10 crew members on board. On July 15, 2009, an Iranian Caspian Airlines Tu-154 passenger plane (Flight 7908 from Tehran, Iran to Yerevan, Armenia) with 168 people on board crashed in Qazvin Province, northwest Iran. All 153 passengers and 15 crew members on board were killed. On January 24, 2010, an Iranian Tu-154 passenger plane caught fire while making an emergency landing at the Mashhad Airport in the northeastern city of Iran, injuring at least 46 people.

The Russian-made Tu-154 passenger plane of Iran's Taban Airlines carried 157 passengers and 13 crew members. On April 10, 2010, the plane carrying Polish President Lech Kaczynski crashed at Smolensk Airport in Russia, killing 88 (originally reported as 132 people, revised to 97 people) senior officials including the Kaczynskis and his wife. All 97 officers and nine crew members were killed. The plane's black box has been found. Officials claim that the crash was caused by the pilot's disobedience to the airport commander's instructions and the age of the plane.

The list of deceased is as follows: 1. Lech Kaczynski, born on June 18, 1949 (President) 2. Maria Kaczynskaya, born on August 21, 1942 (President’s wife) 3. Reshard -Kachurowski, born on December 18, 1919 (the last president-in-exile of Poland) 4. Ioanna Ajaka Indecka, born on December 18, 1964 5. Eva Bakov Skaya, born on August 2, 1962 6. Andrzej Blazik, born on October 11, 1962 7. Kristina Bochenek, born on June 30, 1953 8. Anna Maria- Barovskaya, born on July 20, 1928 9. Bartosh Barovsky, born on June 3, 1978 10. Tadeusz Booker, born on December 15, 1960 11. Mi Ron Khodakovsky, born on October 21, 1957 12. Czeslav Savinsky, born on March 10, 1926 13. Leshek Gertula, born on February 25, 1953 14. Zbigniew Dzebski, born on November 29, 1922 15. Grzegosz Dolinak, born on February 17, 1960 16. Eduard Duchnovsky, January 1930 Born on the 16th 17. Alexander Fedorowitz, born on July 27, 1971 18. Yanina Fetrinskaya, born on June 14, 1952 19. Yordeslav Florzak, Born on February 12, 1969 20. Artur Frankus, born on November 10, 1971 21. Franzišek Gongol, born on September 8, 1951 (Chief of General Staff of the Polish Army) 22. Jessica Grazhina, born on December 13, 1951 23. Kazimir Gilalsky, born on May 7, 1955 24. Pushemyslav Goszewski, May 12, 1964 Born on November 9, 1948 (famous member of parliament) 25. Branislav Gostomski, born on November 9, 1948 26. Mariusz Hanjik, born on June 11, 1965 (Minister of the Presidential Administration) 27. Roman - Injechuk, born on November 14, 1931 28. Pavel Yanezeks, born on April 16, 1973 29. Dariusz Jankovsky, born on July 8, 1955 30. Sabella Yaluka Nowatzka, born on August 23, 1950 (famous parliamentarian) 31. Joseph Zonik, born on October 12, 1959 32. Sebastian Karpinyuk, 1972 Born on December 4, 1958 33. Andrzej Calvita, born on June 11, 1958 34. Mariusz Kazana, born on May 8, 1960 35. Yanish Kochanovsky, Born on April 18, 1940 36. Stanislav Komornik, born on July 26, 1924 37. Stanislav Komorowski, born on December 18, 1953 38. Pavel Kra Zhevski, born on July 28, 1975 39. Andrzej Kremel, born on August 8, 1961 (Deputy Foreign Minister) 40. Zhidislav Kroll, born on May 8, 1935 41. Jonisz Krupski, born on May 9, 1951 42. Sofia Kruzumskaya Just, born on May 10, 1952 43. Janusz Kurtka, 1960 Born on August 13, 1956 (Director of the National Memorial) 44. Andrzej Kwasnik, born on November 10, 1956 45. Branislav Kwiatkovsky, May 5, 1950 Born on 46. Wojzech Lyubinsky, born on October 4, 1969. 47. Tadeusz Liutobolsky, born on June 6, 1926. 48. Barbara Maminskaya , born on November 10, 1957 49. Zenona Mamontovich Lochego, born on December 22, 1937 50. Štjevan Nerak, born on August 13, 1946 51. Tomas- Melta, born on November 7, 1965 52. Stanislav Mickey, born on September 11, 1947 53. Alexandra Natalie Sfit, born on February 20, 1959 54. Yanina Natusevic Miller, born on January 1, 1940 55. Peter Nozek, born on September 20, 1975 56. Peter Nurovsky, born on June 20, 1946 57. Bu Ranislav Alevik Loeffler, born on February 16, 1929 58. Jan Azinsky, born on March 24, 1975 59. Adam Piltz, born on June 26, 1965 60. Qatar Day Na Piskulskaya, born on March 2, 1937 61. Mace Plazhensky, born on February 10, 1958 62. Tadyush Plotsky, born on March 9, 1956 Born on 63. Flozimerzh-Potashinsky, born on July 31, 1956. 64. Andrzej Pshevoznik, born on May 30, 1963 (Secretary-General of the Struggle and Martyrdom Memorial Guard Committee) 65 , Christoph Putra, born on July 4, 1957 66, Ryszard Rumanek, born on November 7, 1947 67, Arkadyush Lubitsky, 1, 1953 Born on November 12, 68. Jacek Sahin, born on November 6, 1969. 69. Andrzej Saliusz Skabski, born on November 20, 1937. 70. Wojciech Zevi Long, born on August 31, 1939 71. Slavomir Skshipek, born on May 10, 1963 (President of the National Bank) 72. Leshek Solsky, born on November 23, 1935 73 , Vladislav Stashak, born on March 15, 1966 (Director of the Presidential Administration) 74. Jacek Surovka, born on July 2, 1974 75. Alexander Siglo, 1963 Born on October 27 (Director of State Security) 76. Yeze Smazinsky, born on April 9, 1952 (Deputy Speaker) 77. Yolanta Shmanek-Derez, July 12, 1954 Born on September 13, 1955 (famous member of parliament) 78. Isabella Tomashevskaya, born on September 13, 1955 79. Malek Uleryk, born on January 6, 1975 80. Anna Valentino Vichy, born on August 15, 1929 81. Dereza Valevskaya Psharkovskaya, born on September 10, 1937 82. Zbigniew Vashelman, Born on September 17, 1949 (famous member of parliament) 83. Vislav Voda, born on August 17, 1946 84. Edward Voitas, born on March 1, 1955 85. Pavel Wipech, 1968 Born on February 20 (Minister of the Presidential Administration) 86. Stanislav Zachag, born on May 1, 1949 87. Janis Zakzhinsky, born on March 8, 1936 88. Gabriella - Zucker, born on May 31, 1941 89, Sophia? 6? 1 Krushenska-Gust (female official) gave up boarding at the last moment due to physical discomfort