What are the 13 climates on the atlas?
(1) Equatorial (tropical) rainforest climate is roughly distributed between 10° north and south latitude, with the Amazon Plain in South America, the Congo Basin in Africa, and the Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands in Asia as typical examples. Controlled by the equatorial air mass, the climate is high, rainy and humid throughout the year. The annual average temperature is around 26°C, and the annual temperature range is very small. The annual precipitation generally exceeds 2,000 mm and is relatively evenly distributed. The natural vegetation is tropical rainforest.
(2) Tropical monsoon climate is roughly distributed on the east coast of the continent between 10° north and south latitude and the Tropic of Cancer. Typical areas are affected by the southwest monsoon in Asia's Indo-China Peninsula and the Indian Peninsula. Most of my country's Yunnan and the southeastern corner of Tibet also have a tropical monsoon climate. The temperature is relatively high throughout the year, with the annual average temperature exceeding 20°C. Seasonal shifts in prevailing wind direction are significant. In the summer half of the year, controlled by equatorial air masses, precipitation is abundant, forming a rainy season, and the climate characteristics are similar to those of tropical rainforests; in the winter half of the year, some places are controlled by tropical continental air masses, with precipitation significantly reduced, forming a dry season. The annual precipitation is 1500-2000 mm, with the rainy season precipitation accounting for more than 80-90% of the annual total, and there are two distinct dry and wet seasons. The natural vegetation is tropical monsoon forest.
(3) Tropical savanna climate is roughly distributed between 10° north and south latitude and the Tropic of Cancer, and is typical in central Africa, most of Brazil in South America, and the northern and eastern parts of the Australian continent. This type of distribution area is located in an area controlled alternately by the equatorial low pressure belt and the trade wind belt. The temperature is high throughout the year, with the annual average temperature being about 25°C. When the equatorial low pressure belt is controlled, the equatorial air mass prevails and precipitation is concentrated; when the trade wind belt is controlled, the tropical continental air mass is controlled, resulting in drought and less rain. The annual precipitation is generally 700-1000 mm, and there is an obvious and long dry season. The natural vegetation is tropical savanna.
(4) Tropical desert (dry) climate is roughly distributed in the interior of the continent and the west coast under the control of the northern and southern high pressure belts, with northern Africa, the Arabian Peninsula in Asia and the desert areas of Australia as typical examples. Under the control of the subtropical high pressure belt or trade wind belt, it is controlled by tropical continental air masses throughout the year, with drought and little rain. The annual precipitation is about 100 mm, and in some places it is only tens of millimeters or less. The sunshine is abundant, the temperature is very high, and the hottest month averages The temperature can reach around 30℃. The contradiction between heat and moisture is prominent. The distribution and formation of the world's great deserts are closely related to the dry tropical climate. The natural vegetation is desert.
(5) Subtropical monsoon climate is mainly distributed on the east coast of the subtropical continent, typically in the eastern part of the Asian continent, such as the south of the Qinling Mountains-Huaihe River in my country, the southeastern part of the North American continent, the eastern part of the South American continent and southeastern Australia. The prevailing wind direction changes significantly seasonally. In winter, affected by polar continental air masses, temperatures are low and precipitation is low; in summer, affected by tropical marine air masses, temperatures are high and rainy, and the seasonal distribution of moisture is uneven. The natural vegetation is subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest.
(6) The subtropical Mediterranean climate is mainly distributed on the west coast of subtropical continents, such as the Mediterranean coast, the west coast of the continent with latitudes of 30°-40° in North and South America, the Australian continent and the southwest corner of the African continent, etc., and is distributed along the Mediterranean coast The largest and most typical area. Taking the Northern Hemisphere as an example, in summer the subtropical high pressure belt moves northward and is controlled by high pressure. It is affected by tropical continental air masses and has sunny, dry, hot and rainy weather. In winter, the subtropical high pressure belt moves southward and is affected by the westerly belt (Mediterranean frontal belt), making it warm and rainy. The natural vegetation is evergreen hard-leaf broad-leaved forest and evergreen shrub forest.
(7) Temperate monsoon climate is mainly distributed in the eastern part of the temperate Asian continent,
such as North my country, Northeast China and the Far East of the Soviet Union. The prevailing wind direction alternates significantly between winter and summer. The winter monsoon is controlled by polar continental air masses and is cold and dry; the summer monsoon is mainly influenced by tropical ocean air masses and is warm, hot and rainy. The annual range is large, and the annual precipitation is 500-700 mm. It is unevenly distributed and relatively concentrated in summer, with continental characteristics. The natural vegetation is deciduous broad-leaved forest or mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved forest.
(8) Temperate maritime climate: It is mainly distributed on the west coast of temperate continents, such as the narrow strips of the west coast of Western Europe, North America and South America, with Western Europe as a typical example. Affected by the prevailing westerly winds all year round, the ocean airflow blows to the mainland, and the ocean regulation effect is significant. The climate characteristics are: the summer temperature is not high, the winter temperature is not low, and the annual range is small; the annual precipitation is generally 700-1000 mm, and the distribution is relatively even. The natural vegetation is temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest.
(9) Temperate continental climate Mainly distributed in the inland areas of Eurasia and North America. It is far away from the ocean, or there are high mountain barriers, and the water cycle is not active. It is mainly controlled by continental air masses, with scarce precipitation and an arid climate. The summers are hot, the winters are quite cold, and the annual and daily temperature ranges are large. The natural vegetation is desert or desert steppe or grassland.
(10) Subarctic continental climate Mainly distributed in northern Eurasia and northern North America. It is affected by polar continental air masses and polar ocean air masses throughout the year, and is also affected by icy ocean air masses in winter. The winter is long and cold, and the warm season is short and warm. The precipitation is small, relatively concentrated in summer, and evaporation is weak, making it a humid area. The natural vegetation is coniferous forest.
(11) Polar tundra climate Mainly distributed in Eurasia and the Arctic Ocean coast of North America. Often affected by icy ocean air masses and polar continental air masses, it is severely cold all year round. The average temperature in the hottest month is 1-5℃, with little precipitation, weak evaporation and high cloud cover. The natural vegetation is mainly tundra (mosses, lichens).
(12) Polar ice sheet climate Mainly distributed within the Antarctic continent and Greenland. It is very cold throughout the year, with the average monthly temperature below 0°C, making it the lowest temperature area in the world. The annual average temperature on the Antarctic continent is -29°C to 35°C, while in the Arctic region it is below -22°C, with frequent snowstorms throughout the year.
(13) Alpine plateau climate Mainly distributed in high mountains and plateau areas, such as the Himalayas, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, South American Andes, etc. In high mountainous areas, the temperature decreases with increasing height, and the vertical climate changes significantly. Within a certain height, there is high humidity, clouds, fog, and precipitation; the higher you go toward the mountains, the stronger the wind. my country's Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has high altitude, low temperature, but strong radiation, abundant sunshine, little precipitation, and strong winds in the winter half of the year. The annual temperature range is small and the daily temperature range is large.