How did the hometown of Nanyang Five Saints become Four Saints?
Wise Zhuge Liang
Zhuge Liang's word is Kong Ming. His father, Zhuge Jue, was once a Taishan county official in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and was an ordinary small official. Zhuge Liang has two sisters, an elder brother and a younger brother. When he was eight years old, his parents died one after another, and their five brothers and sisters lived on their uncle Zhuge Xuan. 1995, Yuan Shu appointed Zhuge Xuan as the magistrate, and Zhuge Liang's brother and sister came to Nanchang with their uncle. But soon, the Eastern Han Dynasty court appointed Zhu Hao as the prefect of Zhang Yu, and Zhuge Xuan led his family to Nanyang and Jingzhou to shepherd Liu Biao. 1977, Zhuge Xuan died, Zhuge Liang's two sisters got married, and his brother Zhu Gejin stayed in his hometown. There was no news so far, so Zhuge Liang and his younger brother Zhuge Jun built several thatched huts in Wollongong, Nanyang, and started their farming life. In Wollongong, Zhuge Liang lived for ten years. In this decade, Zhuge Liang has read a lot of literature and history classics. He likes the works of military strategists and legalists, admires ancient Guan Zhong and Le Yi, and often recites Fu Liang's songs to show his ambition.
Huang is a famous person in Miannan, and he respects Zhuge Liang's talent very much. One day, he said to Zhuge Liang, "I heard that you are not married. I have a daughter who is not very good-looking, but her talent can rival yours. I wonder if you like her? " Zhuge Liang had long heard that Mr. Huang Lao had a talented woman, and he himself wanted to admire her. Now I have listened to the old man's question and readily agreed. Mrs Huang later gave Zhuge Aliang a lot of help. It is said that Zhuge Liang was inspired by his wife when he invented the wooden ox and flowing horse.
On one occasion, Liu Bei asked Si Mahui for advice. Si Mahui said, "Long Fu and Feng Chu can defend the world. Long Fu is Zhuge Liang in Wolong and Feng Chu is Pang Tong. " Soon, Xu Shu took refuge in Liu Bei and recommended Zhuge Liang. Liu Bei wants Xu Shu to be called Zhuge Liang. Liu Beisi was thirsty, so he led Guan Yu and Zhang Fei to visit Wollongong. He has never seen Zhuge Liang twice before, but only for the third time. It was the middle of winter in 2007. Liu Bei is 47 years old and Zhuge Liang is 27 years old. Liu Bei humbly asked Zhuge Liang for advice, and only then did he have a historic countermeasure. Liu Bei was enlightened by Zhuge Liang's analysis, so he begged Zhuge Liang to come out of the mountain. Zhuge Liang thought that Liu Bei was ambitious and looked up to the thatched cottage, so he agreed generously. Since then, Zhuge Liang left Nanyang and began his military career for the rest of his life.
Zhuge Liang followed Liu Bei to Xinye and thought it was urgent to expand the army first. He said to Liu Bei: There are many people living in Jingzhou now, but few have household registration. If military service is levied according to household registration, it will cause public dissatisfaction. The general can tell Liu Biao to order domestic tourists to truthfully declare the number of people and select them to expand their troops. "Liu Bei took Zhuge Liang's advice, and within a few months, he expanded his army of thousands of people to tens of thousands. On one occasion, Liu Qi invited Zhuge Liang to play in the back garden. When climbing the stairs, the stairs were torn down between banquets. He asked Zhuge Liang again, "Today, I can't go to heaven or go to the ground. If you say it, you can teach me a skill of self-security. Zhuge Liang said to him, "Don't you know that Shen Sheng works inside and Zhong Er lives outside?" Liu Qi immediately understood Zhuge Liang's meaning. Just then, Huang Zu, the satrap of Jiangxia, was killed by Sun Quan. Liu Qi asked his father to allow him to leave Jiangxia, and Liu Biao agreed to appoint him as Jiangxia Prefecture.
In the autumn of 2008, Cao Cao went south and took Jingzhou directly. At this time, Liu Biao died, and Liu Cong succeeded Jingzhou Pastoral and surrendered to Cao Cao. When Liu Bei learned the news, he immediately called an emergency meeting. Zhuge Liang put forward two strategies: the first was to attack Xiangyang, seize Jingzhou and confront Cao Cao; The plan is for the whole army to withdraw south quickly, save energy and retreat to Jiangling. Liu Bei could not bear to take Jingzhou, which had just died, so he had to follow the plan. However, many of Liu Biao's subordinates and Jingzhou people were unwilling to surrender to Cao, and they all fled with Liu Bei, with hundreds of thousands of people, and their actions were slow. Zhuge Liang also asked Liu Bei to send Guan Yu to Jiangxia with military forces and asked Liu Qi for reinforcements. Sun Quan has been paying close attention to the development of the situation in Jiangdong. When he learned that Cao Jun had gone south and Liu Biao had died, he immediately sent Lu Su to Jingzhou. Contact Liu Bei. Zhuge Liang said to Liu Bei, "The current situation is urgent. Only by uniting Sun Quan against Cao is the way out. " So Liu Bei sent Zhuge Liang and Lu Su to Chai Sang to meet Sun Quan to discuss the alliance. At this time, Sun Quan became a leading faction inside, and Zhuge Liang decided to persuade Sun Quan through challenges.
Zhuge Liang said: "Cao Cao cut off the heroes, leveled Hebei and broke Jingzhou, and the world was shocked." The general should make a decision according to his own strength. If Wu's strength can compete with it, break with Cao Cao as soon as possible; If the enemy can't beat you, put on your armor and surrender to Cao Cao, and you can steal peace. Obeying Cao Cao on the surface, but hesitating at heart, and not making a decision at the critical moment, it will be a disaster. Sun Quan said, "If you say so, why didn't Liu Bei surrender to Cao Cao? Zhuge Liang replied: "Liu Yuzhou is a royal family with outstanding talents and is admired by all." Even if the great cause fails, it is destiny takes a hand. How can he humbly surrender to Cao Cao? " "Zhuge Liang's words really aroused the fire of Sun Quan. Sun Quan said, "I can't raise the whole land of Wu, and hundreds of thousands of people are subject to others. I have made up my mind. If I don't unite with Liu Yuzhou, I can't resist Cao Cao. However, Liu Yuzhou just lost the battle. How can he resist Cao Cao? Zhuge Liang said: "Although Liu Yuzhou was defeated, he assembled a large number of troops. Together with Guan Yu's water army, there were 10,000 elite men. Liu Qi has more than 10,000 Jiangxia troops. You've come a long way and you're very tired. It is said that you March 300 Li a day and a night, which is exactly "a spent force cannot wear hair." As a warning, Sun Tzu's Art of War holds that "it will damage the general. Moreover, the soldiers in the north are not used to water warfare, and the soldiers and civilians in Jingzhou are only unconvinced by the pressure of Cao Cao. If the general can send a brave general with tens of thousands of troops to fight with the allied forces in Liu Yuzhou, he will surely defeat Cao Jun, and after Cao Jun's defeat, he will surely return to the north. In this way, the forces of Jingzhou and Dongwu will develop and form a situation in which the world is divided into three parts. The key to success or failure is today. Sun Quan was very happy and finally decided to fight Cao.
Battle of Red Cliffs and Huang Gai gave Zhou Yu a plan: set fire to Cao's boat. But everything is ready, except the east wind. Zhou Yu was in a hurry, and Lu Su consulted Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang was proficient in astronomy, and expected that there would be a southeast wind on the winter solstice, so he agreed to Zhou Yu's attack on the winter solstice. Sure enough, the southeast wind blew on that winter day, Huang Gai burned Cao's boat, and Sun Liu's allied troops defeated Cao. After Battle of Red Cliffs, Zhou Yu and Coss competed for Jiangling. At Zhuge Liang's suggestion, he captured Wuling, Changsha, Guiyang and Lingling in one fell swoop.
In 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor and appointed Zhuge Liang as prime minister. In 223, Liu Bei was critically ill and sent someone to bring Zhuge Liang from Chengdu to arrange the funeral. Soon Liu Bei died in Baidicheng. Zhuge Liang escorted Liu Bei's coffin back to Chengdu for burial and helped Liu Yuxin become emperor. Zhuge Liang decided to go in three steps: the first step was to restore the alliance between Shu and Wu; The second step is to pacify the rebellion in the south and stabilize the rear; The third step is the northern expedition to Cao Wei.
In March 225, Zhuge Liang decided to personally levy Nanzhong. Meng Huo, the leader of the Na people, was captured by Zhuge Liang, and finally surrendered to Shu Han and stopped the rebellion. In 226, Cao Pi died of illness and Cao Cao acceded to the throne. Zhuge Liang thought it was an opportunity and decided to start the Northern Expedition. But he didn't trust Liu Chan, so he wrote a letter before he left Chengdu. This is the famous "model".
In the spring of 234, Zhuge Liang's 100,000-strong army made the fifth northern expedition and confronted Sima Yi. The two sides were deadlocked for more than three months, and finally fell ill because of working day and night and thinking too much. Zhuge Liang felt that his illness was unlucky, so he reported his illness to his late master Liu Chan and asked for a funeral for him. A few days later, Zhuge Liang died in the former army of Wuzhang at the age of 54.
The whole country of Shu was grieved, and Zhuge Liang was buried in Dingjun Mountain, posthumous title, according to his will.
Zhang Zhongjing, a "medical sage"
Zhang Zhongjing, a famous machine, was born in Nieyang, Nanyang County in the Eastern Han Dynasty (now Gedong Town, Deng County, Henan Province). Born on 150 and died on 2 19.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, epidemics occurred frequently. Zhang Zhongjing read a lot of books and systematically summarized the essence of medicine before the Han Dynasty. Based on his rich medical experience, he wrote sixteen volumes of Treatise on Febrile Diseases. Later doctors called Zhang Zhongjing a "medical sage" and regarded typhoid fever and synopsis of the golden chamber as medical classics (treatise on febrile diseases was divided into treatise on febrile diseases and synopsis of the golden chamber after the Tang and Song Dynasties), which has been a must-read classic for learning Chinese medicine for more than 1,600 years from the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Zhang Zhongjing completed two of the "four books" of traditional Chinese medicine. The principle of "syndrome differentiation and treatment" he founded is a bright pearl in the great treasure house of Chinese medicine, which makes Chinese medicine unique among the nations in the world. Since Sui and Tang Dynasties, Zhang Zhongjing's works have spread overseas and enjoyed a high reputation in the world medical field. Since the Jin Dynasty, more than 700 Chinese and foreign scholars have compiled, annotated, studied and developed Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, which is also rare in the world history. Zhang Zhongjing is one of the most outstanding scientists in the long history of Chinese civilization. His theory gave birth to generations of famous doctors, and it is still "more brilliant after thousands of years".
According to historical records, Zhang Zhongjing was gifted and studious. When I was a teenager, I studied medicine in Zhang Bozu, the same county, and spread it widely. He is good at thinking and gradually mastered simple dialectical methods. When Emperor Ling of Han Dynasty, Zhongjing was promoted to filial piety. Then he became the magistrate of Changsha County. Although he occupies an important position, he is not as good as fortune, despises glory and hates official competition. At that time, it was a great epidemic in the late Lingdi period, which witnessed the decline of every village and the tragic situation of every household crying. Zhang Zhongjing is very concerned about the safety of the people. He broke through the feudal hierarchy and chose to treat difficult diseases in the lobby on the first and fifteenth day of each month. This is a beautiful talk for thousands of years. Later, the pharmacy was dubbed "XX Hall" to commemorate Zhang Zhongjing's performance in the lobby!
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when the government was living in Japan and Africa, especially when atrocities continued in the Central Plains of Zhang Zhongjing's hometown, he resolutely resigned as a satrap, jumped out of the official sea, returned to his hometown, and studied his medical skills hard, with remarkable achievements. Leo Lee's Medical History in the Ming Dynasty said: "Zhongjing's medical skill is better than Bozu's. Although his diagnosis is unknown, it is really a strange doctor."
"Kesheng" Zhang Heng, some stars in the universe are named after him, and the mountains around the moon are also named after him. The Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications issued stamps in memory of him. Such a comprehensive figure is also rare in world history.
Zhang Heng is famous for his outstanding achievements in science. There are craters named after Zhang Heng on the moon and stars named after Zhang Heng in the universe. 1955, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications issued stamps to commemorate Zhang Heng. 1956, Shiqiao, Nanyang County, Henan Province rebuilt the Zhang Heng's Tomb Heping reading platform. Comrade Guo Moruo praised in his tombstone inscription: "Such a comprehensive figure is also rare in world history." "It is admirable to worship the ancient Millennium", which is the lofty evaluation of our people.
Zhang Heng was a great scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He was born in a relatively incorruptible bureaucratic family, his father died young, and his grandfather Zhang Kan was a local official. Later, his family declined, and sometimes he lived on the support of relatives and friends.
In A.D. 100, 23-year-old Zhang Heng became the main book of Nanyang satrap Balder, responsible for handling daily official documents. In addition to dealing with government affairs, it took 10 years to complete literary works praised by later generations such as Tokyo Fu and Xijing Fu. These works of his have a certain position in the development history of five-character and seven-character poems. At the same time, he is also one of the four famous painters in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Zhang Heng's greatest scientific achievement is in the field of astronomy. In A.D.11year, Zhang Heng successively served as a doctor, a government official and a company. Among them, he served as Taishiling for the longest time, reaching 14 years. During this period, he made exquisite research on astronomy and calendar calculation, and finally wrote a masterpiece of astronomy-Lingxian. "Spirit" refers to the gods, here refers to the astronomical phenomena; The Constitution is the law. "Lingxian" means that heaven is like heaven. The book Lingxian expounds many astronomical phenomena. He explained that the moon itself does not shine but reflects sunlight, so when the position of the moon is relative to the sun, it is a full moon; When the sun turned its back on him, the moon disappeared. He gave the earliest scientific explanation of the causes of the solar eclipse in China from the different positions of the sun, the moon and the earth. The book records 2500 stars observed in Luoyang, which is basically the same as the number of 2500 ~ 3000 stars observed by modern astronomers.
The discovery that Zhang Heng influenced the world was the invention of the armillary sphere. The armillary sphere is a sphere made of copper, which depicts the equator, ecliptic, north and south poles, sun, moon, stars, twenty-eight nights and twenty-four solar terms. Copper balls are installed on inclined copper balls. There is a horizontal ring outside the copper ball, indicating the horizon. The copper ball moves from east to west, and the stars carved on it rise above the horizon from the east and fall below the horizon to the west, which is exactly the same as the situation that the stars rise in the sky and fall in the west. In this way, people sitting in the room can see the movement of celestial bodies from the armillary sphere.
Zhang Heng also created an instrument for measuring wind direction-Xiangfeng Copper Bird. Xiangfeng copper bird is a five-foot-high copper bird with a flower on the top of a pole, which can rotate with the wind. The bird's head is facing the direction of the wind. Zhang Heng's phoenix bird is similar to the waiting chicken in Europe. The waiting chicken in Europe appeared in12nd century, later than the bronze bird 1000.
In A.D. 132, Zhang Heng made the first seismograph in the world to detect earthquakes. This seismograph is made of pure copper and shaped like a wine bottle with a raised royal lid. In the center of the room stands a copper column with a thick top and a thin bottom, and there are eight channels beside the column, which is called "Eight Roads". There is a starting mechanism in the channel, and eight dragons are cast around the outside of the musical instrument body, arranged in eight directions, and each dragon mouth contains a copper ball. Facing the faucet, eight copper toads squatted on the ground. In which direction there will be an earthquake, the dragon's mouth facing this direction will automatically open, and the copper ball will fall into the toad's mouth, giving an earthquake alarm.
/kloc-on the third day of February, 38, the copper ball at the west entrance of the seismograph suddenly fell, but people living in Luoyang could not feel any ground motion at all, and some scholars doubted the efficacy of the seismograph. A few days later, people in Longxi reported that there had been an earthquake, and everyone was convinced. Europeans made the first seismograph in 1880, which was later than Zhang Heng 1700.
Later, Zhang Heng's local persuasion instrument was lost. In 1950s, scientists copied a model according to ancient records and displayed it in the Chinese History Museum in Beijing.
Zhang Heng died in A.D. 139 at the age of 62. Shang Sheng was a famous minister of Yue at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. Not much to say. Chu Wan (now Nanyang, Henan) was born. Proficient in military strategy, resourceful, worshipped as a doctor. In the third year of Gou Jian's reign (494 BC), Fu Cha, the king of Wu, defeated the Vietnamese army, and Gou Jian joined Wu Weichen with his wife. He was also held hostage by Wu for two years. After returning to China, he assisted Gou Jian in trying to get revenge. After 10 years' efforts, the country of Yue has finally changed from weak to strong. In the fifteenth year of Gou Jian, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, led a good soldier to join the vassal in Huangchi (southwest of Fengqiu, Henan), leaving the prince and the old and weak to defend the country. At his suggestion, Gou Jian sent troops to attack Wu and Wudu (now Suzhou, Jiangsu), killing the king of Wu. In the 24th year of Gou Jian, the Vietnamese army besieged Wudu for three years, and Fu Cha committed suicide. The State of Yue finally annexed the State of Wu. After the destruction of Wu, he made up his mind to go forward, sailed across the sea to Qi, settled in Tao (now Dingtao County, Shandong Province), and changed his name to Li Yizi Pi, and became rich in business. He believes that when dealing with the enemy, we should make plans according to the changes in the situation. If we are strong, we should guard against arrogance and rashness. If we are weak, we should strive for favorable opportunities and create favorable conditions, so as to turn the weak into the strong. It is also believed that the price change is due to the surplus and shortage of supply and demand, and it is advocated that food should be bought by the government when it is cheap and sold at a low price when it is expensive. His remarks can be found in Mandarin Vietnamese and Historical Records and Biography of Huo Zhi.