Historical questions, help to answer, O(∩_∩)O Thank you!
Before 594, Solon became a consul and carried out reforms.
Content: In 594, Solon became consul.
(1) Abolish all debts mortgaged by Athenian citizens, prohibit borrowing by personal mortgage again, and redeem those who were sold to foreign countries as slaves because they were unable to pay their debts at the expense of the country. This measure is called negative order. (2) Abolish the hereditary monopoly of Guicui clan, and no longer divide citizens by birth and property. According to the total income of agricultural products in one year, citizens are divided into four grades, and the political rights of each grade depend on their financial resources. First-class and second-class citizens can hold senior state posts; Citizens at the fourth level cannot hold official positions, but they have the right to participate in citizens' meetings and people's courts. (3) Establish a 400-member parliament and a people's court as the highest administrative and judicial organs, expand the power of the citizens' assembly, and allow every citizen to appeal to the citizens' assembly and the people's court on issues of vital interests. (4) Formulate a new code to replace Gracchus's draconian laws, and only keep the part about homicide, so as to make the whole Athens law more humane. Solon also encouraged citizens to engage in handicrafts and commerce, banned grain exports, reformed weights and measures, minted new Athenian coins, and enacted some laws on property inheritance, forbidding reburial, and providing pensions to relatives of citizens who sacrificed their country.
Significance: breaking the monopoly of Guikui ethnic rights, and civilians directly manage state affairs. The beginning of the Athenian people,
Nature: the civilian reform carried out by slave owners and Guikui people.
2. Reform in Cristini
Time: end of 6th century BC
The contents of the reform include:
(1) Ten regional tribes were established as electoral units for various public institutions in Athens. Organizationally, the clan-related tribes were eliminated, the situation that Guikui people manipulated public office elections was ended, the power base of Guikui people was removed, and tribes were artificially divided, breaking the convention of gathering parties by region and preventing social unrest.
(2) Replace the 400-member conference with the 500-member conference as the highest administrative body. The difference between a meeting of 500 people and a meeting of 400 people;
A is not produced by blood, but by regional tribes, and no longer has the original clan meaning.
B expanded its functions, in addition to preparing bills for the citizens' assembly, it also implemented the resolutions of the citizens' assembly and handled daily government affairs.
C. the principle of drawing lots for elections and taking turns to govern.
(3) Establish the Committee of Ten Generals as the highest military institution. The Committee is composed of one person from each of the ten regional tribes, elected once a year, and takes turns to command the army, one of whom is the chief general.
(4) Formulate the Tao Exile Law, cast secret votes to exile the elements that endanger the country, crack down on the die-hards in Guangxi, and prevent the resurgence of tyrant politics. It embodies the promotion of the power of the citizens' assembly and, to a certain extent, the concept that "the people's power lies in the people's hands".
Significance: Cleisthenes's reform marked the victory of civilians' struggle against aristocrats in the past century, and marked the initial establishment of slavery politics in Athens. Basically eliminated the remnants of the clan tribal system and completed the whole process of Athens' transition from clan to country. First of all, the reform completely eliminated the remnants of the clan system, marking the final completion of the whole historical process of Athens' transition from clan to country. Secondly, the reform ended the anti-Guiyu struggle of Athenian civilians for more than a century, marking the final establishment of Athenian democracy. Since then, the social contradiction in Athens is no longer the contradiction between nobles and civilians, but the contradiction between slaves and slave owners. Since then, ancient Greece has entered a classical era centered on Athens.
It is generally believed that Cleisthenes's reform established the slave-slave system in Athens. Because the political system in Athens has the characteristics of "the main power lies with the people", "drawing lots" and "ruling by turns", but at this time, the main power of the people is not enough, especially "the main power lies with the people", mainly because the legal qualification of property is still valid, and the political rights of third-and fourth-grade citizens are still restricted, so they can only attend civic meetings and cannot serve as senior officials. So at this time, people's democracy has not been fully established.
3. Perikles reform
Time: 5th century BC
Content:
All adult male citizens can hold almost all official positions. They can also attend the citizens' assembly and reach an agreement on the important affairs of the city-state.
(2) The citizens' assembly is the legislature and the highest authority.
(3) The 500-member parliament (each tribe takes turns to govern) is a permanent body of the citizens' assembly, which handles daily affairs during the intersessional period and its functions are further expanded.
④ The jury court becomes the highest judicial and supervisory organ.
(5) In order to encourage citizens to actively participate in politics, pay salaries to citizens who hold public office and participate in political activities. In order to attract the public to the theatre. A "theater allowance" was also specially distributed to the public.
Function: The theory and practice of Athenian democracy laid the initial foundation for the modern western political system.
1. Solon's reform in the early 6th century BC laid a political foundation for Athenian democracy.
2. At the end of 6th century BC, Cristini reformed and established the Athenian people's democracy.
3. In the 5th century BC, when Perikles came to power, the citizens of Athens entered a "golden age".
/kloc-in the third century, British cities appeared and developed, and a citizen class appeared. In rural areas, due to the abolition of the military service of the main order of Fengkui Jianjian during Henry II, they paid taxes to the order of Fengkui Jianjian, which made them devote themselves to agriculture and sheep raising, and their economic strength was increasing day by day. Over time, their interests are more and more consistent with those of businessmen. These emerging class forces are basic taxpayers, and they have become a political force that cannot be ignored.
/kloc-At the beginning of the third century, Britain often fought against France during the reign of King John, and lost many territories in France. In addition, during this period, King John did not succeed in opposing the Pope. Instead, he must pay the Pope a tax of 1000 every year. During the Tang Dynasty, due to years of war and tribute, the national treasury became increasingly empty. In order to increase his income, John levied exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees, violated customs and regulations at will, and often levied rents from nobles and even confiscated their land. In addition, John arbitrarily increased the new taxes of urban citizens, which aroused great resentment from all walks of life. 12 15, under the leadership of daguikai people, knights and citizens jointly held a big riot. Violent radicals surrounded London, forcing John to sign the famous Magna Carta on June 15. In the "self-imposed constitution", the violent people put forward some rights to protect urban citizens, and regarded the citizen class as a political force for the first time. The constitution also gives farmers some legal protection. More importantly, the constitutional chapter affirms the power of the "great meeting" of the kingdom, emphasizing that the king can only collect additional temporary taxes or additional taxes from the owners of buildings with the consent of this "great meeting". This shows that the "big meeting" has the power to determine Wang Kui's tax, thus limiting Wang Kui's power and putting him under the sealing law. It can be seen that the constitution embodies two basic principles: first, the king must abide by the law; Second, if the king breaks the law, his subjects have the right to force him to obey. These two principles are embodied in the chapter of self-help in the Great Constitution, which provides a theoretical basis for the parliament formed in Britain to restrict the power of the king.
1258, Henry III sought the Sicilian throne for his son and needed to raise money urgently. To this end, he did not hesitate to destroy the "Daxian Self-Relief Chapter" and forced the Guikui clan and knights to pay one-third of their income as taxes. As a result, some nobles and knights headed by SimondeMontfort United with the citizens and captured Henry III and his son Edward. Later, the Guikui Clan headed by montfort became the actual ruler of Britain. 1265, Montfort convened a joint congress of the proletariat and all classes. The conference broke the precedent, inviting not only nobles, casters and knights, but also representatives of citizens. This is the beginning of a political conference held by the country.
Shortly after the unification of GuiChuiZong in Montfort, another group of GuiChuiZong who supported the king was promoted. 1272, Edward, son of Henry III, ascended the throne. During Edward's reign, due to years of war and lack of funds, the Guikui opposition was in danger of making a comeback. In this case, in order to solve the problem of collecting new taxes, Edward I of England wanted to convene a parliament composed of representatives from all walks of life, including kings, noble families, knights and wealthy citizens. 1295, a parliament was held in Edward I of England, England, attended by about 400 people, including archbishop, bishop, priest, abbot, earl, baron, knight and representatives of city citizens [3]. Judging from the composition of these representatives, they represent three social classes respectively. The first is the nobility, the second is the clergy, and the third is the civilians. Obviously, this kind of parliament is not only a "big meeting" to establish aristocratic families, but also a "hierarchical parliament" with national scale, representing all the bourgeoisie in society. Since then, parliaments have been held frequently following the example of this parliament in 1295, so the British parliament in 1295 is called a "model parliament". Since parliament was convened in 1295, parliament has become a fixed political institution in Britain and belongs to the political superstructure. Therefore, Britain evolved from "aristocratic democracy" to "hierarchical monarchy".
The system of Guikui people (Latin: Aurea Libertas；; Polish: Z? Ota vorno? ), sometimes translated into gold self-reliance, expensive self-reliance or expensive alliance (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Szlachecka or z? Ota vorno? , Latin: áurea libertas) is a unique aristocratic regime adopted by the Lithuanian Federation of Poland after the merger of the Kingdom of Poland and lublin. In this political system, all Guikui people who have direct property (Shirakata) have equal rights and control powerful rights and privileges. Kuei people control the legislature (Sem-Polish Parliament) and the elected federal king.
The political system of ancient Rome was divided into three main stages.
The royal era (753-509 BC), the * * era (509-27 BC) and the imperial era (27 BC-476 AD). The political systems in these three stages have different characteristics.
In the period when the clan system in ancient Rome disintegrated and transformed into a city-state, its political system had the historical characteristics of "military-civilian control system" and the embryonic stage of the country. Legend has it that seven "Rex" ruled Rome one after another at that time, and patriarchal clan system was the basic organization of society. At this time, there were 300 clans in Rome, with 10 clans 1 phratry (curia), 1 tribe (Tribbe) and * * * forming 3 tribes. Three tribes * * * together formed the "Romans" or "Roman Commune". The institutions in charge of public affairs in ancient Rome were mainly military personnel, which mainly included: ① Curia Congress attended by adult men of all clans, whose task was to decide the war, elect senior officials including the "king" and vote on bills on major issues. (2) The Senate, also known as the Council of Elders, consists of dignitaries from 300 clans in Rome. It helps the "king" to deal with some important issues, and it first discusses these issues. (3) The "King" is elected by the Senate Congress and has military, judicial and priestly powers, but no civil rights. When servius tullius, the sixth "King", was in office (about 578 BC ~ 534 BC), he carried out reforms with the support of ordinary people, which eventually formed the slavery system in Rome and promoted the political system in ancient Rome.
* * * At the end of the reign, the "King" Takvin was cruel and heartless, and the Romans were very angry and drove him away. In about 509 BC, the Republic of * * * was established, ruled by Roman kwekwe. * * * The early Roman regime was in the hands of the Senate, the Civil Assembly, the consul, the Ombudsman and other chief executives, and gradually formed an oligarchy and political power. Guikui people are in power, but civilians have no right. Civilians and guikui people fought for a long time. Civilians finally gained a series of rights, such as setting up civilian tribune and civilian meeting, and holding senior official positions, which promoted the continuous improvement of Rome and political system. Its political institutions mainly include: ① Consul. * * * At the beginning of the era, two people were elected from the Senturia Conference (committee of 100 Conference) for a term of 1 year, in charge of the highest military and political power. At first, most of them were monopolized by Que people. Since 366 BC, 1 person has been selected from the common people, and can enter the Senate at the expiration of his term of office. (2) citizens' assembly. At this time, the Senturia Congress based on clan kinship has replaced the Couria Congress. Its authority is to elect senior officials, decide whether to declare war on foreign countries, and vote on all proposals submitted by the Consul General. However, all bills passed by the General Assembly can only take effect after the Senate finally approves them. Due to the different votes at different levels, the real power is in the hands of a few expensive people. ③ Senate. The number of members increased from 100 to 300. At first, it was monopolized by Queequeg people, and later retired consuls and upper-class civilians could also join. The Senate is the highest authority and decision-making body, with administrative, legislative, diplomatic, military, financial and judicial powers, and it is also the representative and defender of the Roman political system. It also has a tribune, a financial palace, a supervisor and a judicial officer. (See color map [Rome * * * and Senate meeting of the Republic of China])
From the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century BC 1 century BC, due to the constant external expansion, Rome developed from a small country into a big country whose slave system spanned three continents: Europe, Asia and Africa. BC 1 century, after many large-scale struggles between slaves and civilians, the Roman Republic fell into a serious crisis, and the political system of * * * could not meet the needs of the situation at that time. At the end of the * * * and era, the isolation of L.C. Sura and G.J. Caesar appeared in 27 BC. So Octavian established a personal exclusive system and a unified system, and the Republic of China was declared extinct. Since then, Rome has entered the era of slavery.
In imperial times, the Roman Empire was usually divided into pre-empire (27 BC-284 AD) and post-empire (284 -476 AD). The former empire adopted the prince system, and the later empire adopted the Dominic system. The essence of the two is the same, both for the establishment of a military monopoly empire, but each has its own characteristics.
The prince system is generally called the head of state politics (or the head of state system). Prince is a transliteration of Latin principatus, meaning first citizen or chief elder. The prince system was formed during the reign of Augustus (27 BC ~ AD 14). Augustus defeated his political opponents one by one, ending the long Roman Civil War. He inherited Caesar's tradition and tried to re-establish individual monopoly and unified governance. However, at that time, the * * * system was still influential, and the social forces that maintained the * * * and political traditions still existed, prompting Augustus to adopt the traditional political way of heads of state. This political system was produced in the process of slavery in ancient Rome from slavery to monarchy, and it was politically transitional.
The basic characteristics of the prince system are as follows: ① National institutions such as citizens' assembly, consul, tribune and Senate continue to exist in name only, and the head of state can invoke the political system of the times and have various personal rights. (2) The original functions of state institutions have gradually changed, or been weakened (such as the Senate), or existed in name only (such as the citizens' assembly), and some important positions have been occupied by the head of state for a long time. For example, Augustus served as consul for many years in a row and obtained the power of lifelong tribune, and the head of state became the master of the civil administration with real power. Later, the Fuehrer also served as the high priest and played a leading role in religious affairs. The main pillar of the prince system is the army, and the head of state enjoys the title of supreme marshal. He not only has the supreme power to command the army, but also becomes the supreme ruler to control the whole empire. Therefore, the Fuehrer's politics is a monarchy in the cloak of * * *. It is generally believed that Augustus was the first emperor of the Roman Empire. The Fuhrer respected the Senate in political form, so some scholars in modern times said that the Roman Empire pursued the politics of Fuhrer and Senate in the early days.
After Augustus, the rulers of the previous empires continued to carry out the prince system, the emperor's power of individual monopoly system was continuously strengthened, and the centralized bureaucratic system was established and stabilized. During the reign of Tiberius (A.D. 14 ~ 37), he invoked laws that insulted the dignity of the Roman people to punish anyone who criticized the emperor. During the reign of Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus (AD 4 1 ~ 54), the royal office of the head of state in Augustus period developed into the office of the central government, which laid the foundation of the Roman empire bureaucracy. From Jorio-Claudius dynasty (BC 14 ~ 68) to Flavi dynasty (AD 69 ~ 96) and then to Antony dynasty (AD 96 ~ 192), the prince system ensured the "Roman peace" for nearly two centuries and created conditions for the social development of the early empire. At this time, the social foundation of the prince system is no longer the narrow city-state citizen group in the Roman Republic era, but the whole handmaiden class in the huge empire. Among them, it is mainly the slave owners' class, including the increasingly romanized slave owners in various provinces, that is, the Guikui nationality.
In the 3rd century, there was a crisis in the Roman Empire. From Seville dynasty (193 ~ 235), the emperor strengthened the power of individual monopoly and established a more powerful military monopoly in order to alleviate the political crisis of the empire. During the reign of "Emperor Illyria" (268 ~ 284), the exclusive right of military personnel reached its peak. The turbulent situation in the 3rd century prompted the political system of the Roman Empire to gradually change from the prince system to the dominant system.
Dominant Tohmeena is a transliteration of Latin dominatus, which means monarchy. G.A.V Diocletian succeeded to the throne (284 ~ 305), completely abandoning the cloak of harmony and replacing it with an open monarchy. Since then, the political system of the Roman Empire has changed from a prince system to a special one in Domene.
Domina is special in that the official title of the supreme ruler is "Domina", which means (master, ruler); It boasts that its power comes from God, that its orders are legally binding, and that it has the right to kill and seize its subjects. The court ceremony of the ancient oriental monarch was adopted. During Diocletian's reign, the Roman Empire was divided into four and ruled by four rulers, forming a situation of "four emperors, but Diocletian was in power". In order to strengthen the monarchy and consolidate the centralized slave empire, he implemented many administrative, military, financial and monetary reforms.
During the reign of Constantine I (306 ~ 337), Mehnert was further improved and developed. Constantine copied a set of bureaucratic and military systems of the previous dynasty and adopted the method of enfeoffment of kings with the same surname instead of the "four emperors * * * rule system" of enfeoffment of kings with different surnames in Diocletian period, which pushed the monarchy system of the Roman Empire to a new height. At that time, the bureaucracy expanded rapidly, and the public officials of that era no longer existed. Officials regard loyalty to the monarch as their highest duty. In 3 13, Constantine issued the Milan decree, which adopted a tolerant attitude towards Christianity, aiming at seeking a theoretical basis for the monarchy and consolidating imperial rule with religion as a weapon. In 330, Constantine moved the imperial capital to the ancient Greek city of Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople, which was called "New Rome" in history. This move marks the final establishment of Dominica.
In 395, the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. In 476, Germany deposed the last Western Roman emperor, marking the end of slavery in the West. The Eastern Roman Empire continued to promote multi-Milotic, which lasted for a long historical period and developed quite fully in the Justinian I era (527-565).
The supreme power of the country is in the hands of organs where only a few people have the right to vote and stand for election. The Roman Republic in the 5th century BC is a typical example of the Guikui people's * * * system. The citizens' assembly is the highest authority in form, but it is actually subject to the Senate. The Senate has legislative, executive, military, property, judicial and religious powers, and plays a major role in managing the country. The Senate is actually the department of your family.
* * * and thoughts have a long history, and * * * and practice have existed since ancient times. Sparta and Athens in ancient Greece, ancient Rome, Venice, Florence and Genoa in medieval Italy were once famous republics. Among them, Sparta, Rome and Venice were praised by ancient thinkers. From ancient Greece to the British Revolution, the ideal regime in the eyes of thinkers is a "mixed and balanced constitution". In Machiavelli and other thinkers, "mixed balanced regime" is synonymous with * * * and regime; Sparta, ancient Rome and Venice in the Middle Ages were regarded by thinkers as models of "mixed and balanced regimes". Therefore, to grasp the essence of * * * harmony, we must start with the idea of mixed balanced regime and mixed balanced regime.
"Mixed balanced regime" is a regime that consists of several basic components of society and checks and balances each other. Sparta has two kings, a Senate composed of 28 nobles over 60 years old and a "citizens' assembly" attended by all adult men. The king presided over the meetings and ceremonies of the polis and was responsible for foreign wars; The Senate is the center of decision-making and legislation and has the right to supervise the king; The "citizens' assembly" elects officials and approves the Senate's proposals. The main political institutions of the Roman Republic are the Senate, the consul and the people's assembly. The Senate is the highest decision-making body; The consul is a substitute for the king and exercises military, administrative and judicial power; The people's assembly elected consuls and other officials, and the people's assembly later gained the power to pass bills with the same effect as the decisions of the Senate. In addition, there are special tribunes who can veto the executive orders of the consul that infringe on the interests of civilians. However, Sparta and Rome are both countries owned by Guikui, and the power is controlled by Guikui. In the late Roman Republic, the proportion of the people was strengthened because the civilians won the struggle against the Guikui nationality.
Although Sparta and Rome are aristocratic countries, they have formal institutional measures to balance the interests of all parties, so they are more just than monarchies and oligarchies. The prominent feature of ancient society was hierarchy, so the political system of mixed checks and balances of Guikui nationality was obviously suitable for the social situation at that time. In addition, Guikui people cherish honor and pay attention to virtue; Guikui people have enough leisure and conditions to devote themselves to the research of public affairs, and it is easier to show a higher level of wisdom in management. As far as the level of management wisdom is concerned, as Mill said in Cui Fu, a representative government, "All political Cui Fu in history, which is famous for its continuous wisdom and courage in managing affairs, are generally expensive Cui Shi families", while "the only expensive Cui Shi family that has been proved by many generations to be capable of unifying and governing and acting according to certain policy principles, is Rome. (1) Sparta, Rome and other well-known Guikui ethnic groups and countries have performed very well in maintaining political stability, which is undoubtedly directly related to the above factors. Among them, Sparta and China lasted for 800 years, Rome and China lasted for nearly 500 years, and Venice and China were still in full swing after short-lived contemporary minors and China. Their practice provided eye-opening materials for classical writers to explore the regime, stimulated the generation of ideological inspiration, and had a far-reaching impact on western political theory and political civilization.
[i] From Plato, through Aristotle, Polibbi, Cicero, Machiavelli, Thomas Aquinas, Verguet Leo and others, it has been the mainstream of western classical political thought to advocate a mixed and balanced regime. In his later years, Plato returned to reality from philosophical meditation on kingship, and thought that the best practical regime was one that combined the wisdom of the monarch with the self-reliance of the people's government. (2) Aristotle advocated combining the people's rule system with the oligarchy system. He said that the country formed in this way is called a self-imposed country when it is strongly inclined to the people's government, and an aristocratic family regime when it is strongly inclined to oligarchy. Of the two, the aristocratic family system is better, because virtue, wealth and self-reliance are all represented. (3) Polly's historical research shows that each of the monarchy, the aristocratic clan system and the people's ruling system will go to extinction and lead to turmoil, falling into a cycle of replacing the other. He believes that the "best" and "most stable" regimes are regimes that combine these three components appropriately. (4) Cicero followed the idea that the three regimes in Polibbi and Afghanistan are in mutual circulation, thus praising the mixed and balanced regime: it combined "the monarch's fatherly love for his subjects, the nobles' wisdom in discussing politics and the people's desire for self-reliance". (5)
From the practice of Sparta, ancient Rome and other republics, from the exposition of Plato, Aristotle and other writers, we can initially understand the value of a mixed and balanced regime. However, to fully reveal the concept and spirit of * * * harmony, more in-depth exploration is needed. First of all, let's discuss the etymological meaning of "* * * and the country". The English word "Republic" comes from the Latin word "res publica", which literally means "the same cause" and "the same industry". Another word that English-speaking countries often use to refer to "* * * and China" is the Commonwealth, which literally means "* * * the same wealth". In addition, the English word "republic" not only refers to "* * * and the state" and "* * and the political power", but also refers to "any group whose members enjoy equal rights". Obviously, this meaning has only recently been extended. Ancient mixed countries were based on social hierarchy, and only recognized that all classes had the right to participate in government affairs, without the concept that all individuals were equal. However, isn't there an inheritance relationship between class-based participation in government and individual equal participation in government? When we face the clear water in the river, won't we sincerely admire its source?
([2]) A prominent feature of the classical harmonious thought is the emphasis on "civic virtue" and "public interest". Aristotle wrote a special chapter on whether good citizens need to have special qualities different from good people and whether government officials need special qualities different from ordinary citizens. Thinkers do not have a unified and unchangeable definition of what is civic virtue. Generally speaking, civic virtue can be defined as caring for public will and public goals. (6) Among the various civic virtues listed by thinkers, what they emphasize most is to restrain self-interest and obey public welfare. American political scientist Cass R Sunstein wrote: "For * * * socialists, the task of politics is to consider ... They believe that people can avoid selfish interests through discussion and pursue public welfare as citizens." There is an extremely important reason why classical thinkers and thinkers tirelessly advocate the virtues of self-denial and self-surrender: they are faced with a painful lesson: many countries are heading for civil strife, decline and extinction in endless factional disputes. (7)
We might as well make a preliminary summary of * * *' s thought and spirit on the basis of early practice and theory. I think the basic ideas and spirits of * * * and * * are * * governance, * * * ownership and * * * enjoyment, which are peaceful, moderate and balanced. * * * Governance and enjoyment means that all social members, groups and strata have the right to participate in the government, balance each other's interests and enjoy the protection and services of the government; * * * Yes, that is, the state should not become the private property of any individual, group or class, nor should it become a tool for any individual, group or class to oppress other individuals, groups and classes; Peace and moderation means that all members, groups and strata give up violence and power and solve their conflicts of interest through consultation, compromise and restriction in accordance with fair procedures and order. * * * is the logical premise of * * * governance and * * * enjoyment, but * * * governance is the political premise of * * * ownership and * * * enjoyment. Practically speaking, without the rule of * * *, there would be no * * * and * * *. Without * * * rule, there will be no lasting or desirable peace.
Although there are many unsatisfactory places in the practice of classical harmony, this does not prevent us from summing up the basic concept and spirit of harmony. It is these basic ideas and spirits that make some ancient countries that are not ideal today shine brightly against the background of many countries with special systems; Harmony belongs not only to ancient times, but also to modern times and the future. With people's awakening, it has gained increasingly strong vitality. Modern people practice the rule of law on the principle of human rights, which better embodies these concepts and spirits, thus dividing human history into ancient and modern. These ever-changing ideas and spirits can become the eternal political principles of mankind.