Planting in the Northwest

The northwest region includes six provinces and autonomous regions: Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang. Cash crops Cotton (Southern Xinjiang) Sugar beets (Northern Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia) Melons and fruits: watermelon grapes Hami melon

Food crops Wheat (Hetao Plain) Through the compilation and analysis of agricultural statistical data of the five northwest provinces, it was discovered that the northwest region The sown area of ​​grain crops is gradually decreasing, but the total output is increasing; although the sown area of ​​oil crops and sugar crops among economic crops has not changed much, the total output has always maintained a growth trend. The analysis shows that due to factors such as policy, market, science and technology, and farmers' cultural quality, the structure of the planting industry in the northwest region is unreasonable and the utilization rate of agricultural resources is low. Therefore, based on the premise of efficient and sustainable utilization of resources and market demand, the goals and ideas for structural adjustment of the planting industry in Northwest China are proposed. I don’t know much about investing, but I can recommend a book to you. It will definitely work for you. 1. Ecological environment construction and sustainable development issues

1. There are many ecological environment problems in the northwest region, mainly: the desertification evolution of arid areas such as Xinjiang, Gansu and Hexi has intensified, lakes have shrunk, and deserts have grown. With declining vegetation, frequent sandstorms, and aggravated sandstorm hazards, the Minqin Oasis is in danger; the Loess Plateau is being treated and destroyed at the same time, with high soil erosion modulus and massive water and soil loss; landslides, debris flows, and surface lithification are becoming increasingly common in the Qinba Mountains Severe; grassland degradation in the Qinghai and Gannan Plateau areas is serious; various environmental pollution caused by industrialization and urbanization, and biodiversity destruction; the ecological environment tends to deteriorate, which has caused great difficulties for the sustainable development of agriculture .

2. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the people of northwest China have made long-term and unremitting efforts to improve agricultural production conditions and manage the ecological environment. They have built water conservancy projects, built "three fields", expanded farmland irrigation area, afforestation and grass planting, and expanded Good results have been achieved in vegetation, desertification and soil erosion control, and regional comprehensive development. Improved local environmental conditions directly related to agricultural production and people's lives, becoming the basis for supporting current agricultural production capabilities. However, in comparison, the agricultural infrastructure in the northwest region is weak, the technical equipment is poor, the scientific and technological level is not high, and the quality of farmers is low, which is very unsuitable for the development of large-scale, high-tech modern agriculture.

However, with the growth of population and the improvement of people's living standards, the relationship between population and resources has become increasingly tight, and the population load on the ecological environment has increased. The northwest region currently has 11.4013 million hectares of cultivated land, and the per capita cultivated land is 1.92 acres, which is higher than the national average of 1.3 acres. The quantity of land is relatively large, but the quality is not high, especially the large area that is difficult to use for agriculture. In 1998, the average population carrying capacity of land in the northwest region was 29.3 people/km2, which was much higher than the appropriate limit of 7 people/km2 for arid and semi-arid areas determined by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. In areas with good matching of water and land resources, such as oases, river valleys, river channels, plateaus, and intermountain basins, the population is highly dense, with a load of two to three hundred people per square kilometer. Sparsely populated desert areas and arid mountainous areas are not suitable for survival. Based on a population growth rate of 10‰, the population of the northwest region will reach 120 million in 2030, when population pressure will be unprecedented.

3. In the case of partial improvement and overall deterioration of the ecological environment, the sustainable development of agriculture in the northwest region must place ecological construction in an important position. However, the improvement of the ecological environment and the realization of the goal of "beautiful mountains and rivers" is a long-term process that requires a lot of manpower and investment. At the same time, agriculture must not only feed a large number of new people, but also meet the needs of improving people's living standards, especially helping some poor people get rid of poverty and become rich. In this way, the tasks shouldered by northwest agriculture will be extremely arduous. If we are to assume the important role of a national agricultural commodity base and provide grain and other agricultural and sideline products to the outside world on a large scale, it is obviously beyond our capabilities.

Of course, while ecological construction consumes financial resources and manpower, it will also improve production conditions and help increase output. However, in the process of agricultural development and management, the contradictions between survival and development, food and construction will exist for a long time. In order to fundamentally improve the ecological environment and achieve sustainable development, some short-term economic gains must be sacrificed. Therefore, we believe that while ecological problems are still very prominent, we must resolutely prevent large-scale blind development activities. Recently, the country has taken advantage of the historical opportunity of relatively loose food supply to use food for relief to cultivate grass on steep slopes in the northwest region. This is a good move.

2. Regarding water conservancy construction and water conservation issues

1. The northwest region has an arid climate, severe water shortages, and mismatch of water and soil resources, which have become the most prominent problems restricting agricultural production. In arid areas with vast land, such as Xinjiang, northern Qinghai, the Hexi Corridor of Gansu, and northern Ningxia, the precipitation is below 200mm, and there is no agriculture without irrigation; in the Loess Plateau areas where farmed land is concentrated, the precipitation is mostly 400-500mm, and rain-fed agriculture can be carried out. , but precipitation is concentrated, soil erosion is serious, and water content greatly restricts agricultural production; in the mountainous areas of southern Shaanxi, Longnan, and Qingnan, although the rainfall is more than 500 mm, there is little deep arable land in mountain ravines, and the land suitable for agricultural production is very limited.

2. Solving water constraints has naturally become the primary issue that needs to be solved in the development of northwest agriculture.

① Divert, lift, and store water to irrigate farmland by building infrastructure such as reservoirs, canals, pumping stations, ponds, and wells. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the five northwest provinces and autonomous regions have developed 57 million acres of irrigated farmland, and a large number of irrigated agricultural areas have been established, such as the Guanzhong area, the Hexi Corridor, along the Yellow River, and the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains, becoming the essence of northwest agriculture.

② By building terraces, fields, and dams, and constructing rainwater collection projects, we can intercept and preserve local natural rainfall, so that the limited precipitation can better play a role in production. The people in the Loess Plateau have made arduous efforts to this end, and since the founding of the People's Republic of China, "three fields" covering an area of ​​10,000 acres have been built. This measure has played a good role in combating drought.

③Agricultural measures such as deep tillage, cross-slope tillage, raking, mulching, and the selection of drought-resistant crop varieties can also play a certain role in storing water and moisture and improving water use efficiency. In addition to mulching, this is a traditional drought-resistant experience in dry farming areas.

④ When it is not raining and there is a long-term drought, silver chloride, dry ice and other substances are sown by aircraft to act as polar nuclei for water vapor condensation to artificially increase rainfall and snow, which can alleviate the impact of continuous drought. . In recent years, Qinghai Province has implemented artificial rainfall many times in the source areas of the Yellow River to increase the runoff of the Yellow River, and achieved good results.

⑤ In order to overcome the current coexistence of water shortage and waste of water resources and improve the utilization rate of water resources, water-saving technology has become increasingly important in recent years. The use of specific technical equipment for sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, seepage irrigation, hidden tube irrigation, hose irrigation, etc. can produce greater benefits from limited water resources.

3. In comparison, the five measures have their own advantages and disadvantages.

① The development of irrigation is the most effective in increasing crop yields and can completely eliminate the harm of drought. However, there are some problems in further large-scale development of irrigated agriculture: ● Water shortage. In addition to the Yangtze River Basin, the northwest Yellow River Basin and inland river basins are also very short of water. The development of irrigated agriculture in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River uses a large amount of water, which reduces the water coming from the lower reaches. The Yellow River stops flowing earlier and for a longer period, causing water shortages in the lower reaches. There are growing calls from downstream areas for upper and midstream areas to limit water use or not increase water use for industry and agriculture. The contradiction between water use in the upper and lower reaches of inland river basins is also very prominent, such as the Shiyang River in Hexi, Gansu, and the Tarim River in Xinjiang. Excessive reclamation and large amounts of water in the upper and middle reaches have led to the death of desert vegetation in the lower lake areas, the desolation and desertification of farmland, and the Tarim River. The river has been shortened by more than 300 kilometers compared with the 1950s.

●The investment cost is relatively high. The investment in irrigated farmland developed in recent years is 2,000 yuan per mu. In the past, the practice of having the state invest in water conservancy projects and then support them would no longer work under market economy conditions. At the same time, a family of five cultivating 5 acres of irrigated farmland is unable to bear an investment debt of 10,000 yuan. It is also difficult for the local finance of the beneficiary area to afford construction investment. Who will bear the huge investment required for project construction? Who will repay the loan? In recent years, water prices have been increased and water is used to support water. Due to unsalable agricultural products, low prices, and poor returns, some farmers have given up irrigation.

●Unmatched projects and inadequate measures will cause land salinization.

② The construction of "three fields", rainwater harvesting and irrigation and agricultural measures can also improve the utilization rate of water resources in semi-arid and semi-humid areas, resist general drought and increase crop yields. However, the effect is not as good as irrigation measures. When it does not rain and drought continues, there will be a situation where there is no water to store and no rain to collect, making it difficult to fight against severe drought. And it will not work in arid areas. Moreover, the construction of "three fields" requires a lot of labor.

③Artificial rainfall enhancement has a positive effect on utilizing cloud water resources, increasing precipitation, and preventing and resisting drought, and has broad application prospects. However, successful operations require certain weather conditions and the support of high-tech means such as radar, weather satellites, aircraft, and computer analysis. There are still many limitations in current practical applications.

4. If northwest agriculture wants to develop greatly, it must make a major breakthrough in the development and utilization of water resources. It is necessary to promote the "three waters" of sky water, surface water and underground water simultaneously, and adopt a two-pronged approach of water regulation and water conservation.

① Water saving is currently the most realistic way. Through traditional methods such as canal anti-seepage treatment and small border irrigation, water loss and waste can be reduced; using general water-saving irrigation technologies such as hidden pipes and hoses can save 1/4-1/3 of water consumption. The technical costs of the above two measures are low, and they are technologies that can be widely promoted and applied in the near future. Sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation technology can achieve economical and effective water use and are the direction of development of water-saving technology. They are currently in the trial and demonstration stage. Due to the high cost of technology, comprehensive promotion and application will take time, and it is currently in the trial and demonstration stage. For example, Israel adopts high-tech water conservation, and the water utilization rate can reach more than 200%.

② In the long run, even if high-tech and costly water-saving measures are adopted, the water resources in the northwest region will still be seriously insufficient. In addition to agricultural water use, industry, urban and ecological construction will all increase water consumption in the future. Therefore, the issue of long-distance water transfer across river basins has attracted much attention from the Chinese people. Among them, the western route project of the "South-to-North Water Diversion" is important to the northwest region. Relevant departments have also put forward some reference water diversion plans. Such as the "Shuotian Canal", the "Yalong River Water Diversion" west line project, the "Tibetan Water Diversion to the North", etc. Although the project is huge and the investment is hundreds of millions, there is no better choice.

③The sky water and groundwater resources in the northwest region have certain potential for development and utilization. Groundwater is deeply buried, has limited recharge capacity, and has high mineralization.

The utilization direction is mainly urban and industrial water use, partial utilization in agriculture, and overall utilization is of little significance. Although Tianshangyun's water resources have good prospects, it is still unclear to what extent they can be utilized.

3. Grain production and its supply and demand balance

1. Northwest is a region with long-term food shortage. In 1949, the total grain output was 6.85 million tons, with an average per capita of 229.4 kilograms. Except for a brief improvement in the mid-1950s, grain supply was in short supply for a long time, and this did not change until the mid-1980s. In 1998, the population nearly tripled, and the total grain output reached 34.346 million tons, or 385.8 kilograms per capita. Food and clothing were basically solved. Although there were difficulties in selling grain, it was still at a low level. At present, the three provinces of Shaanxi, Xinjiang and Ningxia have been slightly transferred out, Gansu is basically balanced, and Qinghai has been transferred in. The entire northwest region can generally achieve regional self-sufficiency. The existing transfer-out and transfer-in are mainly varieties.

2. Food production and supply and demand have a great impact on agriculture. In the past, due to food shortage, agricultural production was solely about grain production, with grain sowing area accounting for more than 80% of the total crop sowing area, which restricted other production and operations and affected farmers' income. In the past 20 years, through the adjustment of agricultural production structure, diversified operations have developed, the area of ​​cash crops and forage crops has expanded, the comprehensive agricultural production capacity has improved, the supply of various agricultural products is sufficient, and farmers' income has grown rapidly.

3. In the 50 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, grain in northwest China has increased fourfold, with an average annual net increase of 550,000 tons. Among them, the growth rate in the past 20 years has been relatively high, with an average annual net increase of 780,000 tons. In the future, based on a net increase of 800,000 tons per year, the total output by 2030 will be 59.95 million tons, with an average output of 500 kilograms per capita, which is still not very generous. Therefore, the author believes:

① In the first half of the next century, the northwest region should take total self-sufficiency as its main goal and gradually solve the problems of regional shortages and structural shortages. We must rely on science and technology, focus on yields per unit area, optimize the grain structure, improve grain quality, and expand some specialized and special grain varieties while maintaining stable growth in total volume. We will guide grain production in different regions according to local conditions and classify, focusing on key commercial grain production bases in Guanzhong, Weibei dry plateau, irrigated areas along the Yellow River, Hexi Corridor, Yinchuan Plain, and the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains.

② While not relaxing food production, the country continues to adjust the agricultural production structure, properly handle the relationship between food production and diversified operations, implement the separation of grain and feed, specialize the production of feed grain, and form a grain , economy and feed three-dimensional planting structure. To improve the economic benefits of agriculture and increase farmers' income.

③As an economically underdeveloped inland region, the northwest region cannot completely rely on the international and domestic markets to ensure its food security. There must be room for food reserves and the safety factor must be higher. . Internationally, the safety factor of grain reserves is 17-18% of the total production of the year, and the northwest region should maintain it above 30%.

④ If the northwest region wants to make a major contribution to the national food supply when the population peaks in 2030, it must make major breakthroughs in water conservation and water diversion, and eliminate or reduce water resource constraints. Blind development regardless of resource constraints will not only fail to provide a large amount of commercial grain, but will also have disastrous consequences.

⑤ On the basis of strict conservation and guidance of grain consumption, improve the grade and efficiency of grain processing and promote the transformation of grain products. We should not store too much grain out of fear of food shortages, which would affect the development and utilization of grain products.

IV. Issues in the Development of Animal Husbandry

Growing grass and raising livestock is an important aspect in the development of northwest agriculture. Because there are vast natural grasslands in the northwest region, with a total area of ​​980 million acres. But whether it can become the main direction of agricultural development in the northwest region remains to be understood.

1. From the perspective of resource conditions, although the grassland area is large, the quality is not high. Most of them are arid and semi-arid desert grasslands with low vegetation coverage. Grassland pastures and meadow grasslands are small in area and are only distributed on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and some foothills. At present, livestock in pastoral areas are overloaded and grasslands are severely degraded. It is not appropriate to increase the number of livestock carried. In 1949, each mixed livestock in Xinjiang occupied 73 acres of usable pasture, which dropped to 22 acres in 1990: In Qinghai Province, in the early 1950s, each sheep occupied 32 acres of pasture, and now it is less than 10 acres.

2. In the past 20 years of reform and opening up, the animal husbandry industry in Northwest China has developed rapidly, and its proportion in the agricultural structure has continued to increase. In 1978, animal husbandry accounted for 19.3% of agricultural output value, and in 1998 it accounted for 23.4%. The output of various livestock products such as meat, eggs, milk, skins, and wool has doubled. However, it should be clearly seen that, with the exception of Qinghai, the focus of northwest animal husbandry is in agricultural areas, not pastoral areas. That is, the focus is on breeding in agricultural areas rather than grazing in pastoral areas. The breeding industry in agricultural areas mainly developed with the improvement of the food supply and demand situation.

3. The efforts of "planting grass and raising livestock" and "rotating grass fields" have helped alleviate the shortage of "feed, fertilizer and fuel" in some areas, restore natural vegetation, fertilize soil and increase crops. The output of livestock products has played a positive role. A number of examples of people who became rich by growing grass and raising livestock have emerged, such as Shenjiashan in Dingxi. But objectively speaking, the development of northwest agriculture has been achieved under the combined effect of various measures such as water conservancy, "three fields" construction, increased material input, and progress in agricultural science and technology. Planting grass and raising livestock is only part of it, and only in some areas. played a leading role.

Under the conditions of market economy, growing grass and raising livestock has not developed on a large scale, and there are also some economic and agricultural operation reasons. First, the operations of farmers are scattered, the breeding scale is small, the technical level is low, and the price is uncompetitive. Second, growing grass requires a certain amount of land, and it is difficult to arrange forage land in areas with small cultivated land. Third, there are still some inconveniences in actual farming operations and management.

4. Countries with developed animal husbandry are generally countries with relatively loose food supply, because large-scale provision of commercial livestock products requires more grain for feed, which is a problem when grain production capacity is not high. There are still certain restrictions in the northwest region. Of course, this does not mean that the northwest has no advantages or potential in developing animal husbandry. Through pasture improvement, rotational grazing with fences, construction of artificial grassland, and improved feeding techniques, the output of livestock products can still be further increased. In particular, good results can be achieved by combining breeding in pastoral areas and fattening in agricultural areas.

5. Whether the livestock industry in the northwest region can become the main direction of future development, the key to the problem does not lie in people's understanding, nor does it lie in the relative advantages of vast grasslands. It lies in the market demand for livestock products, price competition and producers' profits, in the improvement of processing and storage technology of livestock products, and in the situation of grain supply and demand. In the past two years, the price of beef and mutton on the market has dropped from 20 yuan per kilogram to less than 10 yuan. The prices of pork, chicken, and eggs have also dropped. Producers have made meager profits and lack the internal motivation to expand reproduction.

Therefore, we believe that although the animal husbandry industry in the northwest region has great development potential, many constraints restricting the development of animal husbandry will be difficult to eliminate in the short term, and it will be difficult for animal husbandry to become the main development direction in the future. .

5. Characteristic agriculture - the direction of agricultural development in northwest China

1. The northwest region has unique climate conditions. Good lighting and a large temperature difference between day and night provide conditions for the production of high-quality agricultural products. The diverse ecological environment has created a rich variety of biological resources. Agricultural and sideline products such as cotton, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables, medicinal materials, beer raw materials, forest products, livestock products, etc. have unique qualities and properties, as well as some precious and rare animals. Plant variety resources, the development and utilization of these biodiversity, and the development of characteristic agriculture have good prospects.

2. The reasons why it is difficult to develop general agriculture in the northwest region to form a macro-climate are: ① The comprehensive agricultural production capacity is not high, the amount of agricultural products per capita is not high, and the commodity rate is also low; ② The agricultural production has heavy Self-sufficient small-scale production characteristics, low degree of specialization, and no obvious scale advantage; ③ Poor natural conditions, small scale of operation, high production costs, and the competitiveness of bulk agricultural products such as grain in domestic and foreign markets; ④ Northwest The region is far from the center of domestic agricultural product consumption. Except for Xinjiang, the other four provinces and regions are also far from ports for foreign trade, and transportation costs are relatively high.

3. Some unique products and green foods in the northwest region have high competitiveness. In addition to the advantages in resource conditions, there are also the following reasons: ① With the development of social economy, The improvement of people's living standards and the diversification of market demand for agricultural products have broadened the sales of these products; ② Some specialty products do not have much competitive pressure in the international and domestic markets because other regions are not suitable for the production of such products; ③ The characteristics will be Turning small products into large industries can promote the specialized division of labor in local agriculture and the process of agricultural industrialization, increase farmers' income, turn resource advantages into economic advantages, and create incentives for producers.

4. The main contents of specialty agricultural products that can be developed in the northwest region are:

① Grain products: ● Durum wheat with high protein content can be used to process bread. In the past, this type of products was mainly imported. In 1999, 300,000 acres were developed in Hexi, Gansu Province, with good benefits.

High-quality rice, such as black rice from Hanzhong, Shaanxi, Yinchuan tribute rice,

Small grains, various beans, wheat, buckwheat (processed oatmeal), beer barley, etc.

Potatoes are specialized in varieties used for making starch, processing French fries and chips, and cooking.

Corn specializes in refined starch, chemical raw materials, feed and sweet corn (cobs eaten after cooking) varieties.

② Economic crops: ●Long-staple cotton, colored cotton, flax, hops, sugar beets, black melon seeds, tobacco leaves, flowers, and lilies.

●For off-season vegetables, use solar greenhouses, plastic greenhouses and other technologies to produce a variety of fresh vegetables out of season and expand the transportation of vegetables from the north to the south.

●Melon and fruit products, development and utilization of cantaloupe, Yellow River melon, watermelon and grapes, apples, peaches, pears, kernel apricots, walnuts, kiwis and other products.

●Medicals, angelica, astragalus, and Codonopsis pilosula from Gansu, wolfberry and licorice from Ningxia

③Lin native products, mulberry, pepper, olive, bracken, and weaver.

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④Livestock products, beef and mutton, fur, biological proteins extracted from animal bones and blood,

5. The problems that need to be solved in the development of characteristic agriculture are:

①Processing Good relationship between resources and market. The characteristic of the product lies in its unique application value. This characteristic is formed by animals and plants in the process of long-term adaptation to the ecological environment. It has the characteristic that it is not easily replaced by other products, that is, the comparative advantage of resources. It is necessary to prevent that when a certain product is in high sales, both suitable and non-suitable areas will compete to produce it, shoddy and inferior, thus affecting the famous and high-quality products in the suitable area.

The advantages of resources are relative, and market demand is changing. When the market is promising, care must be taken to prevent blind production and excessive competition. When the market is in a downturn, while actively adjusting the structure and improving product quality, we must prevent "cutting everything off" at once and making it difficult to recover when the market improves, causing ups and downs. We must learn to utilize the market and adapt to the market.

② Combine the development and utilization of resources with protection and cultivation. Some of the unique biological resources in the northwest region are available in varieties but not in batches, which cannot form a commodity advantage. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen research on the protection, improvement, artificial breeding, propagation and cultivation technology of resource varieties, develop new products, carry out large-scale operations and specialized production, expand product batches, and change the situation of having resources but not products.

③ Pay attention to product processing and export sales. It is not enough for some specialty products to have primary products only. It is necessary to develop the processing industry, especially deep processing, to improve the technological content and added value of the products and retain the value-added benefits of processing. Products should be specialized and serialized, turn small products into large industries, and change the past trade pattern that mainly focused on selling raw materials. Actively explore export channels and use the market to drive the development of resources. We should use the idea of ​​integrating production, processing and marketing to develop characteristic agriculture.

④ It is necessary to develop in a relatively concentrated manner. According to the scope of the suitable area, several towns, several counties or a river basin section, a hillside, etc., build a specialized production base, organize large-scale operations, and form a centralized In the production areas, the establishment of technical associations, research societies and other service organizations will form advantages and increase profits. However, small but comprehensive production that is decentralized has no big future.

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