What is the historical profile of China?
The ancient history of China experienced a historic leap from primitive society to slave society and then to feudal society. From the discovery of Yuanmou Man in Yunnan about 1.70 million years ago to the Opium War in 1.840, Chinese Yanhuang thrived and created in the historical division, which has always been a precious heritage in the long history of human development.
According to the existing archaeological data, from one million years ago to four or five hundred thousand years ago, ancient human beings "Yuanmou Man", "Lantian Man" and "Beijingers" lived in this land of China. The discovery from Yuanmou man to Neanderthal man and the development from matriarchal clan to paternal clan reflect the initial formation of human pedigree composed of blood. After the Yanhuang Alliance, grain cultivation and domestication of livestock were carried out, which initiated the economic precedent of China for thousands of years. Therefore, Yanhuang is regarded as the ancestor of the Chinese nation and deserves it.
After a long period of primitive society, in the 2nd/kloc-0th century BC, the first dynasty in the history of China-Xia appeared, and China society began to enter the slave society. The Shang and Zhou Dynasties in Xia Hou further developed slavery. Then came the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (that is, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty), which was considered as the transitional stage from slave society to feudal society. In the long historical process of "Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn", agriculture, handicraft industry and smelting industry under slavery made great progress, especially the smelting level of Shang Dynasty was very successful. Due to the appearance of ironware and the improvement of productivity, the land form based on slave state-owned land will inevitably touch the interests of slave owners groups with a large number of private fields, so slavery will inevitably collapse.
In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang ended the warlord regime in the Warring States period and established the first centralized and unified multi-ethnic country in China history-Qin. Since then, historical changes, dynasty changes, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. China was in a feudal society until the Opium War in 1840.
China's ancient economy and culture were relatively developed. In the heyday of China's feudal society, that is, the Han and Tang Dynasties, the Tang Dynasty learned the lessons of the failure of the Sui Dynasty, became politically enlightened, maintained social stability, strengthened ethnic ties, enjoyed unprecedented economic prosperity and splendid culture, and was good-neighborly and friendly with neighboring countries, which was known as "the rule of Zhenguan" in history. Great progress has been made in agriculture, handicrafts, textiles and shipbuilding. Land and water transportation is developed, and extensive economic and cultural ties have been established with Japan, Korea, India, Persia, Arabia and many other countries. Papermaking, printing, gunpowder and compass are the "four great inventions" of ancient science and technology in China, which condensed the wisdom and strength of the people of China and had a great and far-reaching impact on human life. Culturally, the thoughts of China's famous ancient thinkers, such as Laozi and Confucius, have a great influence on China's traditional culture and even the world culture. Military strategist Sun Wu's The Art of War is still widely used in military and economic fields. A Dream of Red Mansions by writer Cao Xueqin is regarded as a model of China's classical novels, and there are institutions specializing in it at home and abroad. In astronomy, mathematics, geography and medicine, China has also made brilliant achievements: The Classic of Shigan Stars in the Warring States Period is the earliest catalogue in the world; In the Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng invented an armillary sphere to study astronomical phenomena and a seismograph to measure earthquakes. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Zu Chongzhi once calculated the value of pi between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927, and was the first person in the world to accurately calculate the value of pi to seven decimal places. The Compendium of Materia Medica written by Li Shizhen in the 6th century A.D./kloc-recorded more than 1800 drugs and more than 10000 prescriptions.
Modern China (A.D. 1840- 19 19)
The modern history of China began at 1840 and ended at 1949. 1840 the opium war to 19 19 the eve of the may 4th movement was the stage of the old democratic revolution. From the May 4th Movement in 19 19 to the eve of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, it was the stage of the new democratic revolution. The whole modern history of China is the history of China becoming a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
Before the Opium War, China was an independent feudal country. However, due to the decay of the feudal landlord regime in the Qing Dynasty, the feudal system was in jeopardy. From 65438 to 0842, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-British treaty of nanking, and China became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. After the Opium War, western capitalist powers exported a lot of goods and capital to China through unequal treaties, which gradually impacted the feudal economy of China. From 65438 to 0894, the signing of treaty of shimonoseki greatly deepened the semi-colonization of China society. 190 1 year, the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty" marked the formation of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China.
19 1 1 The bourgeois-democratic revolution led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen was the first anti-imperialist and anti-feudal bourgeois-democratic revolution in the history of China, which overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the imperial system that lasted for more than 2,000 years in China and established a bourgeois-democratic republic. It makes the concept of democracy and harmony deeply rooted in people's hearts and gives a painful blow to imperialist colonial rule.
19 19 In May, the May 4th student patriotic movement broke out and developed into a nationwide mass patriotic movement with the working class as the main force in early June. The May 4th Movement was the beginning of China's new democracy. In this movement, the China proletariat began to enter the political arena. 192 1 year, Dong, Chen Tanqiu, He Shuheng, Wang Enpei, Li Da held the first national congress in Shanghai, and the producer party of China was born.
The people of China led by China's * * * production party finally overthrew the rule of the Kuomintang government headed by Chiang Kai-shek in 1949 after four stages: the Northern Expedition, the Agrarian Revolutionary War, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the National Liberation War, and won the new-democratic revolution. From 65438 to 0949, the first China People's Political Consultative Conference was held, which marked the great victory of the people's democratic revolution in China.
Modern China (A.D. 1949-)
On March, 300,000 Beijingers gathered in Tiananmen Square to hold the founding ceremony. Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Central People's Government, solemnly announced that People's Republic of China (PRC) was formally established, which marked the entry of China into the period of socialist revolution and construction.
1954 The first National People's Congress was held in September, and the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) was formulated.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the public ownership of the means of production was established in the national economy after the national economic recovery period of 1950- 1952 and the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce of 1953- 1956, and the transition from new democracy to socialism was realized. 1957- 1966 is a period of large-scale socialist construction in China. In this decade, although there have been serious mistakes in economic construction, on the whole, the national economy has made great progress. Compared with 1956 in 1966, the original price of industrial fixed assets in China increased by three times, and the national income increased by 58% at comparable prices. The output of major industrial products such as steel, raw coal, crude oil, power generation and metal cutting machine tools has increased several times or even ten times, and a number of emerging industrial departments such as electronics industry and petrochemical industry have been established; Many emerging science and technology, such as atomic energy, jet technology, computers, semiconductors and automatic control, have also developed rapidly. 1May 1966 to1June 1976 was the decade of the "Cultural Revolution", and the country and people suffered the most serious setbacks and losses since the founding of the People's Republic of China.
1976 10, China * * * Producers' Party, relying on the support of the broad masses of the people, smashed Jiang Qing's counter-revolutionary group, and the disaster of the "Cultural Revolution" finally ended, and China entered a new historical development period. 1978 After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the China Producer Party, China implemented the policy of reform and opening up, comprehensively and conscientiously corrected the "Cultural Revolution" and its previous "Left" errors, shifted its focus to the economic-centered modernization, and gradually established a socialist modernization road with China characteristics.
The 13th National Congress of China was held in 1987. This congress systematically expounded the theory of the primary stage of socialism in China, clearly summarized and comprehensively expounded the party's basic line of "one center and two basic points", and determined the three-step strategy of economic development put forward by Deng Xiaoping: First, double the gross national product to 1980 to solve the problem of people's food and clothing; Second, by the end of this century, the gross national product will double and the people's life will reach a well-off level; Third, by the middle of the next century, the per capita GNP will reach the level of moderately developed countries, the people will live a well-off life and basically realize modernization.
1at the beginning of 992, Deng Xiaoping inspected the south and made an important speech. 1992 5438+00 June, the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held. Marked by Deng Xiaoping's Southern Talks and the 14th National Congress, China's socialist reform, opening up and modernization entered a new stage, achieving sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy, realizing the second strategic goal of Deng Xiaoping's "three-step" development strategy ahead of schedule, and making new great achievements in economic and social development.
The Fourth Session of the Eighth National People's Congress, held in March, deliberated and adopted the ninth five-year plan for national economic and social development and the outline of the long-term goal for 2065 (draft) formulated by the State Council, according to the proposal of the Central Committee on formulating the ninth five-year plan for national economic and social development and the long-term goal for 2065. The "Outline" puts forward the main objectives for the next 15 years.
On July 6th, the China government resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hongkong. The return of Hong Kong to the motherland marks the great success of the concept of "one country, two systems", and the people of China have taken an important step on the road to the reunification of the motherland.
In 2000, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee deliberated and adopted the proposal on formulating the 10th Five-Year Plan for national economic and social development. After 14 years of long negotiations, China's accession to the WTO has come to an end, and China will move towards a more open era.