What about the world's largest underground tomb?

In terms of floor space, the largest underground mausoleum in the world is Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum, so what is it like? Here are the articles I compiled for you. Let's learn about them together!

The largest underground tomb in the world

Speaking of the largest tomb in the world, most people think it is the Egyptian pyramid of khufu. In fact, the largest tomb is the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in China. Each side of pyramid of khufu is about 232 meters long and 146 meters high, while the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is much grander. According to the field investigation, the mausoleum is divided into two cities, the south is the center of the mausoleum, which is still preserved 76 meters high and 485 meters at the bottom. times; 515m rammed earth mausoleum. The inner city is square, with a circumference of 2525.4 meters, and gates are built on three sides: east, west and north. The outer city is rectangular, with a circumference of 6294 meters, and the east wall is built with gates. While searching for the secret recipe of immortality everywhere, Qin Shihuang drove 2, people to Mount Li to build their own graves. According to historical records, the buildings in the tomb are filled with copper liquid, which is strong and solid. There are palaces in the tomb, and the statues of hundreds of officials such as the Prime Minister are arranged on both sides according to their positions, just like seeing the first emperor before his death, and there are countless treasures of pearls and jade. Others made candles with fish paste, which burned in the tomb like day. In order to prevent future generations from stealing graves and digging for treasures, craftsmen made special crossbows. If someone wears a grave, the crossbows will automatically radiate. Qin Shihuang's body was buried in the tomb, and all the childless maids were buried alive. In order to prevent craftsmen from revealing secrets, the tomb door was closed without waiting for craftsmen to come out, and craftsmen were buried alive inside. In 26 BC, Xiang Yu entered the customs, and this tomb was robbed.

Location

The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is adjacent to Mount Li in the south and the Weihe River in the north. Mount Li is a branch of the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains, stretching about 25 kilometers from east to west and 7 kilometers from north to south. Legend has it that the mountain is like a fine horse with a black color, hence its name. Mount Li is a horst formed by uplift in the Himalayan orogeny, with an altitude of about 1 meters. Faults are strewn at random, and mountains and gullies alternate with each other, forming a series of north-south valleys, from which rivers have developed. The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located on the alluvial fan formed by rivers at the northern foot of Mount Li. [4]

This area has a beautiful natural environment, and only the section from Lintong County to Ma 'e has a higher elevation. This mountain range is symmetrical, with lush trees, and Gu Feng asks each other. The mountain is slightly curved in the south of Lingnan, which looks like a blooming lotus. The Mausoleum is located among the peaks of Mount Li, which is integrated with the whole Mount Li, just like a lotus core in the middle. From the practical point of view at that time and the geomantic concept of future generations, this place is an ideal place to set up a cemetery. [5-6] On the east side of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, there is an artificially transformed fish pond water. According to "Notes on Water Classics", "Water flows out of the northeast of Lishan Mountain, and this source flows northward. Later, Qin Shihuang was buried in the north of the mountain. After the water passed, it meandered, and the east note turned to the north. At first, the emperor built a tomb to borrow soil. The land was deep and the water accumulated into a pool, which was called a fish pond & hellip; & hellip; The northwest flow of the pool water passes through the north of the first emperor. " It can be seen that the fish pond water originally came from the northeast of Lishan Mountain, and the water flowed from south to north. Later, when the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was built, an east-west dam was built in the southwest of the Mausoleum. The dam is more than 1, meters long, generally more than 4 meters wide, with a width of more than 7 meters at its widest point and a residual height of 2 to 8 meters. It is commonly known as the Wuling site. It is this dam that changed the fish pond water originally from the northeast of Li into the northwest flow, and passed around the northeast of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. In addition, on the east side of the cemetery, there is an endless stream of hot spring water passing by. According to "Notes on Water Classics", "There is hot spring water in the southwest of fish pond water, which can cure diseases in the world". "San Qin Ji" contains: "There are hot springs in the northwest of Li Mountain." It can be seen that the hot springs of that year correspond to the fish pond water in the northwest. There are mountains in the south, and the east, west and north sides are surrounded by water on three sides. "Surrounded by mountains and water" is the most important geographical feature of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum.

Layout structure

The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is divided into two parts: the cemetery area and the burial area. The cemetery covers an area of nearly 8 square kilometers. The mausoleum is approximately square, with a flat top and a slightly stepped waist. It is 76 meters high, 345 meters long from east to west and 35 meters wide from north to south, covering an area of 12,75 square meters. The cemetery is centered on the mound and there are many funerals around it.

The imitation of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum in Xianyang is the first emperor's cemetery in the history of China. According to the principle of "death is like life", the cemetery is built in imitation of the layout of Xianyang, the capital of Qin State, and it is generally zigzag. With the land as the core, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor has two walls, inside and outside, and the walls are surrounded by tall gates, which are shaped as a gift from the emperor and are the place where the empire promulgated political and religious decrees. The magnificent gate que and sleeping hall buildings, as well as more than 6 burial tombs and burial pits, together constitute the complete form of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum on the ground, which obviously imitates the pattern of palaces and capitals in Xianyang, Qin Dou. [22]

Structural features The whole cemetery can be divided into four levels, namely, the underground Miyagi (underground palace) is the core part, and the others are the inner city, the outer city and the outer city in turn, with distinct priorities. The core of the cemetery is the underground palace. The underground palace of the Qin Mausoleum is located under the seal of the half of the inner city, which is equivalent to the "Miyagi" before Qin Shihuang's death. [23]

followed by the inner city. Inner city is the key construction area of Qin Mausoleum, and there are the most underground facilities in the inner city wall, especially in the southern half of the inner city. The western part of the northern half of the inner city is the auxiliary building area of the temporary hall, and the eastern part is the burial tomb area of the harem staff. This layout clearly shows that the southern part of the inner city is the key area and the northern part is the subsidiary area. The connotation of the two facilities in the north and south belong to the scope of the court. Thirdly, the outer city, that is, the part of the outer city between the inner and outer city walls, has the densest ground and underground facilities in the western area, and no remains or relics have been found in the south and north areas. This layout shows that the western part of the outer contour city is the key area, and its connotation is to symbolize the stables, gardens and monasteries in the capital. Compared with the inner city, it is obviously in a subordinate position. Finally, the area outside the outer city wall. There are three cemeteries, brick and tile kiln sites and stone quarries for cemetery repairers, and the official offices of cemetery supervisors and architectural sites in Liyi are found in the north, which belongs to the most secondary marginal position. [23] The layout of the mausoleum The entire cemetery consists of two long and narrow rectangular city walls in the north and south. An east-west wall was found in the middle of the inner city, which just divided the inner city into north and south parts. The tall tomb is located in the southern half of the inner city and is the core of the whole cemetery. The ground buildings of the cemetery are concentrated on the north side of the enclosure, and the burial pits of the cemetery are distributed on the east and west sides of the enclosure. An imperial cemetery with a reasonable layout and standardized shape centered on the underground palace and the burial mound was formed. [24] Compared with other monarch cemeteries, the overall layout of mausoleum of the first qin emperor has the following remarkable characteristics:

First, the layout embodies the unique characteristics of a tomb. The cemetery of the monarch of Wei discovered in the past, in which there are three big tombs juxtaposed, and there are also five big tombs arranged in the King's Cemetery of Zhongshan, and there is only one tall tomb in mausoleum of the first qin emperor, which fully shows the characteristics of a single tomb. The layout of other monarch cemeteries shows the characteristics of multi-center with monarch, queen and wife. This difference is the reflection of Qin's traditional thought of respecting the monarch and subordinate the ministers in the layout of the mausoleum. [25] Second, the location of the tomb is also different from other monarch cemeteries. Most of the other monarchs' cemeteries are located in the middle of the Hui-shaped cemetery, while the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is located in the south half of the inner city. Some scholars believe that this is arranged in accordance with the ritual system of "west is the top". Judging from the overall layout of the cemetery, the tomb of the first emperor was not in the western half. The reason why the enclosure of the family was built in the southern half of the cemetery was decided by the design idea of "planting trees and grass like a mountain". Third, the tomb room has a strict anti-theft system. There is an anti-theft device in the underground palace of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, in which the hidden crossbow is clearly recorded. Sima Qian recorded in Historical Records that there is a hidden crossbow in Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. When a thief enters the Qin Shihuang's mausoleum and touches the device, he will be shot to death by a strong crossbow [26]. The mechanism that cooperates with the dark crossbow and traps and so on. Even if the grave robbers are not shot to death, they will fall into the trap and die. In addition, there are a lot of mercury in the underground palace of the Qin Mausoleum, and the gas evaporated by mercury is highly toxic, which is pervasive and impossible to prevent. [25] Tomb structure From the excavated remains of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, Qin Shihuang wants to bring his palace, mountains and rivers and others to the underground world, and to achieve this, it is difficult to do so without building a vast tomb. According to Historical Records &; middot; Qin Shihuang's Chronicle records: "When the great event is finished, it has been hidden, closed in envy, and the door is envied outside, and all craftsmen and Tibetans are closed, and there is no comeback." Mentioned in the envy of the door, the envy of the door, there should be an envy of the door. This seems to indicate that there is a passage leading to the main tomb in the underground palace, and craftsmen can only close outside the Zhongxian Gate, and the inner envy gate is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin and camphor are placed.

according to archaeological exploration and judging the location of the terracotta warriors and horses in the tomb, experts believe that the orientation of the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is to sit west to east. This is a strange layout. As we all know, in ancient China, the position facing south was the most respected, and the tombs of emperors in past dynasties basically sat facing south, while Qin Shihuang, who unified the world, took the pattern of sitting west to east. [27] scholars who insist that Qin people originated in the East, how to say in Chinese in "A Preliminary Study on the Migration of Winning Qin People Originated in the East and the West", Qin people are clan tribes in Qilu Huaihai area in ancient times, and their birthplace is in Laiwu Taishan area in Shandong Province today [28]. They think that because the East is the place where the ancestors of Qin people once worked and lived, and they have special feelings for the East, they adopt the burial style facing the East to show that they don't forget the root. On the contrary, scholars who insist that Qin people originated in the West, such as Lv Zhenyu, maintained that Qin and Zhou belonged to the same clan, which was developed from Xia nationality [29]. Qin people adopted the burial custom of "their heads facing the west" to show that they came from the west of China. Regardless of the "oriental theory" or "western theory", one thing remains unchanged, that is, the tombs of the Qin Dynasty and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor all adopted the burial style of sitting west to east.

Archaeological course

According to archaeological investigation, the cemetery is divided into two parts: the inner city and the outer city. There are horse burial pits, rare birds and animals pits and pottery servant pits between the inner and outer cities; Outside the mausoleum, there are more than 4 stables, human martyrs' pits, prisoners' pits and tombs of tomb-repairing personnel, covering an area of 56.25 square kilometers. In addition to the well-known burial pits of terracotta warriors and horses and bronze chariots and horses, more than 6 large-scale stone armor pits, hundred-play figurines pits, civilian figurines pits and burial tombs have been newly discovered, and more than 1, cultural relics have been unearthed in the archaeological work of the Qin tombs for decades.

the crown of bronze & mdash; & mdash; In 1962, the first comprehensive archaeological survey of mausoleum of the first qin emperor was conducted. Archaeologists drew the first plane layout of the cemetery. After exploration, the cemetery covered 56.25 square kilometers, equivalent to nearly 78 Forbidden City, which caused a sensation in the archaeological community. On January 29th, 1974, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum were discovered. In July 1974, the first archaeological team from mausoleum of the first qin emperor entered the construction site. In early 198, the south wall of the underground palace was unearthed. From 1979 to 1982, the tombs on the west and north sides of the enclosure and five tombs on the east side were discovered one after another. In 198, archaeologists excavated two large painted bronze chariots and horses in a burial pit about 2 meters west of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor. This group of painted bronze chariots and horses was the most complicated and largest ancient bronze wares found in the archaeological history of the 2th century. Among them, the No.1 bronze chariot and horse is driven by two wheels, single shaft and four horses, with a total weight of about 1.61 tons. Car No.2 is 317 cm long and 16 cm high, with a total weight of 1.241 tons. It reappears the true face of Qin Shihuang's bronze chariots and horses, and is known as the "crown of bronze". [38] After 1985, except for the Terracotta Warriors, the archaeological work of the cemetery was put on hold for some reason. Until March 1995, in order to cooperate with the widening project of Linma Highway, the mausoleum site consisting of six groups of large buildings with different shapes was cleared 13 meters away from the northern edge of Fengtu.

Excavation of "Hundred Figurines" Pit During 1996-1997, another large burial pit with an area of 13, square meters was discovered in the southeast between the inner and outer cities. In July 1998, a trial excavation was carried out on the newly discovered large-scale burial pit, and a large number of bluestone armor was unearthed, which aroused strong repercussions from all walks of life. In October, a joint archaeological team was formed by Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology and Qin Shihuang Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum, and planned archaeological excavation, protection and comprehensive exploration of the cemetery began.

Let's take a look at the seven most luxurious tombs in the world.

Top Ten Famous Tombs in the World

1. Silkworm silk wrapped Peruvian mummy

This well-preserved mummy was found in an ancient Inca tomb. Located on the outskirts of Lima, Peru, near the site of Puruchuco-Huaquerones, this tomb is the largest ancient Inca tomb ever discovered.

Archaeologists found dozens of ancient remains and a large number of cultural relics in the tomb, dating back more than 5 years. Mummies wrapped in silkworms include both adults and children.

2. Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the First Qin Dynasty

Terracotta warriors and horses began in the Qin Dynasty, and ceramic soldiers accompanied the first emperor of China who was buried underground. The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located in Lintong District, 35 kilometers east of Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province, with a history of more than 2,2 years. During the excavation, life-size soldier figures appeared in front of archaeologists.

The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor covers an area of more than 22 square miles (about 57 square kilometers), and it is said that it was built by 7, people. In 1974, a group of farmers discovered the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor while digging a well.

3. The catacombs in Rome

The catacombs shown in the photos are located in the underground soft rocks in the suburbs of Rome. Construction began in the 2nd century, and it took hundreds of years to reach today's scale.

The corridor of the catacombs is as intricate as a maze, covering hundreds of acres. There are hundreds of thousands of people buried here, mainly Christians, but some Jews. At that time, burial in Rome was forbidden, and the land in the suburbs was expensive. Some owners of Christ's land were allowed to be buried in their land, which formed the catacombs we see today.

In addition, _ _ disciples will come here on the anniversary to mourn the martyrs.

4. pyramid of the sun

pyramid of the sun is the largest building in Teotihuacan, an ancient Mexican city, and also the largest building of its kind in the Western Hemisphere. Pyramid of the sun is 216 feet high and 72 feet wide at the bottom.

This pyramid was built around 2 A.D., initially on a small scale, and reached its current scale after several expansions. Pyramid of the sun was built above a series of caves and tunnels. Archaeologists believe that caves and tunnels are of spiritual significance to the mysterious builders of Teotihuacan.

5. Dome Rock Temple in Jerusalem

At the Dome Rock Temple in Jerusalem, Israel, Muslim men pray under huge stones. This dome is called "Qubbat as-Sakhrah" in Arabic. Despite its dome shape, this temple is not a mosque, but a shrine, built on the boulder where the prophet Muhammad is said to have ascended to heaven.

In Judaism, it is also a holy place. Legend has it that Abraham offered his son Isaac as a sacrifice to God.