Was there really a Buddhist position in ancient times?
Not an official position. When China's eminent monks were awarded the title of Buddhist Master, they generally took the laws of the Northern Qi Dynasty (550-577) as their goal. According to the records in the 38th volume of Buddhist Records, in the first year of natural forest protection in Wen Xuandi, Northern Qi Dynasty (550 years), a letter was sent to the palace to talk about Nirvana Sutra, which was regarded as a Buddhist. Buddhist names begin with this. At the same time, shaman is regarded as a unified system (monk official) and rules monks and nuns all over the world, and is also respected as a national teacher. However, according to Tang Falin's Argument, Volume III, Being a Buddha, it seems that the Northern Zhou Dynasty already had the title of Buddha. Song described the origin of the title of Buddhist master in Volume 43 of Buddhist Records: "Since ancient times, those who value Shaman's virtue must respect their position, and there are different names such as monk record, monk system, mage and Buddhist master. If you don't become a vassal, you will be given a high seat in the temple, which is only appropriate. So later, some eminent monks with both learning and morality were often regarded as national teachers by the emperor at that time. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China, due to the needs and support of the rulers, many eminent monks carried out activities, and Buddhism gained great development. At that time, although many eminent monks did not have the title of Buddhism, they were trusted by nobles and princes, and were called family teachers, disciples and so on. Especially in the Northern Dynasties, for example, Wei was taught by Samoans, and Emperor Xiaowen was called Daodeng, who was the commentator of the "theory of achievement". He was treated by Qu Mengxun in the north, while the latter Zhao and Shi Hu were treated by the Buddhist city, building on the past and prospering in Kumarajiva, all of which were equivalent to the courtesy of a Buddhist teacher. When he arrived in Wen Xuandi in Beiqi, he was more formally called a Buddhist. In the Southern Dynasties, Emperor Chen used Tiantai as a bodhisattva teacher, and the emperor also thought it was a bodhisattva teacher, so he was sometimes called a Buddhist (A Brief History of Monks and Monks, Volume II). The wisdom of Emperor Yang Di (in his early years, he kissed the King of South Vietnam, practiced Samadha Buddhism, and lived in seclusion in Zhongshan), and Emperor Yang Di wrote many times to ask about the statutes and to be a Buddhist (Volume 9 of the Chronicles of the Buddha). When Tang Gaozu was full of wisdom, he was also called a Buddhist. During the 300 years of the Tang Dynasty, many Buddhist monks were honored as national teachers. The magic performance of Zen Buddhism lasted for Wuhou, Zhongzong, Zongrui and Xuanzong, all of which were named Buddhism. Huian, an old monk in Songshan, is called Lao An Buddha, Zhong Hui is called Nanyang Buddha, Zhixuan is called Wu Da Buddha, and the unemployed is called Dada Buddha. In Tantric Buddhism, after the death of King Kong, he was appointed as a master of enlightenment. Not empty for the emperor initiation, give a wise man Tibetan Buddhism. Pure land Sect has South Vietnam Fazhao as the master of Daizong era. In the 15th year of Zhenyuan (799), Cheng Guan of Huayan Sect entered the palace to explain Huayan Sect's purpose, and Dezong gave him the title of Cool Buddha. Fazang was named Kangzang Buddhism. During the Five Dynasties, although there was a war, it was still popular to give titles to monks in small countries where there was a separatist regime. After the Western Shu Dynasty, the master gave unemployment as a holy Buddha, Yue took Tiantai Deshao as a Buddha, and Wen Sui was a great country mentor in the Southern Tang Dynasty. The king of Fujian regards Gushan as a holy monk. Buddhism in the Song Dynasty was the heyday of Zen Buddhism, and many Buddhist monks were given titles, but there was no title of national teacher. However, Sung Hoon, a monk from Tiantai Sect of Japan, visited China in Song Dynasty and went to Kaifeng Prefecture to see Zongshen, and Kaifeng Prefecture awarded him the title of "Master of Good Wisdom". After his death, he was buried in the National Assembly Temple in Tiantai Mountain, and a tower was built with the title of "Japanese Master of Good Wisdom Tower". The Liao Dynasty believed in Buddhism, and many monks served as senior officials of the imperial court. Volume 8 of the National Records of the Khitan says: "(Xingzong) pays special attention to the method of floating pictures, and twenty monks are worshipping the three offices and three departments." In the eighteenth year of worshiping Xi (1049), Fei Zhuo, a famous monk, was recorded as a monk in the capital, and was promoted to the examination school in the second year of Qingning (1056), and was awarded the title of Master Chunhui. His teacher is the famous Rong Yuan Buddhist in Yanjing Fengfu Temple. His nickname is Cheng Yuan, and he is the author of fourteen volumes of Detailed Notes on the Four Methods of Deleting Complex and Missing Que, and three volumes of Ke. He is called Zi Shaman, a special care worker in Yantai Fengfu Temple, and a middle school master (Fengfu Temple wins the stone building in Dalagni, and sixteen volumes of Liao History Supplement). In the Jin Dynasty, the names of Buddhists became clearer. Volume 36 of Daikin Guozhi says: "The teaching of floating pictures ... In Beijing, the Buddhist teachers, the handsome government, the monk records, the counties and the capitals are called Na Wei. ..... Buddhism, the former residence of Beijing, has the dignity of a king's teacher, and the Lord sometimes worships him. Dressed in a red cassock, he went to court to give lectures, and went to the southern dynasties. Buddhist teachers in the Yuan Dynasty had political and religious power. Because the court was too partial to the Lama, it caused many abuses. The Biography of the History of the Yuan Dynasty recorded the power of the Imperial censor at that time, saying that "it is a land of indigenous people in counties and counties, and officials are divided and led by the Imperial censor. ..... Below Chen Shuai, there must be a distinction between monks and vulgar and military and civilian. So the Lord's command, and the imperial edict parallel to the west soil. ..... Although the empresses of the emperor were all consecrated because they were ordained. ..... its behavior is arrogant, full of new moons, arrogant and burning, extending in all directions. "In the first year of the Middle Ages (1260), Kublai Khan, the ancestor, took Paspa (1239, saying 1235- 1280) as his teacher and won the decree to unify Buddhism. In the sixth year of Zhiyuan (1269), he was given a new Mongolian character (also known as Basiba character), promoted to Emperor Dabao and given a decree. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, a general Buddhist organization was established to manage Buddhist monks and affairs. In the same 25 years, it was changed to Zheng Xuan College. Since then, countless people have been specially given or worshipped by the Lama as the royal master, Buddha master, Sanzang Buddha master and enlightened Buddha master. Nine Han monks were honored as Buddhist teachers in the Yuan Dynasty, and Haiyun Buddhist teacher (1202- 1257) was the most famous one in the ancestor's period. Haiyun is a famous seal, whose ancestral home is Gulan Ningyuan, Shaanxi. He is aloof and lofty, and is highly valued by the ruling and opposition parties. Zhuo Xiyan is in Jingqingshou Temple. When the prince was born, he became famous by visiting Mo Ding, a Buddhist in Haiyun. After the silence, the tower was built and Yanjing was built. Yundi: Haiyun, a monk, built a city around it; The virtues of noble monks will never be erased. In the fifth year of Dade (130 1), Emperor Garoba recommended the abbot of Baima Temple in Luoyang, Mr. Hua (No.Zhonghua,1241-1302), to build Wansheng Temple in Wutai Mountain. Wan Xiu was a first-rate Zen figure in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, and was deeply converted by Chu Cai and other famous soldiers. Although he is not known as a Buddhist master in Buddhist history books, the inscription "The Way of Zen Master in Xi 'an Temple, Lingyan Temple, Shandong Province" written by Yuan Dynasty Japanese monk Yuan Shao reads: "The Great Song Dynasty was a great success. ) Under Buddhism, there was the president of Xueting, who took a rest in the temple for the third time after his lamp. There is no doubt that Song Wan was the master of the Yuan Dynasty. In the third year of Zhi Zhi (1323), the Ming Zen master at the peak of Tianmu Mountain was silent and became the master of Puying. When I lived in the Phantom Residence in Huzhou in the fourth year of the Ming Dynasty (13 17), I wrote down the clear rules of the Phantom Residence, which is called the clear rules of the Phantom Residence in Puying Buddhism in the book Continued Tibet. In addition, Zuo Li in Dali, Yunnan Province was also named a Buddhist in the Yuan Dynasty. Zuo Li, a native of western Yunnan, came to Beijing to cure hand gangrene, was appointed as a Buddhist, and returned to Dali (Volume I of Dian Shi Ji). In the early Ming Dynasty, in order to strengthen the ties with ethnic groups such as * * * *, the court still followed the Yuan system and named the Lama "Imperial Teacher" and "National Teacher", but the momentum was not as good as that of the Yuan Dynasty. Ming Taizu Hongwu six years (1373), wrote to Xifan and Tufan national leaders, so those with official positions went to Beijing to be appointed as marquis and governed by customs; A Buddhist master who took Nangaba Zangbo, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, as the treasure of the flourishing age, gave him a jade seal and colored coins. Naturally, some monks have been named as enlightened buddhas and praised kings, released kings, Mahayana kings, and Tathagata kings, all of whom have been given golden orders to lead their people to pay tribute at the age of 30. In the fifth year of Yongle (1407), Halima, a Buddhist monk, was named Buddha of the West and led the world in Buddhism. His disciple Luo Luo, etc. , have been named a great Buddhist ("ancient and modern book integration? "Buddhism department? Examination (Volume 6). In six years, the Buddhist monk Tolufan from the Qing court came to pay tribute and was named an enlightened, kind and wise ordinary Buddhist. In the past eight years, the Buddhist monk Mian Siji was honored as a teacher of pure kindness and wonderful help, and Bandan Zangbu was honored as a teacher of pure love and great help. In thirteen years, Sakyamuni, who was also awarded the title of Uszang, was also lost as a wonderful feeling. The * * * Lama, who was once named as the Yongle Grand Ceremony, has five great dharma kings, namely, interpreting, assisting, protecting and praising the good, and there are two Buddhist disciples, nine initiation Buddhists and eighteen initiation Buddhists in the west (Wei Yuan's Three Disciplines, Volume 5, National History of Fu Sui * * *). In the first year of Emperor Taizong's Tianshun (1457), the rank of monk was reduced: the French king was reduced to the emperor's superior, and the emperor's superior was the emperor's superior. In the fourth year of Chenghua (1468), Wei Yuan, Kang and others wrote an admonition: "When you meet a monk today, you have the name of Buddha, Buddha and king of France, and you have more manners and guards than princes. ..... Many people in China are used to teaching people to spoil your people and hope to send monks back to China. " In the 12th year of Chenghua (1476), the university students wrote another article "Chen": "Idle monks often become Buddhists, Buddhists and French kings. And give them gold and silver to print books. It died, and the apprentice inherited it, but also sought to build a tower. Both of them have occupied the property of the imperial court and should be prohibited. Therefore, the titles of French king, Buddha and Buddha have been abolished. When I arrived in Wuzong, I saw the Lama again. In the second year of Zheng De (1507), Zen masters of Ci 'en, Nengren and Huguo Temple were promoted to Zen masters, and Zhu, where Daxianzhi lived, was an enlightened Zen master. In the fifth year of Zheng De's reign (15 10), Wu Zong claimed to be the French king of the Qing Dynasty, studied Sanskrit, recited Fan Jing, and became a Buddhist. After Sejong believed in Taoism, there were few Buddhist titles (Buddhist Ministry? Examination (Volume 6). However, in the third year of Mu Zong Qin Long (1569), the three kings, the interpreter, the interpreter and the assistant educator, still paid tribute, and they were ordered to pay tribute for three years according to the Hongwu system (Ming History Volume 33 1). It was only in the first year of Hongxi (1425) that the Han monks in the Ming Dynasty won the title of Guangshan Master. "Ming waishi? "Biography of Ji Fang" said: "Stone Guang Zhi, a native of Wuding, was ordered by Hong Wushi to send two envoys to Wuzang, Bangkoci, Nipaci and Diyongta. In Yongle, he asked us to meet the teacher Halima. After the Six Dynasties, they preferred Xiguan monks. "Yingzong heir, add Buddhist paradise. In addition, the monks in Chenghua were awarded the title of king of France and Buddhist teacher by witchcraft at the beginning of dawn, and then transferred to the people's Buddhist teacher (the Ministry of Buddhism? Examination (Volume 6). Wanli also said that Qiao Yun, a monk in Xianyun Stone Room in Zhangzhou, was given dragon pants because he crossed the Empress Dowager Cixi, commonly known as the Dragon Pants Buddhist (read the Biography of the Dragon Pants Buddhist). However, judging from Quan Yi's Qiao Yun Lawyer Taming (on Lingfeng Zonglun, Volumes 8 to 2), Qiao Yun is just a monk who is proficient in discipline and practice, and has no title of Buddhism. In the early Qing dynasty, ancestors respected Zen monks. During the reign of Shunzhi (1644- 16 1), people with clever nature, wooden Chen Dao and beautiful jade were given purple clothes and honorifics. Hampton is called Ming Jue Zen Master. Mu Chen is called Hongjue Zen Master (both the preface to You Xitang Collection and the Eight Fingers Zen Poems in Qing Dynasty are called Hongjue Zen Master). Yulin was originally called Dajue Zen Master, then Dajue Puji Zen Master and Dajue Puji Nengren Zen Master, commonly known as Yulin Zen Master. He was the only monk in the Han nationality Buddhism in the Qing Dynasty who enjoyed the title of Buddhist master. Although the Qing Dynasty was the period of the revival of Lamaism, it was rare for lamas to be appointed as Buddhist teachers. Agawang Robsang Charadan, Qinghai Province, was ordained in Tibet in the early Qing Dynasty and studied under the Fifth Lama. It is believed that the 14th Zhang Jia called Tuketu, and in the 26th year of Kangxi (1687), he went to Beijing to see the Qing sage, built Hui Zong Temple (East Temple and Yellow Temple) in Duolun Noor, Inner Mongolia, and made him preach in Mongolia and abroad. In the forty-fifth year of Kangxi (1706), he was given the "Great Master Pujue Guangci Gold Seal". During the Yongzheng period, Emperor Shizong of Qing Dynasty established Yin Shan Temple (West Temple and Qing Temple) in the west of Hui Zong Temple for the 15th Zhang Jia (an inspection tour of Yellow Religion in Tian Chun and Inner Mongolia). The emperors in the early Qing Dynasty were very cautious about the titles of lamas. Qianlong specially made a "Lama Shuo", which was engraved on four stone tablets of the Lama Temple. It read: Lama, also known as the Yellow Sect, flourished in the Yuan Dynasty and extended to the Ming Dynasty, and was appointed as an imperial envoy and a national teacher. During the reign of Kangxi, I only sealed a chapter in history, and I have been attacked since then. Note: Although my dynasty practiced Yellow Religion, no one worshipped the title of Imperial Lord. However, in the forty-five years of Kangxi, Zhang Jiahutuktu was named an enlightenment Buddhist; In the twelfth year of Yongzheng, the Zhang family was named as the great monk of Pushan Guangci and the abbot of Songzhu Temple. Although the Zhang family received great courtesy during the Qianlong period, the Zhang family did not seem to care much about politics. According to the Chronicle of Xiao Ting Miscellaneous Records written by Prince Li in Qing Dynasty (published in Jiaqing period), in the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong, a pass was set up in Xihuamen (Manchu Tibetan Scripture Pavilion), which was put in charge of the Zhang family's Buddhism. With the help of a raft, Manchu manuscripts were obtained, and some staff were compiled and translated into classics, which was collected for more than ten years.
Reference: big5.jiexieyin/showx? Page = 7 & ID = 2851. Cid= 150 (China Buddhist ritual system
Author: Lin Ziqing)
According to the Chinese dictionary
There are five explanations: national army. Eighteen years of Xianggong in Zuo Zhuan: Zi Dian, the humiliation of Qi. A teacher of a country. Book of the Later Han Dynasty Volume 27 Biography of Zhao Dian: You should prepare a Buddhist teacher, because you are well informed. The official name established by Wang Mang. History of Han Wang Mang Biography (Volume 99): Shao A, He, Jing, Trust Buddhist, Jia Xingong. During the Six Dynasties, imperial academy was called a Buddhist. Liang Shu 4 1 Volume Wang Chengchuan: The third generation is a national teacher, but the previous generation did not, and the world is proud of it. Used by ancient emperors as honorifics for eminent monks with both academic and moral qualities. Deng Chuanlu, the master of Jingdezhen Zhong Hui (Volume 5): When Sanzang went to Beijing in the West, the cloud gained his knowledge, and the emperor ordered him to study with a Buddhist teacher. Sanzang only saw the teacher and stood on the right.