What does the common sense of ancient poetry and literature mean?
General knowledge of China's ancient poetry literature 1. General knowledge of poetry (1. Classification of ancient poetry) There are several different forms of classical poetry, such as ancient poetry (also known as ancient poetry and ancient style), modern poetry (also known as modern poetry and metrical poetry), ci (also known as poetry, long and short sentences, lyrics and lyrics) and qu.
Classical poetry is an ancient free poem with free form, unlimited length, infinitive (referring to miscellaneous words), no antithesis, free rhyme and so on. There are four-character ancient poems (first appeared in the Book of Songs), five-character ancient poems (matured in the Han Dynasty, such as Nineteen Ancient Poems), seven-character ancient poems (matured in the Tang Dynasty, such as the Song of Eternal Sorrow) and Yuefu poems (some titles have songs, lines, quotations, songs, songs, etc.).
Modern poetry flourished in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to the regular arrangement, it also has the positions of definite sentences, definite words, definite sounds and definite rhymes. It has two types: quatrains and metrical poems. Quatrains are divided into five-character quatrains (five-character quatrains) and seven-character quatrains (seven-character quatrains), and metrical poems are divided into five-character metrical poems (five rhymes), seven-character metrical poems (seven rhymes) and arranged rhymes.
Ci reached its peak in the Song Dynasty. According to the number of words, it can be divided into three forms: Xiao Ling (within 58 words), Zhong Diao (within 59-90 words) and Long Diao (above 9 1 word). Fixed tone, fixed sentence, fixed words and rhymes.
Qu Xingsheng was born in Yuan Dynasty, and there are two forms: Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu has two forms: poem (short tune) and divertimento (also called divertimento).
(2) Knowledge of Poetry and Music ① Ancient poetry and modern poetry are divided from the perspective of poetic rhythm. The main difference between them is that modern poetry refers to metrical poetry formed in the early Tang Dynasty, which has strict rules on the number of words, rhyme and antithesis, while classical poetry does not talk about metrical poetry, and poems before the Tang Dynasty are all classical poetry.
(2) Rhyme and quatrains (also called truncated sentences) The difference between rhymes and quatrains is mainly in the number of sentences. There are only four quatrains, which can be typed or not.
There are * * * eight metrical poems, one or two of which are head couplets, three or four are parallel couplets, five or six are neck couplets, and seven or eight are tail couplets. The first couplet and the last couplet can be couplet, but not couplet, and the coordinate couplet and the neck couplet must be couplet; No matter whether it is a metrical poem or a quatrain, there are requirements for leveling.
Rhymes of more than eight sentences are excluded. (3) There is no strict difference between songs, lines and quotations of ancient poetry genre.
Generally speaking, syllables and metrical forms are relatively free, including five words, seven words and miscellaneous words, such as "The Hut is Blown by Autumn Wind", "Pipa Line" and "Li Ping Quotations". (4) Yuefu and Xinle Yuefu were originally the official names in charge of music in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and later became poetic names.
Music songs collected and created by Yuefu officials in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties are called Yuefu for short. Xinle Building was built in the early Tang Dynasty.
In the early Tang Dynasty, poets wrote Yuefu poems, except following the old poems of Yuefu in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, a few poets created new poems, which were different from the original rhyme, so they were called new Yuefu, and the name of the new Yuefu was determined by Bai Juyi. ⑤ The difference between title and epigraph: The title of a word is the embodiment of the content of the word, and epigraph is the title of the word.
Such as "Niannujiao? In Nostalgia at Red Cliff, "Nian Nujiao" is the inscription and "Nostalgia at Red Cliff" is the title, which shows that the word is a lyric and the place is "Red Cliff". A word must have a epigraph, but not necessarily a title.
A word is divided into two sections, the upper section is called "Shangque" (or "Part I") and the lower section is called "Xiaque" (or "Part II") (Que means the end of music). Sanqu Sanqu is a kind of song played in harmony, which rose in the Song and Yuan Dynasties and degenerated from words.
Style is similar to writing but freer than writing, so you can add lines to the number of words. Use spoken English more. Sanqu includes two forms: poems and sets of numbers.
Poetry contains only one tone, and the number of sets is one set of multiple tones in one tone, which is a coherent set of tones in opera or Sanqu. The number of a set of songs is uncertain, ranging from two to more. Each set of numbers takes the name of the first song as the name of the whole set of songs; The whole song must be the same palace tune, with a beginning and an end, and the end rhymes; Use "sand" at the end, and there is no rule on how many times to use it. ⑦ Yuan Zaju is a literary style developed on the basis of Zhu Gong tune in Song, Jin and Jin Dynasties, and it is a traditional opera art form integrating singing, guest singing, dancing and acting.
Generally, each book is 40% off (or 50% off or 60% off) in structure, and a "wedge" is added when necessary. Each fold is composed of several tunes in the same palace tune. Zaju can be divided into two types: Dan Ben (the lead singer of the heroine) and the last Ben (the lead singer of the hero). For example, the yuan is the script, and the third discount is the "Gong Zheng" tune. The script of Yuan Zaju is composed of "Ke", "Singing" and "Bai", in which "Ke" is the regulation of main movements, expressions and stage effects. "Singing" is the lyrics; "White" is the guest white, which can be divided into dialogue (dialogue between characters), monologue (self-narration of characters), narration (self-narration behind other characters) and white dyeing (interruption in lyrics).
The main roles of Yuan Zaju are: Dan (female role), the heroine is called, and the supporting roles are vice Dan, foreign Dan and so on. End (male role), the leading role is called the end, and the supporting role is the deputy end, the outer end and the small end. Outer (outer end), pretending to be an elderly person; Screen name, commonly known as big face, plays more roles with special personality and appearance (such as Zhang Fei and Li Kui JY); Ugliness, commonly known as small face, mostly plays a secondary role in men; Bo er who plays an old woman. Second, China ancient poetry school 1. Landscape pastoral school.
Mainly describes the quiet and carefree natural scenery, through the praise of natural scenery, or reveals the feelings of unwilling to go with the flow, or expresses the negative thoughts of seclusion and seclusion. Its representative writers are Tao Yuanming and Xie Lingyun in Jin Dynasty and Wang Wei and Meng Haoran in Tang Dynasty.
2. Frontier Poetry School. Taking frontier life and war as the theme.
Representative writers are Gao Shi and Cen Can in Tang Dynasty, as well as Wang Changling, Wang Zhihuan, William Wang and Cui Hao. 3. Free and unfettered.
As a major school of Ci in Song Dynasty, its works are bold, artistic conception is vigorous, and its ci is full of lofty sentiments and ambitions, giving people a positive force. The representative poets are mainly Su Shi and Xin Qiji, and their representative works include Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia and Xin Qiji's Yongyu Le Jing Kougubeiting Nostalgia.
4. Elegant school. As a major school in the Song Dynasty, the language of his works is beautiful and subtle, and the feelings expressed in the words are tactfully lingering, or have a relaxed and lively artistic conception, or deep bitterness. The subject matter is narrow, mostly based on personal experience, love between men and women and landscape scenery.
The representative poets are Liu Yong, Qin Guan, Li Qingzhao and Jiang Kui. Third, ancient China.
2. Common sense of ancient poetry and literature
Poet: Du Fu's "He knows that the dew will frost tonight, and the moonlight at home will be bright!" And "thinking of my brother on a moonlit night"
Female poetess: Li Qingzhao's curtain rolls west wind, and people are thinner than yellow flowers.
The leading figures of the unrestrained school: Su Shi's Night Dream and Jiangchengzi.
Graceful Master: Liu Yong "Where will you wake up tonight?" Yang Liuan and Xiao Feng's Canyue and Yulin Ridge.
Empress of Southern Tang Dynasty: Li Yu's "The Sun, Moon, and the Ming Dynasty's Old Country Can't Look Back" and "Young Beauty"
Xiangshan laity: Bai Juyi's "sunrise makes Jiang Hong better than fire, and spring makes Jiang Qing blue, so you can forget Jiangnan" and "remember Jiangnan"
Mr. Mo Mo: Wang Wei's "Being a stranger in a foreign land, I miss my relatives every festive season", and I miss my brother's Shan Ye holiday in Shandong.
Patriotic poet: Lu You's Sleeping in the Wind and Rain at midnight, Dream of Iron Horse Glacier, Wind and Rain on November 4th.
Frontier Poet: Cen Can's "The East Road of My Hometown is Long, Long Sleeved with Tears" and "On the Messenger of Meeting the Capital"
3. Common sense of ancient poetry and literature
Missing makes the poet sigh the bright moon in his hometown; Du fu; "He knows that the dew will frost tonight, and how bright the moonlight is at home! "(or Li Bai; "Looking up, I found it was moonlight, sinking again, and I suddenly thought of home." )
② Missing makes female poets thinner than yellow flowers; Li Qingzhao; "West wind blinds, people are thinner than yellow flowers."
Missing makes the originator of the unrestrained school dream of returning to his hometown and caring for him without words or tears; Su Shi; "Dreaming about how many roads there are in my hometown, I wake up and look around the world. The moon shines flat in Sha Qianli. "
Missing makes Mr. Mo Mo enter the state of mind of "one less person at a time" during the festival; Wang Wei; "I know where my brothers are climbing from a distance, and one person is missing from the dogwood."
⑤ Missing makes frontier fortress poets look forward to their homeland in their later years; Cen Can; "The road to the east in my hometown is long, and the tears of the double-sleeved dragon bell are not dry."
6. Miss the patriotic poet Ma Tie Glacier Dream; Lu You's Sleeping at Night Listening to Wind and Rain, Dream of Iron Horse Glacier.
4. Common sense of ancient poetry and literature, such as: Is the immortal a poet or a saint?
Poet Li Bai is known as "Poet Fairy" for his rich imagination, unrestrained style, gorgeous colors and fresh and natural language.
Chen Ziang, a poetess, is called "poetess" because of her passionate poems and lofty style full of "Han Wei style".
Wang Bo, an outstanding poet, is called an "outstanding poet" because of his fluent, bold and unique poems.
He, a crazy poet, is generous by nature and calls himself "Siming Ke Fan". Because his poems are bold and unrestrained, he is called "poetry mad".
Wang Changling, the poet's son of heaven, was named "the poet's son of heaven" because of his "deep feelings and ambiguous tone".
Du Fu is a sage poet. His poetic thoughts are profound and closely related to current events. Broad realm, known as the "poet".
Meng Jiao, the prisoner of poetry, was once called "the prisoner of poetry" because of his painstaking management and poor management.
Jia Dao, a slave of poetry, claimed to be a poet all his life and painstakingly recited poems. He is called "the slave of poetry".
The great poet Liu Yuxi, whose poems are calm and dignified, and his style is natural and rough, Bai Juyi gave him the reputation of "great poet".
Five-character Great Wall Liu Changqing is good at five-character poems, which account for 78/ 10 of all his poems, so he is called "Five-character Great Wall".
Li Shigui He's poems are good at casting words, galloping imagination and using myths and legends to create colorful images, so they are called "Shi Gui".
Du and Du Mu once wrote Wei Zihua, which was lyrical and praised by flowers. They call it "Du Weizi".
Wen Bajiao, Wen Tingyun, wit. Every exam, the octagonal hand becomes eight rhymes, which is called "Wen octagonal".
Zheng drum, partridge Zheng, is famous for its poem partridge, so it is called "partridge Zheng".
Cui Jue, a Cui Yuanyang, has a unique style and is called "Cui Yuanyang".
5. What does common sense in literature mean?
Literary common sense, as its name implies, refers to some common sense about literature.
The scope of literary common sense
1. Writer's works. Including: the names, characters, numbers, overflow numbers, dynasties, works and collections of ancient writers in China, their position in the history of literature, and the style of collections; Names, places of origin, times, works and collections, masterpieces and representative works of modern and contemporary writers in China, as well as the evaluation of authors and works; Names, nationalities, times, works and collections of foreign writers, famous works, representative works, literary schools, and comments on authors and works.
2. Common sense of ancient culture. Such as astronomical calendar, geography, official position, imperial examination etiquette, title and so on.
3. Stylistic knowledge and categories. Including ancient stylistic knowledge and categories as well as modern stylistic knowledge and categories, such as narrative, expository, argumentative, poetry, prose, novels and so on.
4. Knowledge about the job content. Such as characters, plot arrangements, famous sentences and paragraphs described in famous articles; The source of idioms, allusions and famous sentences in ancient writers' works; Famous sentences of poetry and songs; Wait a minute.
6. What is the basic common sense of ancient poetry?
The original meaning of "ancient poetry" is a poem written by ancient people.
Before and after Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there appeared a number of five-character poems written by scholars before Wei and Jin, which had no title and no author. Most of them are lyric poems with unique expressive techniques and artistic styles, which are collectively called "ancient poems". Shen Deqian in Qing Dynasty said, "Nineteen ancient poems are not the words of one person.
I abandoned my wife at a high rate, my friends were rich, I wandered abroad, and I felt a sense of death and new things. Or fable, or express, or repeat.
At first, there were no fantastic ideas and thrilling sentences, and the ancient poems of Xijing were all below. (Shi Shuoyu) During the Jin and Song Dynasties, these "archaic poems" were regarded as models of five-character poems.
Lu Ji once imitated 12 sentence by sentence. Tao Yuanming in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Bao Zhao in the Song Dynasty. There are "quasi-classical poems" that study the skills and styles of "classical poems".
In the Liang Dynasty, Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long and Zhong Rong's Shi Pin theoretically summarized and evaluated the artistic characteristics and value of "ancient poetry", and discussed its author, era and origin, which were generally recognized as works of the Han Dynasty. At the same time, Xiao Tong's Selected Works and Chen's Xu Ling Yutai's New Poetry define the scope of "ancient poetry" from the classification of poetry: all works without clear titles are called "miscellaneous poetry" by the author and "ancient poetry" by anonymous people.
Therefore, after Liang and Chen, "ancient poetry" has formed a special name with a specific meaning. It is the same as the two Han Yuefu songs, referring to the five-character poem written by Wu Ming in the Han Dynasty, which has developed into a poetic style with the artistic characteristics of "ancient poetry".
Nineteen Ancient Poems occupies a representative position in the history of literature, and this title has also become a topic name.
7. Literary knowledge of Nineteen Ancient Poems
Edit this paragraph] Introduction to Nineteen Ancient Poems [Title] Nineteen ancient poems, the title of which was first found in Selected Works, were compiled by children in the Southern Dynasties from unknown ancient poems. The editor collected these five-character poems with the names of the deceased owners and listed them as "miscellaneous poems", which later generations regarded as group poems.
Nineteen Ancient Poems are customarily titled with the first sentence, namely: Journey, Re-Journey, Grass on the Green River, Cypress on the Green Mausoleum, Today's Good Banquet, Northwest Tall Building, Picking Lotus from Shejiang River, Bright Moon, Solitary Bamboo in Ran Ran, Strange Tree in Courtyard, [Author and Writing Time] There are different opinions about the author and time of Nineteen Ancient Poems. The bet on the title of the anthology of Zhao Ming's Miscellaneous Poems and Nineteen Ancient Poems once explained clearly: "The ancient poems are combined with clouds, and the author is unknown."
It was said that there were works by Mei Cheng, Yi Fu, Cao Zhi and RoyceWong. For example, eight of the questions were Han Meicheng, and later generations suspected that they were inaccurate. A comprehensive survey of the emotional tendency, social life reflected by Nineteen Ancient Poems and its skillful artistic skills shows that it was not written by one person, but was produced from the last years of Shun Di to Xian Di in the Eastern Han Dynasty, that is, between 140- 190.
[Meaning] Nineteen Ancient Poems is a remarkable symbol of the humanization of Yuefu ancient poems. At the end of the Han Dynasty, the literati attached importance to the value of individual existence, which made them establish a broader and deeper emotional connection with their social environment and natural environment.
In the past, things related to external achievements, such as the worship of the ancestral temples of emperors and princes, the martial arts of literary records, hunting and recreation, and even the official offices in the capital, once dominated the subject areas of literature, but now they have given way to the source of advance and retreat, friendship and love, and even the streets and fields related to the poet's real life and spiritual life, phenology and solar terms, literary themes, styles and skills have undergone tremendous changes. Nineteen Ancient Poems occupies an important position in the development of five-character poems and is also of great significance in the history of China's poems. Its theme, content and expression techniques have been imitated by later generations, almost forming a model.
His artistic style also influenced the creation and criticism of later poems. As far as the actual situation of the development of ancient poetry is concerned, it is not an exaggeration to call it "the crown of five words" and "the ancestor of five words through the ages"
In the history of poetry, Nineteen Ancient Poems is regarded as the power of five-character ancient poems. For example, Wang Shizhen in Ming Dynasty said, "Nineteen Poems is not as good as Three Hundred Poems in reasoning, but it is the originator of five-character ancient poems. Lu Shiyong said, "Nineteen Poems is the wind and the mother of poetry. "
"Nineteen Ancient Poems" commented that "Wen Wen and Yi Li, whose meaning is sad and far away, are soul-stirring, and can almost be described as a word of gold. ..... generation after generation, and the sound is lonely and sorrowful! " -Zhong Rong's "Poetry" "Look at his prose, straight but not wild, tactfully attached, which is the highest of five words."
-Liu Xie's poem "Wen Xin Diao Long Ming" is exquisite to the stars, with profound implications. It can really make ghosts cry and touch the world.-Hu Yinglin's poems and Nineteen Poems are eternal writers, which can be said to make people feel the same. How many people have succeeded? Although rich and powerful, it is still insufficient. Poor? Ambition is unattainable, life is like running water, who doesn't feel bad? Everyone loves each other and wants to be together for life, but who doesn't leave? In my mind, it is common to guess his ideas and abandon them.
People who lost their lives together don't know sadness or happiness. If they leave each other, it's hard for them to worry anymore. Chasing the minister and abandoning his wife and friends are all for one purpose.
Therefore, although Nineteen Ancient Poems has two meanings, if everyone reads it in a low voice and hurts my heart, it is a matter of temperament. And the same feeling, everyone has his own, then everyone has his own poem.
However, everyone has feelings but can't speak, that is to say, there are endless words, so it is extremely important to push nineteen songs. -Chen Ruoming, A Qing Dynasty's Selected Poems of Caijitang [edited this paragraph] nineteen full-text ancient poems and Hang Hang, Hang Hang, Hang Hang, Hang Hang, Hang Hang, Hang Hang, Hang Hang, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou
Since then, you and I have traveled thousands of miles, I am in heaven, and you are in heaven. It's a long way to Xiu Yuan, and it will be safe.
Humayi is in the north wind and birds are flying in the south. The longer they are apart, the wider they become and the thinner they become.
Clouds cover the sun, and wanderers ignore it. Just because I want you to age me, another year will soon end.
There are many other things to say, just wish you take care of yourself and don't be hungry and cold. You walked and walked and walked, so you and I separated. You and I are thousands of miles apart, I am here and you are there. The journey is so hard, so far away. If you want to meet each other, when there is still a north wind in the north of Manan, the southern birds are still nesting in the south branch. The longer you are apart, the wider and thinner your clothes will be. The clouds covered the sun. Wanderers in other places don't want to come back. Just because I miss you, I am old and the year is coming. There are still many things I don't want to say, but I hope you take care of yourself and don't get hungry and cold. In the second part of Grass by the Green River, the gloomy garden is covered with willows. Ying Ying is a girl upstairs. She is very clever. Dressed in pink, she is as delicate as a hand. She once advocated it. The tall willows in the garden are lush. The elegant woman upstairs stood at the window, her skin whiter than the bright moon. She was beautifully dressed and held out slender fingers. Once upon a time, she was a prostitute in the Song Dynasty (the prostitute who advocated starting a family in the Han Dynasty was different from the so-called brothel woman in later generations), and now she is a ranger's wife who likes to wander outside. Her wandering husband hasn't come back yet, and it's really hard to stand alone in this empty room. The third part of "On Cypress in Green Mausoleum" is the cypress in Leilei River. Life between heaven and earth suddenly looks like a passer-by. When it comes to the thickness of wine, it is not too thin. Ride a horse, play with Lolo, and win the championship. The long road leads to Luojiaxiang, and many princes live in the first place. The two palaces face each other at a distance, and the distance between them is more than 100 feet. This is an entertainment feast.