Historia's name
Due to the differences of national cultures, European countries have many characteristics. Friendly gestures such as waving hands mean "going to hell" in Greece; When the Greeks say goodbye, they will wave to each other. Therefore, remembering the following tips about the characteristics of national culture and customs in European countries will be very beneficial to the development of transnational cultural and economic activities:
Belgians love to combine business and entertainment, like to entertain others and like to be entertained by others. Pay attention to appearance and the title of business partner;
Hungarians, superstitious, are not allowed to put dishes made of poultry on the New Year table, thinking that in that case, luck will fly away with the birds;
Danes like saunas and drinking, and wine is more expensive. If you entertain a sauna or bring a few more bottles of scotch whisky in business activities, you can increase your conversation and it is the best gift;
Norwegians pay attention to punctuality and keep a certain distance from others. When visiting or attending a family dinner, prepare gifts such as flowers or candy for the hostess. Don't frighten the river bird (Norway's national bird) when going out for an outing. Generally speaking, red is considered as a popular color.
Germans are famous for their efficiency. German negotiators are always serious and should be used to wearing suits on all occasions (don't put your hands in your pockets, it is considered rude). Gifts should be personal, even in the name of the company;
Greeks love to take a nap, which is caused by the subtropical climate. Saying "good afternoon" can include saying "good night" after midnight. The Greek way of operation is more traditional, and bargaining can be seen everywhere;
Austrians don't like to eat shrimp in the New Year. Because shrimp will walk backwards, which symbolizes bad luck. If you eat shrimp, it is difficult to make progress in the new year.
Spaniards who emphasize personal credibility would rather suffer a little loss than admit their mistakes publicly. If you help them unintentionally and save them from losses, then you will always win friendship and trust;
The French are the most patriotic. No matter how good you speak English, you will ask for negotiations in French and never give in. Pay great attention to dress and wear the best clothes possible during the talks;
Irish people avoid using red, white and blue (the color of the British flag) for political and historical reasons. In addition, Irish law prohibits Irish people from getting divorced;
Italians are less rigid than Germans and more enthusiastic than French. But when dealing with business, it is usually not emotional. Slow decision-making, not discussing with colleagues, but unwilling to make hasty statements;
Luxembourg people, descendants of Germans. Because the country is small, most people drive home for dinner at noon and don't work at noon;
The Dutch, once the most orthodox people in Europe, love cleanliness and pay attention to order. When doing business, you should make an agreement in advance before you come to the Netherlands. Frank and frank personality;
The Portuguese are very much like the Greeks, easy-going and sociable. Wear a suit in spite of the hot weather. When negotiating with them, you should wear a neat coat and tie at work and social occasions.
British people should follow the rules in everything, and their cars run in the opposite direction to other European countries. Due to the conceit of being a native English speaker, the British can't speak any other language except English.
Section 1 New Year Section 2 Christmas Section 3 Easter Section 4 Thanksgiving Section 5 April Fool's Day Section 6 Mother's Day Section 7 Father's Day Section 8 Saint Valentine's Day Section 9 Halloween Section 10 Tomato Wars
Christmas is the biggest festival of the year in western countries. Giving each other Christmas presents is an important part of Christmas.
Christmas is also known as "Jesus Christmas" and "the birthday of Jesus". In 354 AD, the calendar of the Latin Church in the western part of the Roman Empire stated for the first time that 65438+February 25th was the birth date of Jesus Christ.
Christmas was originally a Christian festival. Because people pay special attention to it, it has become a national festival. The biggest festival in the western countries in a year can be compared with the New Year, similar to the Spring Festival in China. This festival not only contains profound religious factors, but also is a secular day celebrated by the whole country. Christmas is on February 25th every year, the day when Jesus Christ was born.
Originally the birthday anniversary of Jesus Christ, it has now become a national holiday in western countries, much like the Spring Festival in China. Christmas is scheduled for February 25th, 65438 every year, and the Christmas season usually lasts for two weeks. During this period, greeting cards flew around the world like snowflakes, and telephone lines and communication networks frequently conveyed people's blessings and greetings; The streets and alleys are newly painted, and the advertisements for big sales and auctions in front of shop windows are particularly eye-catching; You can see people rushing by with big bags of holiday supplies, and you can hear cheerful songs and laughter everywhere. At this time, the stations and airports are crowded with people who are looking forward to going home, because Christmas is also a day for family reunion. No matter how far you go, people will try their best to go home and reunite with their loved ones.
Because the Bible records that Jesus was born at night, the night of 65438+February 24th is traditionally called "Silent Night" or "Silent Night".
★ The origin of Christmas
65438+February 25th Christmas celebrates the birthday of the founder of Christianity, Jesus Christ, which is the largest and most popular festival in western countries.
According to the Bible, the holy book of Christians, God decided to let his only son Jesus Christ be born on the earth, find his mother, and then live on the earth, so that people can better understand God, learn to love God and love each other better. "Christmas" means "celebrating Christ", celebrating the moment when a young Jewish woman, Maria, gave birth to Jesus.
According to the Bible, Maria was engaged to Joseph, a carpenter. However, before they moved in together, Joseph found out that Maria was pregnant. Joseph wants to break up with her quietly, because he is a decent man and doesn't want to tell her about it and embarrass her. While he was thinking about it, the angel of God appeared in his dream and said to him, "Stop whispering and marry Maria home. The child she conceived came from the Holy Spirit. She will give birth to a boy, and you will name him Jesus, because he will save people from sin. "
Although the exact birthday of Jesus is not clear, about 2000 years ago, the calendar divides the time into BC (before the birth of Jesus Christ) and AD. In the first 300 years after AD, Jesus' birthday was celebrated on different days. Finally, in 354 AD, the church appointed 65438+February 25th as the birthday of Jesus Christ.
Christmas is the biggest festival in the Christian world. At the beginning of the 4th century AD, 65438+1October 6th was a double festival for churches in the Eastern Roman Empire to commemorate the birth and baptism of Jesus, which was called Epiphany (also known as Epiphany), that is, God revealed himself to the world through Jesus. The only exception at that time was the church in Jerusalem, which only commemorated the birth of Jesus, not the baptism of Jesus. Later, historians found in the calendar used by Roman Christians that the page of 65438+ February 25, 354 AD recorded: "Christ was born in Bethlehem, Judah."
After textual research, it is generally believed that 65438+February 25th is Christmas Day, which probably started in the Roman Church in 336 AD, spread to Antioch in Asia Minor in about 375 AD, and spread to Alexandria in Egypt in 430 AD. The church in Jerusalem accepted it at the latest, while the church in Armenia still insisted that Epiphany was the birthday of Jesus.
65438+February 25th was originally the birthday of Mitra, the Persian sun god (that is, god of light), and it was a pagan festival. At the same time, the sun god was also one of the gods of Roman Catholicism. This day is also the winter solstice festival of the Roman calendar, and pagans who worship the sun god regard this day as the hope of spring and the beginning of the revival of everything. Perhaps for this reason, the Roman church chose this day as Christmas. This is one of the measures that the early church tried to christianize pagan customs. Later, although most churches accepted 65438+February 25th as Christmas Day, the calendars used by local churches were different, and the specific dates could not be unified. Therefore, the period from 65438+February 24th to 65438+1October 6th of the following year was designated as Christmas Day, and local churches could celebrate Christmas during this period according to local conditions. Since February 25th, 65438+ was recognized as Christmas by most churches, the Epiphany of 654381October 6th only commemorates the baptism of Jesus. However, the Catholic Church designated June 6, 65438+ as the "Three Kings Day" to commemorate the story that three kings (that is, three doctors) came to worship when Jesus was born.
With the widespread spread of Christianity, Christmas has become an important festival for Christians and even non-Christians of all denominations. In many countries in Europe and America, people attach great importance to this festival and associate it with the New Year. The excitement and solemnity of the celebration greatly surpassed the New Year and became a national festival. The main commemorative activities of 65438+February 25th are all related to the legend of the birth of Jesus. From 65438+February 24th to the following year, 65438+1October 6th is Christmas. During the festival, Christians from all over the world will hold grand commemorative ceremonies. Christmas was originally a Christian festival. Because people pay special attention to it, it has become a national festival. The biggest festival in the western countries in a year can be compared with the New Year, similar to the Spring Festival in China. Westerners use red, green and white as Christmas colors. When Christmas comes, every family should decorate it with Christmas colors. The red ones have Christmas flowers and Christmas candles. The green one is the Christmas tree. It is the main ornament of Christmas. It is decorated with evergreen trees in the form of towers, such as Chinese fir and cypress. Colorful lanterns, gifts and paper flowers are hung on it, and Christmas candles are lit. The contrast between red and white is Santa Claus, who is the most popular figure in Christmas activities. Before going to bed on Christmas Eve, western children should put a sock in front of the fireplace or beside the pillow. When they fall asleep, Santa Claus will put presents in the sock. Playing Santa Claus is also a custom in the west.
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