The cultural heritage of Jinuo nationality
Mount Jinuo is located in the hilly area at the end of Wuliang Mountain in Hengduan Mountains, and belongs to the subtropical marginal mountainous area. Because of its special geographical location, it has formed an excellent natural ecology, and it is the most abundant treasure of animal and plant resources in China. This determines that gathering is the most common production and life style of Jino people, and this kind of activity continues to this day. Jinuo people often say that men without meat are shy and women without food are shy. It can be seen that in the past life of Jinuo people, the lifestyle of eating meat by hunting and eating vegetables by gathering was the most basic production activity. Before the 1960s, any Keno woman had to pick some wild vegetables and fruits as daily necessities in the forest near the Qing Dynasty. At the beginning of 2 1 century, it was also a common behavior of Jino people to collect after working in the mountains.
The food collected by Jinuo people can be roughly divided into seven categories: root tuber, wild vegetables, bamboo shoots, mushrooms, wild fruits, insects, fish and crabs. The auxiliary tools used for collection are very simple, with local materials and simple bamboo and wood utensils. Jinuo people have their own methods of processing wild fruits and vegetables.
search
Wild animal resources are very rich in the multi-level interlaced virgin forest in Jinuo Mountain. Jinuo people are as familiar with the animals in the forest as their own children. According to their natural classification of animals, all animals are divided into three types, namely, pointed, combined and Leah. Most hunting tools used by Jinuo people are made by themselves, such as buttons, cages, clips, bows, jumping sticks, wood presses, slingshots, crossbows, ground crossbows, bows and arrows, etc. The use of muskets is a sign of the remarkable improvement of hunting productivity. But at an earlier time, they mainly used the hunting methods such as buckling, supporting wood, ground crossbows, bending bows, placing bamboo sticks, setting traps, sticking branches and hunting.
Button down-this means setting a trap. Buckling is a common hunting method in Jino hunting. Buttons are movable buttons made of bamboo strips. Most buttons are used to catch birds and squirrels. The position of buttons is generally determined according to the prey to be captured, and they are placed in the mouthparts between their favorite plants or hawthorn. Almost everyone in Keno can make buttons, but there are many kinds of buttons, with different production procedures and materials. Commonly used buttons are chain buttons, swing buttons and neck buttons. When Jinuo people usually go hunting or farming in the mountains, they usually put a few buttons along the way and bring back some birds or squirrels when they come back. Autumn harvest, when the crops in the field are ripe, is the best time for Jinuo people to button their buttons. Generally speaking, Keno birds catch mice with buttons, clips and rattan clips.
Supporting wood is also a way for Jinuo people to catch wild animals, and this unique hunting method is still preserved today. There are many kinds of pressure wood, and the pressure wood for small animals is a concave moon-shaped groove composed of a certain weight of wooden sticks. The hunter put a log where the animals had to pass, dug a small hole in the middle of the concave moon groove of the log and installed the mechanism. The mechanism is connected with a pull rope, and one end of the pull rope is hung with a wooden stick. As long as an animal steps on the mechanism and pulls the rope, the stick will fall and hit the animal. To deal with large beasts such as bears, tigers and deer, the pressure wood used is often a big wood that only a few people can lift. It's just that the range of pressing wood is always limited. Therefore, first of all, we must artificially close the surrounding roads, leaving only one crossing leading to the pressure wood. It is very important to catch behemoths. Jinuo people use double-column support and wooden tips to stabilize the support columns. Once you step on the mechanism, the wooden pin will come out, causing the support column to fall, and the wooden pressure will fall and hit the beast.
Crossbow-It is very common for Jinuo people to hunt wild animals with crossbows, which are what they carry with them. A crossbow consists of a crossbow body, a crossbow arm, a bowstring, an arrow slot and a crossbow machine. The crossbow is made of hard trees. The quality of crossbow arm represents the characteristics of crossbow. The crossbow arm should be made of smooth, straight and few knots, baked, bent and shaped according to the traditional shape, cut, trimmed and polished after shaping. The crossbow machine is the key to the accuracy of the crossbow, which can control the direction of the crossbow and is generally made of hardwood. Bowstring is made of beef tendon. The crossbow shaft is generally made of hard bamboo.
agriculture
Jinuo people are mainly engaged in agriculture. From before liberation to the end of 1970s, they followed the mode of slash-and-burn and deforestation.
Cutting down the land-the first step of slash-and-burn cultivation is to cut down trees to open up wasteland. The time is probably in January and February of the lunar calendar, so choose an auspicious day. First of all, the village head, on behalf of all clan or family members, chopped for three days, and planted three ponds of ginger and taro before cutting the land every day. It is said that ginger and taro were planted in the era of female ancestor Ayao, and both of them have the function of exorcising ghosts and evil spirits, so this custom has continued. Three days after the elders in the village cut the land, all the families in the village began to cut the land, and each family had to plant ginger and taro before cutting the land.
Burning land-after cutting the land, about half a month or so, the tree will dry up and enter the burning land. Before burning the ground, you should cut a circle of fire lines to prevent the spread of mountain fires. On the day of burning the ground, the whole village, led by their parents, gathered at the top of the mountain to hold a sacrificial ceremony. That is, cut down two trees, tie up "big willows", plant them on the top of the mountain, and then kill a dog and a hen. Say your prayers, cook your chickens and dogs, and start burning the ground. Jinuo people in each village burn land according to their surnames. Ask a foreigner to light the fire. The reward for the igniter is a dog leg and a chicken claw. Before setting fire to the ground, the igniter should say a prayer, then light the fire with a torch, and every small family will also set fire to their own land.
Build a shack-after cutting and burning the ground, build a shack on the ground. There are two ways to build a shack: one is to build a mansion with two pillars and a crossbar on it. The other is to erect six pillars, two of which are high and the other four are low, forming a house. A shack is built by every family. After the shack is built, each family will hold a ceremony to worship the shack: plant two stumps in front of the shack, and tie a bamboo "big willow" to each stump. At the same time, three jujube trees were erected, dragon patterns were carved on the trunk, then chickens were killed and chicken blood was painted on the trunk and willow. Iron slag and bamboo rat skulls are placed in the holes of shack pillars, which Jinuo people think can drive away evil spirits underground.
Sowing-start sowing the day after you build the shed. Plant cotton first, then rice. Before sowing, the elders in the village should hold a sacrificial ceremony and say prayers, which means asking the land god to protect the crops and asking the deceased parents to protect the crops from birds. Kill the chicken at the time of sacrifice. Killing the white cock when planting cotton means that the white cock flies and the cotton blooms; Kill the red rooster when planting rice. Killing chickens depends on divination to predict the abundance of crops. Choose auspicious day to sow. When sowing seeds, men use sticks to make holes in the front and women sow seeds in the back. The stick is planted and dropped, and the two are closely coordinated and coordinated. Generally, rice grains are planted in the fields, and waxy grains are planted at the foot of Jingbian Mountain and by the water. Plant buckwheat, cockscomb, taro and ginger around the shed.
Field management-When the Jinuo people living in Jinuo mountainous areas weed cotton, they should slaughter white chickens for sacrifice and pray for cotton to blossom and bear fruit. When the rice grows to more than a foot high, it is necessary to kill the chicken as a "big slip" sacrifice and pray for God to protect the crops from disasters and harvest in autumn. If there is a dry day, a rain-begging ceremony will be held. Pray for rain, kill pigs and cook vegetables, prepare wine to worship the gods of heaven, earth, clouds and fog, and pray for rain to protect crops. Then, under the leadership of the elders in the village, the participants in the sacrifice should roll up their trouser leg sleeves and let them enter the water, and dig out the soil in the water with hoes and dustpans. Machete cloth
Jinuo women are good at spinning. Walking into the Jinuo mountain village, you will find it everywhere: at the edge of the village or on the path in the field, all Jinuo women don't use spindles to twist the thread, and their dexterous hands open and close from time to time, up and down, and the white cotton instantly turns into uniform silver thread. Jinuo cloth is hand-woven by waist machine, which is called "machete cloth". When weaving, women sit on the floor, one end of the warp is tied to the waist, the other end is tied to two opposite sticks, and the weft is wound around the bamboo shuttle. In operation, the shuttle is walked back and forth with both hands, and the weft is pushed tightly with a board similar to a machete every time to weave a beautiful "machete cloth".
women's clothes
Jinuo women are slim, well-tailored and harmonious in color, which makes people look solemn and lively. They are dressed in blue, yellow, red and black collarless cardigans, and the lower part of the cardigan is made of red, yellow, green, blue, black and white cloth strips to form a horizontal pattern or embroider several patterns, and the arms, elbows and cuffs of the two sleeves are symmetrical stripe patterns; Cardigans wear chicken heart-shaped chest bags, some are decorated with striped flowers or embroidery patterns, and some are decorated with beads of various colors or silver ornaments of various shapes. The chest pocket is sparkling and radiant. A short skirt with red and black edges on the lower part. In recent years, some people only wear long skirts and barefoot with leggings.
peaked cap
Jino women living in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, whether unmarried or married, should wear a triangular pointed hat with white background and black flowers; The cuffs and skirts of the clothes are inlaid with red and black lace. A square red cloth is sewn in the middle of the back of a man's clothes and embroidered with a beautiful sun flower; There should be two three-inch slits at the two seams of the belt.
White machete cloth jacket
Jino men love to wear a collarless double-breasted white machete cloth coat with colored stripes on the chest, arms and wrists. There is a black cloth about six inches square sewn on the back of the coat, embroidered with a colorful round flower, surrounded by radial lines, like the sun shining. Some also embroider animal-shaped patterns or patterns beside the circular patterns. Jinuo people call this embroidered black cloth "Polo Abo", which means sun flower or Chinese rose flower in Chinese.
Men's trousers
The man was wearing white and blue trousers, with a slit about15cm long on each side of the waistband and a square black cloth sewn on it.
Head wrapper
The young man wore a black Baotou, and a flower made of colored silk thread, red bean seeds and green shell insect wings was inserted at the end of the Baotou cloth, which was a precious token and ornament given to him by his lover.
Long hair and braids
Jino men in Buyuan area have long hair, braided into a long braid, and some long braids hang down to the waist and are wrapped in black cloth. In the past, the costumes of Jinuo people in Buyuan village were almost the same as those in Jinuo mountain areas, but in the early 2 1 century, most of them wore Hanfu.
earring
In Keno Shanzhai, it is rare to see people who don't wear earrings, even men. Both men and women should wear earlobes and earrings. Most earrings are hollow corks or bamboo tubes. Generally, either a thick earring is hung on the earlobe or a paper roll is stuffed in the earlobe, which is very ethnic. However, the most striking thing is their earring eyes. The eyes of ordinary earrings are slightly larger than the eyes of needles, but the eyes of Jino earrings are larger, which is surprising at first glance. It turns out that the size of the eye hole is a symbol of Jino people's hard work or not! They wear earrings since childhood, and they gradually expand with their age. The bigger a person's earrings are, the more diligent and brave he is, and the more popular he is. On the contrary, it is laziness and cowardice. When young men and women are in love, they like to give each other bouquets and put them in each other's earrings. When young people are fifteen or sixteen years old, putting fragrant and beautiful flowers in their ears indicates that they can fall in love.
Dye teeth and tattoos
Jinuo people also like to dye their hair, which is also a kind of beauty. There are generally two ways to dye teeth: one is to chew betel nut and lime in your mouth. After a long time, your teeth gradually turn black and will not fade after a long time. Teeth dyed in this way can also protect teeth from being eaten by insects. Another way is to put burning rosewood in a bamboo tube and apply the smoked black juice to your teeth. Influenced by the Dai people, the Jinuo people also have the custom of tattooing. They think that if a person doesn't get a tattoo, he can't go to the ghost village to visit his ancestors after his death. He can only be a wild ghost, usually a rich family or a person with a tattoo hobby. Experienced Dai people will stab them. Woven on women's calves, the pattern is similar to the edging on clothes; Men are mostly on their wrists and arms, and the patterns are animals, flowers, stars, daily utensils and so on. This method is the favorite way for young girls to make love or get married. Since 1949, with the popularization of cultural and scientific knowledge and the elimination of superstitious ideas, the custom of tattooing and embroidering feet has gradually decreased. At the same time, with the extensive development of cultural exchanges, Hanfu has also become a favorite dress of Jinuo young people.
Cross stitch works
Women have been picking flowers since primary school, and often use colored silk thread to pick out patterns of various plants, clouds and rivers on their chest pockets and handkerchiefs.
incise
Men like to carve, and often carve the images of various plant leaves and houses on earring wood, sickle handle, back plate, three-stringed handle and mouth string. They are also good at cooking. They can cut it thin and smooth and weave it into exquisite betel nut boxes, cigarette boxes, sewing boxes, jewelry boxes, money boxes, wine glass boxes and so on. They also weave their own cooking table.