What is the role of ‘Dou Erdun’ in Peking Opera facial makeup?

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Character profile

Dou Erdun (1680-1720 AD), a native of Xianxian County, Hebei Province , formerly known as Dou Kaishan, nicknamed Erdong. He has an eldest brother, the second in rank, who is tall and muscular, so he is also called Dou Erdun. He was born in poverty, and his father, Dou Zhizhong, was a general under Li Zicheng, the peasant uprising army in the late Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD).

[Edit this paragraph] Personal experience

Initial success in learning

Dou Erdun started working as a farmer for the landlord at the age of fifteen. Once, he saw several hooligans bullying an old and a young man selling dates in the market. He wanted to fight against the injustice, but was blocked by an old man named Han, who was a leader of the rebel army living among the people. He deeply loved Dou as a person, so he took action to knock down the gangster, accepted Dou as his disciple, and taught him skills for three years. Later, Dou Erdun killed the father and son of the county magistrate who had committed many crimes. In order to avoid being arrested by the government, he wandered around. He met monk Jingci and learned soft and hard Qigong, Qinggong and double hooks for hand protection. His martial arts greatly improved. Soon, he returned to his hometown to raise the flag of righteousness and recruit troops to resist the Qing rule.

Silver Robbery Contest

In 1713 AD, Dou Erdun led his troops to rob the 100,000 taels of official silver shipped from Daming Prefecture (in present-day Hebei Province) to the capital. The Qing government was shocked, and Minister of War Peng Peng was dismissed. In order to capture Dou Erdun, Peng Peng's bodyguard Huang Santai invited Dou to come and compete in the name of a martial arts contest. During the competition, Huang Santai violated the agreement of "not using hidden weapons" and injured Dou Erdun's left shoulder with a hidden golden dart, and Dou escaped with his injuries.

Resisting the Qing troops

Later, the Qing troops rounded him up many times but failed to capture him. Dou Erdun deeply felt that the area around Hejian and Xian County in Hebei Province where he was active was unsafe and not a place to stay for a long time. So he led his troops to capture Hejian Prefecture, seized Hejian Prefecture's seal and a large amount of baggage, and then entered the Yanshan Mountains of Hebei Province and set up camp in a place called Liantao to fight against the Qing court. By this time, his rebel army had grown to more than 10,000 people. Once, the Qing Taiwei Liang Jiugong went hunting in the paddock on a royal horse. After Dou learned about it, he went down the mountain alone and sneaked into Liang's camp to steal the royal horse.

Rescuing his mother from injury

The Qing army attacked Dou's village several times but failed, so they arrested Dou's mother and posted a notice saying that if Dou did not surrender, his mother would be killed. Dou was a filial son who surrendered himself to save his mother. His mother blamed him for doing something stupid and committed suicide by hitting a wall. Dou Erdun was so grief-stricken that he broke the rope and fought with the police. He was wounded in the leg and was captured. Later, he was secretly killed by the Qing court.