Geographical knowledge related to Beijing Olympic Games
The National Stadium is located on a gentle slope in the central area of the Olympic Park. The design of the stadium is like a container. The undulating appearance of the highland eases the sense of volume of the building and gives it a dramatic and shocking shape. The image of the National Stadium is perfect and pure, and the appearance is the structure of the building. The facade and structure have reached a perfect unity. The components of the structure support each other, forming a network-like framework, which is like a bird's nest woven with branches. The space effect of the stadium is original, concise and elegant. It has set up a unique historic landmark building for the 28 Olympic Games. The stadium is like a huge container. Whether viewed from a distance or near, it will leave a unique and indelible image. It fully meets the functional and technical requirements of the national stadium, and is different from the design techniques of long-span structures and digital screens in general stadium buildings. The space effect of the stadium is original, concise and elegant. From here, people can browse the whole area, including the stairs leading to the stands. The stadium hall is an indoor urban space with restaurants and shops, which acts like a commercial street corridor or square, attracting people to linger.
Basic information of "Bird's Nest"
The stadium shell adopts air cushion film which can be used as filler to make the roof completely waterproof, and sunlight can pass through the transparent roof to meet the growth needs of indoor lawns. During the competition, the stands can be changed in many ways to meet the requirements of different audiences in different periods. During the Olympic Games, 2, temporary seats are distributed at the top of the stadium, and everyone can see the whole stadium clearly. The entrance, exit and crowd flow are perfectly solved through the reasonable division and design of streamline area.
the external structure of the "Bird's Nest"
Basic material
The external structure of the "Bird's Nest" is mainly composed of huge portal steel frames, with 24 truss columns, and 2 truss columns and 2 lower columns have been hoisted. The top surface of the National Stadium is saddle-shaped, with the major axis of 332.3m, the minor axis of 296.4m, the height of the highest point of 68.5m and the height of the lowest point of 42.8m..
change of design scheme
under the premise of keeping the architectural style of the "Bird's Nest" unchanged, the new design scheme has greatly adjusted and optimized the structural layout, construction cross-section form, material utilization rate and other issues. The openable roof in the original design scheme was cancelled, the opening of the roof was enlarged, and the steel consumption was greatly reduced by optimizing the steel structure. The long-span roof is supported on 24 truss columns with a distance of 37.96 meters. The main trusses are radially arranged around the opening in the middle of the roof, and 22 main trusses are straight or nearly straight. In order to avoid too complicated joints, a few main trusses are truncated near the inner ring. A large number of steel structures are box-shaped members welded by steel plates, and the cross-arranged main trusses, together with the sub-structures of the roof and facade, form a special architectural shape of "Bird's Nest". The main stand adopts reinforced concrete frame-shear wall structure system, which is completely separated from long-span steel structure.
application of Q46 steel
speaking of q46 steel, most people may not understand it. The structural design of "Bird's Nest" is strange and novel, and Q46, the steel structure that built it this time, has many unique features: Q46 is a kind of low-alloy high-strength steel, which will only undergo plastic deformation when the stress intensity reaches 46 MPa, which is greater than that of ordinary steel, so it is very difficult to produce. This is the first time that Q46 steel has been used in building structures in China. The thickness of the steel plate used this time is 11 mm, which is unique in the past. In the national standard, the maximum thickness of Q46 is only 1 mm. In the past, this kind of steel was generally imported from Luxembourg, Korea and Japan. In order to provide a "fit" Q46 for the "Bird's Nest", from September, 24, the researchers of Henan Wugang Special Steel Plant began to tackle scientific and technological problems for more than half a year, and the trial production was finally successful. Nowadays, Q46 steel for the "Bird's Nest" has started mass production. In 28, 4 tons of domestically produced Q46 steel with independent innovation and intellectual property rights will support the "Bird's Nest".
special structure
in addition, the hoisting of the main truss in the inner ring of the roof and the installation of the facade substructure have been fully carried out. The thickness of steel used in the "Bird's Nest" steel structure can reach 11 cm, which has never been produced in China before. In addition, a translucent film will be pasted on the outer surface of the grid structure at the top of the "Bird's Nest". After using this film, the light in the stadium is not direct, but diffuse reflection, which makes the light softer. The diffused light can also solve the maintenance problem of the lawn in the stadium, and also has the function of sheltering the seats from the wind and rain. Sliding openable roof is an essential part of the stadium structure. When it is closed, the stadium will become an indoor arena. Like the lid of a container, it is a basic part of a building whether the roof is closed or open. Except for some specific structural needs, the structure of the openable roof is basically a network-like structure, which becomes a waterproof shell after being equipped with inflatable cushions.
What is more ingenious is that the "Bird's Nest" slightly bulges the outdoor terrain of the whole stadium, placing many ancillary facilities under the terrain, which not only avoids the huge investment consumed by the underground excavation, but also slowly descends on the edge of the outdoor square, building 2, open-air seats in the warm-up venue according to the situation, organically integrating with the surrounding environment, and saving investment again.
the symbolic meaning of the "Bird's Nest"
Many people who have seen the design model of the "Bird's Nest" describe it as a warm bird's nest woven from a stadium with a capacity of 1, people with branches of steel mesh! The "nest" used to nurture and care for life is entrusted with human hopes for the future.
The components of the whole stadium structure support each other, forming a grid-like framework, which looks like a bird's nest woven from branches. Its gray mineral steel mesh is covered with transparent membrane material, which contains an earthy red bowl-shaped stadium stand. Here, the hollowing-out technique, the lines of ceramics, the brilliance and enthusiasm of red in China traditional culture are perfectly integrated with the most advanced modern steel structure design.
The whole building is connected by a giant net structure, and there is no column inside. The grandstand is a complete bowl-shaped shape without any shelter, just like a huge container, which gives the stadium incredible drama and unparalleled shock. This uniform and continuous ring will also give the audience the best view, stimulate their excitement and inspire athletes to sprint faster, higher and stronger. Here, people are truly given a central position.
The construction process of the Bird's Nest
The birth and construction of the National Stadium, which is vividly called the "Bird's Nest", has gone through four years of ups and downs, during which it has experienced many hot spots, such as determining the scheme, choosing the address, provoking criticism, stopping construction, etc., but all these will not affect this single steel structure project in the world to become a landmark building in Beijing. On March 31, 22, the National Stadium was publicly solicited for planning and design plans for the whole world. On July 2, 22, 89 planning and design schemes were received. In October, 22, BOCOG announced the documents of pre-qualification and solicitation of intentions for Olympic events to the world. At the beginning of the following year, five qualified applicants for the National Stadium project were identified to enter the second stage of project legal person bidding. In April, 23, the "Bird's Nest" project, which was designed by Herzog and De Mellon, Arup Engineering Consulting and the design consortium of China Architectural Design and Research Institute, was finally selected. On December 24, 23, at 9: 15 am, the "Bird's Nest" broke ground. In July, 24, in order to further realize the "thrifty Olympics", the "Bird's Nest" was temporarily suspended. On December 28th, 24, after careful design and re-evaluation by experts, the National Stadium project officially resumed work. Since then, the project has entered a period of rapid progress. The concrete structure of the inner stand was completed in October last year, and the national stadium structure was capped ahead of schedule on November 15, 25. The main task this year is to complete the external steel structure, and the decoration project will begin in 27. It is estimated that the whole project will be completed by the end of 27.
The lighting scheme for the opening ceremony of Beijing Olympic Games is preliminarily determined to be integrated with the "Bird's Nest"
It was learned from BOCOG that the lighting scheme for the opening ceremony of Beijing Olympic Games has been preliminarily determined, and the opening scene will be integrated with the "Bird's Nest".
Zhang Yimou, the general director of the opening and closing ceremonies of the Beijing Olympic Games, said that for an Olympic Games, a successful opening ceremony means half the battle. For an Olympic opening ceremony, a successful lighting ceremony means that the opening ceremony is half done. Zhang Yimou revealed that the ignition scheme for the opening ceremony has been preliminarily determined. As the top secret, only 1 people know the scheme at present. It is reported that the design of the ignition ceremony was put forward by the creative team and needs to be submitted to the superior for approval at the first level, and has been reported to the International Olympic Committee for approval.
Zhang Yimou said that modern technology was well integrated into the opening ceremony of the 24 Athens Olympic Games. As for the 28 Beijing Olympic Games, Zhang Yimou said that he would make full use of the artistic Bird's Nest Stadium, adjust measures to local conditions, and make use of the possibility of venues to integrate the performances of the opening and closing ceremonies of the Beijing Olympic Games with the Bird's Nest. The Bird's Nest Stadium is like a lucky cloud on the torch, which is beautiful. This is an overall planning stadium, and we can't do whatever we want like in the old stadium. We want to conceive according to the characteristics of the Bird's Nest, and what we want to do is "harmony between man and nature".
It is reported that the team for the opening and closing ceremonies is divided into three parts, with 3 people. The preparations for the opening and closing ceremonies of the Beijing Olympic Games are all carried out in the opening and closing ceremony operation center of the Beijing Olympic Games.
91, spectators "watched" the game equally.
There were no columns in the 34m-long and 3m-wide "Bird's Nest", but a series of radial portal steel trusses surrounded the
"Bird's Nest" to show humanistic care. These seats are surrounded by the folded structure of the stadium, and the upper and lower floors are staggered. No matter where the audience sits, the line of sight distance from the center of the stadium is about 14 meters.
The three layers of "special devices", including the sound-absorbing film material used in the lower membrane of the "Bird's Nest", the sound-absorbing material set on the steel structure members and the electroacoustic amplification system used in the stadium, make the speech intelligibility index in the "Bird's Nest" reach .6-this figure ensures that the audience sitting in any position can clearly hear the broadcast.
The designers of "Bird's Nest" also used fluid mechanics design to simulate the natural ventilation of 91, people watching the game at the same time, so that all the spectators can enjoy the same natural light and natural ventilation.
In the auditorium of the Bird's Nest, there are more than 2 wheelchair seats for the disabled. These wheelchair seats are slightly higher than ordinary seats, ensuring that disabled people have the same vision as ordinary spectators. During the Games-time, hearing AIDS will be provided and a wireless broadcasting system will be set up in the venue to provide personalized services for people with hearing and visual impairment.
The details show humanistic care
It is reported that the length of the athletes' passage, the wardrobe in the athletes' lounge, the ratio of male to female in the audience toilet pit, and the distribution of water diversion points in the media workshop have also become the research topics of relevant departments.
"whether it is design, construction or interior decoration, all our starting points are people-oriented, based on the athletes' feelings, based on the audience's senses and measured by the requirements of journalists." This is a goal of all designers and builders of the "Bird's Nest".
People-oriented design
In addition to the above facilities in the "Nest", even the design of the "Bird's Nest" fully embodies the people-oriented idea. The reason why the "Bird's Nest" is an incomplete closed "Bird's Nest" is that this design can not only make the natural air circulate, but also provide shelter for the audience and athletes. (Fan Fan)
The Olympic "Bird's Nest" bears witness to China's
"Bird's Nest", a great architectural work known as the "fourth generation gymnasium", which not only bears witness to the unremitting pursuit of human beings in the field of architecture and human settlements in the 21st century, but also bears witness to the historical process that China, an ancient oriental civilization, is constantly opening up.
on October 25th, 22, authorized by the Beijing Municipal People's Government and the Organizing Committee for the 29th Olympic Games, the Beijing Municipal Planning Commission solicited the architectural concept design scheme of China National Stadium, the main stadium of the 28 Olympic Games.
The National Stadium is the first Beijing Olympic stadium facility to enter the architectural design process. According to the introduction of Beijing Municipal Planning Commission, the National Stadium Architectural Conceptual Design Competition is divided into two stages: the first stage is pre-qualification; The second stage is the official competition. By November 2th, 22, the Competition Office * * * had received valid prequalification documents from 44 famous design companies. After strict prequalification, 14 design companies were finally determined to enter the formal scheme competition. They came from China, the United States, France, Italy, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada, Switzerland, Mexico and other countries and regions.
The Olympic Games not only attracts the world's greatest athletes to create the best results, but also attracts the world's greatest architects to create the greatest works. Many of the most powerful design teams and talented designers in the world, including the winner of the Plic Prize, the world's highest architectural design award, participated in this competition. On March 18th, 23, 13 famous architectural design companies and design consortia with rich experience from all over the world finally participated in the competition, and delivered their magnificent ideas of China National Stadium to Beijing. Among the 13 design schemes, there are 2 domestic schemes, 8 overseas schemes and 3 Sino-foreign cooperation schemes.
in the subsequent scheme evaluation, the evaluation committee composed of 13 authoritative figures, including Guan Zhaoye, an academician of China Academy of Engineering, and Koolhaas, a Dutch architect, strictly evaluated, repeatedly compared and carefully screened the entries, and after two rounds of secret ballot, three excellent schemes were selected. They are the "Bird's Nest" scheme designed by the consortium of Swiss Herzog and De Mellon design companies and China Architectural Design and Research Institute, the "floating roof" scheme independently designed by Beijing Architectural Design and Research Institute of China, and the "Sky Stadium" scheme jointly designed by Sato Comprehensive Project of Japanese company and Tsinghua University Architectural Design and Research Institute of China.
On this basis, the judging committee selected the "Bird's Nest" scheme by overwhelming majority and recommended the implementation scheme. When discussing the "Bird's Nest" scheme, * * * had 8 votes in favor, 2 votes against, 2 abstentions and 1 vote invalid. In the international architectural competition, it is rare for a scheme to gain so much knowledge.
In order to solicit public opinions, the competition organizer has publicly exhibited all 13 design schemes in Beijing International Convention Center. The exhibition lasted for 6 days and attracted more than 6, votes from the audience. Among them, the "Bird's Nest" scheme, which was recommended by Chinese and foreign judges, won 3,56 votes, the "floating roof" won 3,472 votes and the "Sky Stadium" won 3,454 votes, ranking the top three. "Bird's Nest" ranked first, showing the audience and comments.