Where is the best preserved ancient county government in China?
July 19, 2000 (June 18th of Chen Geng Lunar Calendar), Shanghai, Kunming, Lanzhou, Urumqi, Taiyuan, Huozhou, Neixiang, Baoding, Wuwei, Zhanjiang, Zunyi, Jinggangshan, Jingyuan, Ningxian, Weinan, Shanshan, Wanyuan, Nanchong, Luojiang and Pingtang. The people's governments of Huozhou, Shanxi, Neixiang, Henan and Baoding, Hebei joined hands in advance, and the best preserved three places, Governor Zhili, Huozhou, Shanxi, and Ya 'an, neixiang county, Henan, were announced by the State Council as key cultural relics protection units. The garden resources of large-scale ancient buildings were scientifically combined and included in the world cultural heritage, forming the "Four Ancient Offices in China". Set up the "Four Ancient Pagodas in China" tourist special line as the beginning of the Great Cross Golden Tourist Line in coastal areas and central and western regions.
Introduction of neixiang county Ya: neixiang county Ya, located in the north of the middle section of the county east street, is located on the north and south sides of the building. The county government was founded in 1304, which lasted for nearly 700 years in Yuan, Ming, Qing and Republic of China. It has always been the official yamen of county governments in past dynasties. The Forbidden City is well protected, but the county government is hard to save. At that time, some buildings of the county government no longer existed, but it was rare that their main buildings could still be preserved after many years. Therefore, it is the only well-preserved ancient county government in China./kloc-0 was turned into the only county government museum in China in 1984, and/kloc-0 was listed as a national key cultural relic protection unit in 1996.
According to Neixiang County Records, neixiang county Ya was built in the eighth year of Yuan Dade (1304), rebuilt in the early Ming Dynasty, and then expanded many times, and was burned down by the peasant army of Li Zicheng in the late Ming Dynasty. During the reign of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, more than 300 houses were rebuilt, which were burnt down by the Nian Army in the seventh year of Xianfeng (1857). In the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), Wu Zhi county magistrate Zhang Bingtao began to rebuild the county government. In seven years, a huge county government building complex with 280 houses and an area of 27,000 square meters has sprung up. At that time, the overall layout was divided into three parts: the central axis (county magistrate's office), the east side sub-line (county magistrate's office) and the west side sub-line (main office). The buildings on the central axis include Xuanhua brand, zhaobi, gate, instrument gate, public health square, lobby, armory, third-class six rooms, second hall, civil engineering hall, third hall and its supporting rooms, banking bureau, tax warehouse, east-west accounting room, warehouse, east-west flower room and so on. The buildings on the east side of the sub-line include the bar room, pavilion, Yin Hotel, Xunbuya, Xianchengya and so on. There are buildings, jingshan pavilion, prison, watchtower, official residence, governor's office and so on. But with the passage of time, most of the auxiliary buildings on the east and west sides of the county government no longer exist. What we can see now is mostly the central axis of the county government in the Qing Dynasty, which was preserved by Bian Bingtao after the renovation. House 1 17, with a building area of 2,700 square meters and an area of 6,700 square meters.
The gate is three rooms wide with a passage in the middle. There are splayed walls on both sides of the gate. There are a pair of magnificent stone lions on both sides of the gate. On the east side of the gate, there used to be a big drum, which was the place where the complainant beat the drum to express his grievances. There is a forbidden tablet in the Third Hospital, which is a precious historical relic that Yi Sancai, a magistrate of a county, stood on the left side of the government gate in the thirty-ninth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (16 1).
The original building in front of the gate is decorated with xuanhua signs and walls. Xuanhua brand was originally a wooden archway. It was built in the salinization period of the Ming Dynasty and was rebuilt many times later. Width 10 meters, height about 7 meters. It has four columns and three rows, the upper part is in the shape of a rising bucket arch, with a horizontal plaque in the middle, four regular script characters of "Ju Tan Gu Zhi" in the south and "Xuanhua" (meaning Xuanhua Education) in the north. The whole archway is beautiful and spectacular. After the memorial archway was burned down, a tall stone memorial archway in Qing dynasty was built, with the words "officials are public servants and people are masters" engraved on both sides. It no longer exists.
Opposite Xuanhua Brand is Zhaobi, which is about 10 meter wide. In the north of Zhaobi, there is an imaginary animal named Guiqian, which looks like a unicorn. It is said to be a greedy beast in mythology, which can swallow gold and silver treasures. Although there are all kinds of treasures around, it is still insatiable and wants to eat the sun. In ancient times, officials used this painting to warn officials not to take bribes and sell goods.
In front of the lobby, start from the gate of the county government, pass through the 100-meter-long bluestone aisle (the original instrument door in the middle of the aisle, commonly known as the second door), and then go up the stairs to the lobby. The lobby, the second hall and the third hall are the three main buildings on the central axis of the county government, all of which are supported by platforms. Especially the lobby is the most spectacular. It has five rooms with a width of 2 1.3m, nine purlins, a height of 1 1.2m, a depth of 1 1.7m and a building area of 248 square meters. Above the lobby hangs a gold plaque of "neixiang county purlin". On the thick black painted colonnade in front of the main hall, there is a gold plaque of "neixiang county purlin", and on the thick black painted colonnade in front of the main hall, there is a gold plaque of "deceiving others like deceiving the sky, not deceiving yourself". Being negative to the people is negative to the country. "In the middle of the hall, there is a warm pavilion, which is the magistrate's court. On the front screen, there is a colorful picture of the morning sun on the sea. On the black lacquer case-solving, there are Four Treasures of the Study, Yin He, gavel and token. There are drums, rituals and instruments of torture on the west side outside the pavilion. There are two green stone slabs on the terrace in front of the pavilion. The plaintiff stone is in the east and the defendant stone is in the west. Now there are four obvious kneeling pits on the stone. This magnificent lobby is the place where the magistrate of a county holds major ceremonies, hears major cases and greets superior officials.
Not far from the platform of the lobby, there used to be a public archway with three-class and six rooms on both sides. Now there are only four rooms for soldiers, criminals and workers. Gong Guiming archway is a stone building, which evolved from "Street North" and "Street Stone Name". This facility exists in front of the lobby of the ancient county yamen. Carve the three Chinese characters "Gong Shengming" to the south as the official motto, which means that justice can see things as they really are (that is, "Gong Shengming is partial to darkness"); In the north, the county magistrate made an oath: "You should pay, you should pay, and the people should pay. It is easy for the people to abuse, but it is difficult for the sky to bully. " . In this way, the county magistrate can see this and warn him to do things impartially. If you break the law, God forbid.
Third-class six rooms are the general name of county official positions in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Three categories refer to three categories: soap, which is strong and fast. The soap squad is responsible for the backstage, and the strong squad and the fast squad are responsible for arresting and guarding. Six rooms refer to the rooms of officials, households, ceremonies, soldiers, criminals and workers. Appointment, removal, performance appraisal and promotion of officials in official offices; The family is in charge of land, household registration, taxation, finance, etc. ; Zhang ceremony, imperial examination, school, etc. ; The armory is in charge of the military; The torture room is responsible for criminal law, prison proceedings, etc. Workshop palm project, construction, reclamation, water conservancy, etc. The six rooms in the county government correspond to the six central departments, and their leaders are appointed by the county magistrate as small officials, called bookkeepers or contractors, who are directly responsible to the county magistrate. The six rooms are divided into left and right columns and front and rear rows in vertical and horizontal directions. On the left side of the vertical row are three rooms for officials, households and ceremonies, and on the right are three rooms for soldiers, criminals and workers; Horizontal platoon, officers and men first, prisoners second, courtesy second. It also shows the ubiquitous strict hierarchy in feudal society. It is not only the embodiment of politics, but also the trend of ideology and culture.
Screen door This is the barrier from the lobby to the second lobby. There is a small yard in front of the door, and there are four huts on both sides of the aisle, where the master and servant are. There is a black painted door in front of the shield door and a gate behind it. There is a north-facing plaque hanging on the upper side of the gate, and the words "heaven, law and human feelings" are written in gold. This is the basic procedure that warns judges to follow when handling cases. That is: conform to heaven, enforce national laws and conform to human feelings. However, the lattice gate is only for the county magistrate and superior officials to enter and exit, and officials and servants can only pass through the cloisters on both sides when they enter the door.
Ertang, also known as Qinzhi Decoction. Take the example of Mi Zi playing the piano in Lv Chunqiu as an allusion, and then use it to praise the county magistrate. Ertang is the place where magistrate of a county handles general civil cases. It has five rooms in width, seven purlins, a height of10.2m and a depth of10.7m. The couplet in front of the hall reads: "If you have no relatives, you will do it for no reason, and if you suspect it, you will be severely punished." There is a case-solving in the hall, with instruments of torture on both sides. There are five wings on both sides of the second hall, and there is a hall in the middle, which can reach the east and west flower halls.
The office enters the courtyard through the second hall. There are three rooms in the yard, each with three rooms. This is the place where the relevant officials of the county government handle official business, so it is called "office". There is a corridor connected with the three main halls behind the office, where there are dense southern Tianzhu bushes and a folded Dangui tree of the Yuan Dynasty, which covers the sky and is deep and quiet.
The third hall is from the back of the civil affairs department, through the corridor and a gate barrier, and the north house in front is the third hall. Three halls, five rooms and seven purlins, with a height of 10.7m and a depth of 10.9m ... Four large black painted columns stand on the front eaves of the three halls, and the front wall is inlaid with lattice fans, which makes the cloister particularly wide. There is a county magistrate's locker room in the hall. This is the place where the magistrate receives superior officials, negotiates political affairs and handles government affairs. In front of the three halls are spacious courtyards with four east and west hatchbacks. There is an ancient osmanthus in the yard, which is said to be left over from the Yuan Dynasty. It is still full of vitality, lush foliage, and a huge crown covers half of the courtyard. In the Mid-Autumn Festival, osmanthus flowers in the front and back yards compete with each other, and the fragrance floats all over the city.
There is a house on the east and west sides of Sanhuatang, which is the East and West Painting Hall and the place where the magistrate and his family live. Behind the three halls and the East-West Flower Hall, there is a county government garden and a hidden pavilion. At that time, flowers and trees competed for glory here, and bamboo and bamboo helped each other.
Now, most of the buildings in neixiang county Ya have been restored and officially opened to tourists. From the architectural point of view, neixiang county Yatang is spacious, with several courtyards. Each group of buildings is patchwork, with distinct primary and secondary, and the cloisters are connected, which reflects the architectural characteristics and artistic style of ancient Yatang. From a historical perspective, neixiang county Ya's official position, indoor and outdoor furnishings and administrative procedures are the most precious specimens for studying the politics, bureaucracy, trial, ideology and culture of ancient county-level political power in China. With the propaganda and reports in dozens of languages, words and pictures, such as People's Daily, People's Liberation Army Daily, People's Pictorial, CCTV and Xinhua News Agency, neixiang county Ya has attracted more and more attention from tourists, experts and scholars at home and abroad, and its influence, significance and role have far exceeded its own existence.