History of China Construction 04 Residences and Settlement
A typical residential form that embodies the traditional concepts and lifestyle of the Chinese Han people
The three-entry courtyard is the most typical
The main house and the wing room have three bays, and the main house does not live in people.
Grade: main room gt; east wing gt; west wing
Plane layout:
Central axis symmetry, clear hierarchy;
There is a distinction between inside and outside, and order is strict.
The hanging flower door is an important boundary between the inside and outside. It is often the most ornately decorated side to promote financial resources to the outside world; there is a screen door on the inside to block the outside and realize the boundary between the inside and outside.
The first courtyard, the second courtyard, the third courtyard, and the fourth courtyard (the hall part is expanded, indicating that the owner’s status and work responsibilities have increased, and the hall has become the focus of the courtyard), with gardens (gardens do not exist in isolation , dependent on living; breaking the traditional strict division, people of different identities can enter on different occasions; family members and outsiders can meet on this occasion; to a certain extent, it breaks the orderly relationship formed in the strict living space)
Under the condition of restricted conditions, the entrance cannot be located in the southeast. It is better to take away a section of the road and still retain the layout.
It symbolizes the identity and status of the owner; it guides the path and separates the courtyard.
Street environment → house door → screen wall → turning → double hanging flower door → turning → seeing the courtyard
Weeping lotus column
Screen door
The main house is not inhabited (a fire pit in the Yangshao period)
The proportion of the courtyard is different from that of the courtyard house in Beijing
The wing room has three bays, with two rooms separated in the middle
Later, the hall With the emergence of double courtyards, in order to maintain the dominant position, the main house has been raised in height, even to the height of three stories
The patio is high and deep, with large ventilation, which reduces solar radiation and has good lighting effects.
Example: Renzhai in Tieping Lane, Suzhou
Brick carvings, wood carvings, stone carvings, and colorful paintings
Earth buildings are suitable for large families living together, using rammed earth walls and wooden beams Giant residential buildings with columns and columns bearing the same load
Fujian, Guangdong, and southern Jiangxi
Hakka migration route
Main distribution areas: Yunnan, Guangxi, Hainan, Various ethnic minorities in Dong-speaking areas such as Guizhou and Sichuan.
Main features: large overhanging eaves, large overhanging platform, overhead support layer
Adaptable climate: humid and hot
Main distribution: Northeast, Yunnan (forest in northwest Yunnan) Densely alpine mountainous areas,)
Usage environment: forest area
Material: wood
Features: Use the dry wall of the well as a load-bearing structural wall, wide in surface and deep in depth Small, conducive to cold protection, local materials
Adapt to climate: cold
Xikang, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Inner Mongolia, represented by the Tibetan and Qiang people.
The exterior wall is a thick and tall split stone wall; the interior is a densely beamed wooden floor and roof.
Cold and dry
Main building of Nangselin Manor in Tibet
Architectural method suitable for nomadic life
Geography: geography, climate, terroir
Blood relationship: living together as a clan
Huizhou businessmen, "no town can be built without Huizhou"
Most Confucian businessmen pay attention to ethics
" "Pillowing mountains, surrounded by water, facing screens"
This pattern forms a relatively closed regional living environment, which can not only protect the village from the strong mountain wind and cold and humid airflow, but also absorb the waterfront in summer. The cool breeze passing by gives the villagers the psychological need for safe and stable housing.
Tangyue Village is screened by Futing Mountain and faces fertile fields. The Fengle River originating from Huangshan Mountain flows through it from west to east and is surrounded by mountains. Seven large earth mounds, called Qixing Mounds, were artificially piled at the water mouth to form the key.
A dense group of seven archways and a pavilion are used to strengthen the defining symbol of the Shuikou generation and emphasize the important status of "the source of all water in one place".
The construction of the village has always revolved around these two premises: "Boat Xidi" and Jingai Hall in the middle
The older generation still definitely draws the long house and the six-room Hu The general range of the residence of the family's descendants is around the branch temple of their Fangpai or smaller branch temples.
After the patriarchal system was abolished, real estate transactions lost certain rules. Many of the Hu family's real estate and even family property were transferred to people with different surnames. The small surname settlements that originally lived in Shanwu gradually moved into the village, and Xidi gradually evolved into an agricultural village with mixed personalities. The original structural order is still preserved except for the lane network, and its center and group patterns have been blurred.
Water system transformation—Hongcun
The Hongcun Xixi River originally flowed directly from the northwest to the southeast, resulting in a cramped basin under the Leigang Mountains and gradually unable to meet the development needs of the village. Later, due to the diversion of the Xixi River, it merged with the Yangzhan River and flowed to the south. As a result, the basin in front of Leigang Mountain was flat and open, which promoted the prosperity and development of the subsequent villages.
During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, the Wang family came to visit three times and hired the famous Feng Shui master He Keda (from Haiyang, Xiuning County), known as the "National Master", to survey the mountains and rivers and determine the context. After 10 years of research, he formulated The village's artificial water system planning was carried out to "lead the water from the west to the south and out to the east", and a "moon marsh" shaped like a half moon was built in front of the "Lexutang" main ancestral hall. Wang Xin, who was the director of grain transportation in Shanxi at that time, invested 10,000 taels of silver to renovate and build it.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Hongcun had crossed the "Moon Marsh" and developed to the southeast. The tribesmen opened the "South Lake" during the Wanli period according to the instructions of their ancestors, achieving the perfect combination of the natural environment and the artificial environment. It has laid a typical example of the practice of the "Feng Shui" environmental concept in Hongcun from Leigang Mountain to Yuenuma and then to Nanhu, which has remained unchanged for nearly a thousand years.
There are many sacrificial buildings, highlighting clan etiquette
Ding Village, Xiangfen, Shanxi