Surnames and culture in China, methods and principles of ancient naming.

The origin of surnames can be traced back to the matriarchal clan system in primitive human society. Surname is a special symbol to distinguish clans. Many surnames in ancient China were beside the female characters, indicating that our ancestors had experienced matriarchal clan society. All surnames intermarry with each other, and intermarriage is prohibited within the clan with the same surname. The child belongs to the mother and takes the mother as the surname. The appearance of surnames is a sign that primitive people gradually got rid of ignorance. With the development of social productive forces, the matrilineal clan system has changed to the paternal clan system, and the surname has changed from the father's surname to the woman's family. Later, the clan system was gradually replaced by the class social system, and the methods and means of governing the country by naming the land came into being. The appearance of stone is a step towards class society in human history. Surnames and surnames are two stages of human progress and the product of civilization. Later, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, surnames and surnames were unified and no longer distinguished, indicating that surnames and surnames are surnames, and surnames represent symbols of individuals and families. This is the meaning of surname as we know it today. Nowadays, most surnames of China people were handed down from generation to generation thousands of years ago. According to statistics, there are more than 5600 literatures. Its characteristics are: long history, rich content and tangible origin. The formation of surnames has different historical processes. The same surname is not necessarily homologous. For example, the surname Liu has five origins. Different surnames may also come from the same family. Gu and Wu have the same surname, and both are descendants of Gu Gong's ancestors. The origin of Chinese surnames equates surnames with surnames. According to the research of three scholars, such as Xu, there are roughly more than ten categories: First, the surname is the surname. Taking the symbols of ancient tribal clans as surnames, there are Ji surnames, Jiang surnames, Yao surnames, Ren surnames and Yi surnames. Second, take the country name as the surname. During the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, there were many vassal states, large and small, and the descendants of each country took the country name as their surname. Youcheng, Fang, Du, Lei, Liao, Diao, Peng, Wei and other surnames. Third, take the city name as the surname. The fiefs given by emperors and princes to ministers and doctors with the same or different surnames are called fiefs and fiefs. Some descendants of the Qing dynasty, doctors or people with the city as their surname. There are surnames such as Su and Shangguan. Fourth, take the name of the township and pavilion as the surname. There are surnames such as Pei, Lu and Ouyang. 5. Take the place of residence as the surname. The grandson of Dr. Tong Diao of Dongmen, Ximen and Dongguo was handed down by Diao. The illegitimate child takes Lin as his surname. Seven, two is the surname. Take the surname according to the ranking of brothers. For example, the eldest takes Bo and Meng as surnames, and the second takes Zhong as surnames. The third and fourth are uncle and season respectively. Eight, take the official position as the surname. There are surnames such as Ji, Jane, Cang and General. Nine, take technology as the surname. Wiccans will be branded witches in future generations. People engaged in skating, descendants take Ling as their surname, as well as Bu, Tao and Jiang.

10. Take posthumous title as the surname. 1 1. Twelve, the title of title is the surname. There are surnames such as Huang, Wang, Gong, Hou, Wang Shu, Prince, Wang Sun, Gongzi and Gongsun. 13. The surnames brought by the integration of ancient ethnic minorities into the Han nationality. The origin of Hakka ancestors' surnames is also within the above ten ranges.

When choosing names, the ancients tried to consider the meaning, shape, sound and other aspects of words, trying to provide their own interests, pursuits, hopes, ambitions, rankings and other information through names, thus leaving a good impression on people's vision, hearing and ideas, and making people understand the profound meaning of the namers. There are probably the following forms.

First, respect the ancient. When the ancients named their names, they also showed their admiration for ancient systems and figures, similar to what Confucius said: "Faith" was their name. Such as Cao Ziyu, the word Ximeng (Monk Yuzi); Wu, a native of Xizhou (); Zhu's words are plain (Zhu's words are plain); Yuan Lei, the word Xiyan (Yan Hui); Zu Mengzheng, whose real name is Shi Lu (Lv Mengzheng). Some people who admire sages directly add the words Yang, Mu and Zong to their names. Such as Qian Zongni, Yu Mu Yuan, Fang Jingyu, Lu Xiliang, Ming, Wu Yanghe and Nie.

Second, describe the ambition. China people attach great importance to morality and achievement when naming. Liu Xuande, Zhu De and Li are all named after German. There are also Coss, Xue,,, and so on. Liu Yiqing, Liu Yilong, Li Yifu and Li Yishan. Yang, Han Shizhong and Zhang were all named after loyalty. Guo Fengxiao and Fang Xiaoru were named after filial piety. Han Xin, Shan and Li Xin were named after this letter. Those who are named after modesty are often used, such as, Yu Qian and Qian. Those who show people with the ambition of saints, such as Lu Biyong, show a strong ambition to use the world; Later, when he had no hope of becoming an official, he changed his name to Lu needless and cultivated the fields.

Third, pray. Even Confucius, the Great Sage, once admitted that wealth is what people want: "Wealth is also available. Although I am a whip-wielding person, I am

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And for it. "So, when people choose names, sometimes they can't help but express their wishes for a comfortable life and noble status by naming them, such as Li Guangli, Liu Chuanfu, Gai Kuanrao, Wang Fugui, Qian Guang, Wu Shoufu and Sun Fushou. Modern people often have such names, such as Wang Yonggui, Li Maofu and Zhang Deli. The same is true of the pursuit of official career. Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, people generally have to pass the imperial examinations to gain fame and fortune. Once to beno. 1 is established, wealth and wealth will naturally come. Therefore, in naming, there are Fan Xinke, Qiu Zhuangyuan, Tang Diankui, Xu Zhankui, Huang Kaibang, Wei Kuishi and Wang. Fourth, eliminate disasters. People always express their desire to avoid disasters and diseases and get lucky in various ways. Naming is sometimes an expression, such as Huo Qubing, Sima Xiaoban, Xin Qiji, Feng Quji, Huang Quji, Shi Baoji and Sun.

Fifth, prolong life. Today, although no one in the world can go beyond the limit of "my life is limited" and get rid of the bondage of natural laws to life. But people always want to prolong their life as much as possible, and it is best to live in harmony with heaven, so as to achieve the Monkey King's ideal. This persistence and hope for life is sometimes expressed by naming. Therefore, when naming people, they like to use the word "shou", such as Mao Yanshou, Zhang Chengshou, Xu Zengshou and Pan Tianshou. In addition, there are many people who like to use names such as Yannian, Wannian, Yongnian, Danian, Tortoise, Wanling, Yanling, Songling and Heling. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, such words as "Lao", "Guan", "Weng" and "Father (Gang)" have been used in naming, which may also reveal the namers' opposition to Mao.