Summary of geography knowledge points in the first year of junior high school

Friends who want to know the geography knowledge points of the first year of junior high school, come and take a look! Below I have carefully prepared a "Summary of Geography Knowledge Points for the First Year of Junior High School" for you. This article is for reference only. Continue to pay attention to this site and you will continue to obtain more information! Summary of geography knowledge points in the first grade of junior high school

1. The Earth and Maps

1. The shape and size of the Earth

①The Earth is slightly flat at the poles and slightly flat at the equator Drum ellipsoid.

②The fleet led by Portuguese navigator Magellan achieved the first human voyage around the earth.

③The earth has a surface area of ​​510 million square kilometers, a maximum circumference of 40,000 kilometers, an equatorial radius of 6378 kilometers, a polar radius of 6357 kilometers, and an average radius of 6371 kilometers.

2. Latitude and longitude

① Latitude: a circle perpendicular to the earth's axis and surrounding the earth.

The latitude lines are of different lengths, and the equator is the largest latitude line.

②Meridian: a semicircle that connects the North and South Poles and intersects perpendicularly with the latitude.

Meridians are of equal length.

3. Latitude and longitude

①The changing pattern of latitude: increasing from the equator (0° latitude) to the south and north poles. The maximum latitude is 90 degrees, at the South Pole and the North Pole.

②The latitude north of the equator is called northern latitude, represented by "N"; the latitude south of the equator is called southern latitude, represented by "S".

③ Taking the equator as the boundary, the earth is evenly divided into two hemispheres: northern and southern hemispheres. North of the equator is the northern hemisphere, and south of the equator is the southern hemisphere.

④The change pattern of longitude: from the prime meridian (0° longitude) to the west and east to 180°.

⑤The longitude east of the prime meridian is called east longitude, represented by "E"; the longitude west of the prime meridian is called west longitude, represented by "W".

⑥The dividing line between the eastern and western hemispheres is: the longitude circle composed of 20°W and 160°E.

The area west of 20°W to 160°E belongs to the Western Hemisphere (greater than 20°W or greater than 160°E).

The area east of 20°W to 160°E belongs to the Eastern Hemisphere (less than 20°W or less than 160°E).

4. Movement of the Earth

① What does the movement of the Earth revolve around, direction, period, and is a natural phenomenon.

The Earth rotates on its axis from west to east, alternating between day and night for about 24 hours

The sun rotates from west to east, forming four seasons in a year

②The seasons in the Northern Hemisphere are opposite to those in the Southern Hemisphere (spring- - autumn; summer - winter).

③The five zones on the earth’s surface are divided into: northern frigid zone (66.5°N--90°N), northern temperate zone (23.5°N--66.5°N), and tropical zone (23.5°N--23.5° S), southern temperate zone (23.5°S--66.5°S), and southern frigid zone (66.5°S--90°S).

Cold zone: there is polar day and night. Tropical zone: there is direct sunlight.

Temperate zone: There is neither direct sunlight nor polar day and night, and the four seasons change obviously.

④Low latitude: 0°--30°; mid-latitude: 30°--60°; high latitude: 60°--90°.

⑤ Turn the globe from west to east. When viewed from above the North Pole, the globe rotates counterclockwise; when viewed from above the Antarctic, the globe rotates clockwise.

5. Map

① The three elements of a map: scale, direction, and legend.

② Scale type: line segment scale, digital scale.

③Judgment of scale size: The smaller the denominator, the larger the score, and the scale is large; the larger the denominator, the smaller the score, and the scale is small.

④The vertical distance of a location on the ground above sea level is called altitude. A line connecting points with equal altitudes is a contour line. Contour lines can be used to represent the rise and fall of the ground.

2. Land and Ocean

1. The distribution of land and sea in the world is very uneven. The land is mainly concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere, but there is an ocean (Arctic Ocean) around the North Pole; the ocean is mainly concentrated in the Southern Hemisphere. , but Antarctica is surrounded by a piece of land (Antarctica).

2. 71% of the earth’s surface is ocean and 29% is land. (Third points land, seven points ocean).

3. A peninsula is a protruding part of land that extends into the ocean; a strait is a narrow waterway that connects two oceans.

4. Seven continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Oceania.

Four oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean.

5. Causes of sea and land changes: Changes in the earth's crust and rise and fall of sea levels are the main reasons for changes in sea and land. Human activities can also cause changes in sea and land.

6. German scientist Wegener proposed the hypothesis of continental drift.

7. In the 1960s, earth science research showed that continental drift was caused by plate movement.

8. Generally speaking, the crust inside the plates is relatively stable; the crust is relatively active in the area where the plates meet, and it is the concentrated distribution area of ​​volcanoes and earthquakes in the world.

3. Weather and climate

The difference between the two: Climate is the average weather conditions in a place for many years, and generally does not change much.

Weather reflects the atmospheric conditions of a place in a short period of time; at the same time, the weather in different places may vary greatly.

1. Weather has two important characteristics: weather reflects the atmospheric conditions of a place in a short period of time; at the same time, the weather in different places may vary greatly.

2. Temperature and its distribution

①The highest temperature of the day occurs around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, and the lowest temperature occurs around sunrise.

② Throughout the year, the temperature in the Northern Hemisphere is the highest on the continent in July and the lowest in January.

Throughout the year, the temperature in the Southern Hemisphere is the lowest on the continent in July and the highest in January.

③From the equator to the poles, the temperature gradually decreases.

④According to observations, for every 100 meters of increase in altitude, the temperature drops by approximately 0.6°C.

⑤Use an isotherm diagram to represent the horizontal distribution of temperature.

3. Precipitation and distribution of precipitation

① Rain, snow, hail, etc. falling from the atmosphere are collectively called precipitation. The main form of precipitation is rainfall. Fog and dew are not precipitation.

②From the equator to the poles, the general trend is that annual precipitation gradually decreases.

③ Near the Tropic of Cancer, there is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland and less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland.

④In temperate zones, there is less precipitation in the interior of the continent and more precipitation in coastal areas.

⑤Use a constant precipitation line chart to represent the distribution of precipitation.

⑥The world's "rainiest pole" - Cherrapunji; the world's "dryest pole" - Atacama Desert.

⑦Normally, the windward slopes of mountains receive more precipitation, while the leeward slopes receive less precipitation.

4. World climate

①Climate is the average weather conditions in a place for many years, and generally does not change much.

② Near the equator (tropical rainforest climate); the polar regions (boreal climate); the east coast of the continent near the Tropic of Cancer (subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate); the west coast of the continent near the Tropic of Cancer (tropical desert climate); Mid-latitude inland areas (temperate continental climate).

③ Tropical rainforest climate characteristics: high temperature and rain all year round; Mediterranean climate characteristics: little rain during high temperature periods and rainy periods at low temperatures.

④Main factors that affect climate: latitude, sea and land location, topography, and are also the main factors that affect temperature and precipitation. Extended reading: What are the methods for memorizing geography knowledge in the high school entrance examination

1. The homophonic memory method

refers to combining the geographical knowledge that needs to be memorized through homophony, and then associating it to create an artistic conception memory method. For geographical knowledge that is difficult to remember, using homophonic association memory makes it easier to imagine, can greatly mobilize one's enthusiasm and interest, and achieve the artistic effect of "memorizing music, enjoying music".

2. Proximity associative memory method

It is an associative memory method established based on the proximity of some geographical things in time or space. Proximity association helps us connect new and old knowledge and enhance the cohesion of knowledge. For example, when memorizing the distribution patterns of ocean currents, an anticyclonic ocean circulation centered on the subtropics is formed in the mid- and low-latitudes. If you think about the anticyclone flowing in the northern hemisphere in a clockwise direction, it will be clear at a glance what the east-west wind direction is.

3. Similar associative memory method

It is a memory method established based on the similarities between geographical things in terms of nature, causes, laws, etc. Similar associations help us discover the uniqueness of geographical things and strengthen memory. For example, the natural zones in the temperate monsoon climate zone and the temperate marine climate zone are both temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest zones.

4. Metaphoric memory method

It refers to the method of connecting the geographical knowledge to be memorized with the related knowledge that people are familiar with to complete the memory. Scientific and accurate metaphorical memory can make abstract content concrete, boring content interesting, and complex content simple. For example, when memorizing the seasonal movement of air pressure bands and wind bands, it can be compared to the seasonal migration of swallows. When you remember Saturn, the planet with the largest number of satellites among the nine planets in the solar system, you can compare it to Earth Overlord.

5. Convergent association memory method

It refers to using convergent thinking to associate a certain amount of knowledge and combining it together according to certain rules or using divergent thinking to combine the same geographical knowledge. A memory method that connects in many ways. It includes convergent associative memory method and divergent associative memory method, which are reverse processes of each other. The use of the clustering and dispersing associative memory method helps to draw inferences from one instance to other cases, draw parallels, expand ideas, and establish a "association group" of geographical knowledge. For example, if you have knowledge about the equator, you can use divergent thinking to explain it from the following points.

6. Prefix memory method

It refers to a method of concatenating the prefixes of a series of geographical things to complete the memory.

For example: when remembering the distance of the nine planets from the sun, you can remember them like this: water, metal and earth, fire, wood and earth, sky, sea and dark.

7. Image association memory method

It is to associate the material to be memorized with a specific thing, number, letter, Chinese character or geometric figure, etc., and use image thinking to memory. Image association is not only helpful to stimulate interest and mobilize enthusiasm for learning, but also helps to deepen memory.

8. Strange association memory method

It refers to a memory method that uses some bizarre association methods to string together scattered geographical knowledge to form a series of objects in the brain. Through unique associations, we can enhance the attractiveness and excitement of knowledge to us, so that the content that needs to be remembered is deeply imprinted in our minds.

9. Contrastive association memory method

It refers to the memory method of associating geographical things based on their obvious oppositional characteristics. Through comparative association, it helps us compare the differences of geographical things, grasp their respective characteristics, and enhance memory. For example, cyclones and anticyclones are the most common forms of motion in the atmosphere. Their air pressure distribution, airflow conditions, and weather conditions are all opposite. When learning, you only need to memorize one type.

10. Subordinate associative memory method

It is an associative memory method that enhances the cohesion of knowledge based on the causal, subordinate, parallel and other relationships between geographical things. Through relational association, it guides thinking and understanding of the relationship between geographical knowledge, giving a clear direction for thinking about problems. It feels that some geographical knowledge is rich but not complicated, mixed but not chaotic, and has rules to follow. What are the methods for studying geography in the high school entrance examination

1. Review the textbooks

Compare the table of contents of the geography textbooks and recall them chapter by chapter in an orderly manner so that the book knowledge can be fully reproduced in the mind . Then check your mastery of book knowledge against the test scope listed in the test instructions, review each point in detail, and whether you can repeat "what" and "where" you are required to understand; , can you explain "why"; can you understand "application" of the content required to be mastered. Pay special attention to how some basic concepts, basic rules and basic principles in the textbook are reflected in the test questions in order to master the problem-solving ideas. For example: analyzing location factors must start from the natural, socio-economic, and technological aspects; elaborating on the hydrological characteristics of rivers, including water volume, water level changes, sediment content, ice period, etc.

2. Review the map

The atlas integrates geographical knowledge, principles, rules and assessment forms. Mastering the map means grasping the geographical context. From a psychological point of view, graphics are easier to remember than words. Look back at the map and implement the geographical distribution and geographical laws on the map. It can be said to be the best review method for geography.

3. Review the problem-solving methods

Let students be familiar with different problem-solving methods for common geography test questions, such as diagramming method, elimination method, reasoning method, discussion method, and extreme method. Hypothesis method, etc., solve the following problems: How to accurately, comprehensively and quickly review the test questions? How to discover the meaning of the question and grasp the inner connection between the idea and the situational question? How to optimize the answering specifications? What are the effective selection and transformation techniques for question stem information? Various test question answering strategies? Problem-solving procedures and expanded thinking progression. When explaining, we should focus on the analysis and organization of knowledge points, telling students how to use existing knowledge, how to discover problem-solving conditions (implicit and obvious), and what ideas and methods to use to solve problems using conditions.

4. Looking back at problem-solving errors

The essence of the learning process is the process of fighting against problems and mistakes. The number of problems solved and mistakes improved determines the speed of learning progress. Before the exam, take a targeted look at the mistakes in the learning process, such as looking at the wrong answers to the questions in the past examination papers, distinguishing the types of errors (knowledge-based, method-based, ability-based, psychological-based) and analyzing the wrong answers to the college entrance examination questions in recent years, etc. The main causes of mistakes can enhance prevention awareness, reduce mistakes, and avoid making the same mistakes.

5. Looking back at social hot spots

The regional, practical and comprehensive nature of the geography discipline makes combining social hot issues and hot regional propositions the main theme of the college entrance examination, and it is also an interdisciplinary subject. The entry point for comprehensive examination questions. Therefore, it is necessary to look back at the "news" of the past year.