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Introduction:
The Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is located at the northern foot of Mount Li, 3km east of Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province (the other two materials are: The Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is located in Xiahe Village, 5km east of Lintong. The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located in Lintong District, 35 kilometers east of Xi 'an, and it is surrounded by mountains in the south, with lush forests. In the north, it faces the banks of the Weihe River, which twists and turns like a silver snake. Surrounded by towering peaks, the tall tomb is integrated with Mount Li, with beautiful scenery and unique environment. The mausoleum is grand in scale and imposing. The cemetery covers a total area of 56.25 square kilometers. The original height of the land on the mausoleum is about 115 meters, and it is still as high as 76 meters. There are double walls inside and outside the cemetery, with an inner city circumference of 3,84 meters and an outer city circumference of 6,21 meters. There are walls about 8-1 meters high inside and outside the city walls, and there are still ruins today. The burial area is in the south, and the sleeping hall and the convenient hall buildings are in the north.
Qin Shihuang was an outstanding politician in the history of China. His surname was Ming Zheng, the son of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang. He was born in Handan, Kyoto, Zhao in 259 BC. He was made King of Qin at the age of 13 in 246 BC, and was crowned king at the age of 22. In the fifteen years from 236 BC to 221 BC, the State of Qin destroyed six vassal states, namely, Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi, which completely ended the history of the separatist regime in the Warring States. In the blood and fire, the first unified, multi-ethnic and centralized feudal dynasty in China history, the Qin Dynasty, was established. "Many dissenting Confucian sweep Liuhe, tiger potential He Xiongzai; Swing the sword and decide the clouds, and the princes will come to the west. " Qin Shihuang, the all-powerful monarch, not only left great achievements for future generations, but also left this mysterious royal cemetery.
According to historical records, Ying Zheng, the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, began to build a cemetery the year after he ascended the throne. It was completed in 28 BC and lasted for 39 years. (The other two materials: First, he was in office for 37 years, and the time to build a mausoleum for him was as long as 36 years; Second, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor started construction from the time of Qin Shihuang's accession to the throne, which lasted for 38 years. Li Si, the prime minister at that time, was the designer of the mausoleum, and was supervised by General Zhang Han. * * * has collected 72, manpower, and the largest number of people who use the mausoleum is close to 8,, which is almost eight times the number of people who build pyramid of khufu.
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first imperial cemetery in the history of China. Its huge scale and rich funerary objects rank first in the imperial tombs of past dynasties, and it is the largest imperial mausoleum. According to the principle of enjoying the splendor after Qin Shihuang's death, the cemetery was built in imitation of the layout of Xianyang, the capital of Qin State, with a roughly zigzag shape. There are double walls around the mausoleum, with a perimeter of 3,87 meters inside and 6,21 meters outside the cemetery. At present, the large-scale ground buildings in the mausoleum area are sites such as sleeping halls, portable halls and garden temples. According to historical records, the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is divided into two parts: the cemetery area and the burial area. The cemetery covers an area of nearly 8 square kilometers, with a dual structure of building outside and inner city, with a quadrangular cone-shaped enclosure. The enclosure of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum has formed a three-step ladder, with an approximate square bottom, with a bottom area of about 25, square meters and a height of 115 meters. However, due to more than 2, years of wind and rain erosion and man-made destruction, the current enclosure has a bottom area of about 12, square meters and a height of 87 meters (another information: the cemetery was 12 meters high at first, and it was "like a mountain", but it was reduced by more than 4 meters after weathering erosion and man-made destruction). The total area of the whole mausoleum area is 56.25 square kilometers. Building materials are shipped from Hubei, Sichuan and other places. In order to prevent the river from scouring the mausoleum, Qin Shihuang also ordered that the north-south water flow be changed to the east-west direction.
There is an earthen mound in the south of the cemetery, which is 43 meters high. There are two rammed earth walls inside and outside. The circumference of the inner city is 389 meters, and the circumference of the outer city is 6249 meters, symbolizing the imperial city and Miyagi respectively. Between the inner city and the outer city, archaeologists have discovered horse burial pits, clay figurines pits, rare birds and animals pits, as well as human martyrdom pits, stables pits, torture pits and tombs of tomb-repairing personnel outside the mausoleum. More than 4 graves have been discovered.
The tomb of the First Qin Emperor is 55.5 meters high and 2 meters in circumference. According to the investigation, the whole cemetery covers an area of 22, square meters, and there are large-scale palaces and pavilions. The shape of the mausoleum is divided into two cities, inside and outside. The inner city is square with a circumference of 2525.4 meters, and the outer city has a circumference of 6264 meters. The scale of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is far beyond the comparison of Egyptian pyramids.
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first royal cemetery in China. Among nearly 1 imperial tombs in China, it is famous for its large scale and rich burial. In 1956, Shaanxi Provincial People's Government announced it as a provincial-level key cultural relics protection unit. In 1961, it was announced by the Chinese people and the State Council, and in 1987, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization listed the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in the world cultural heritage protection list, making it the wealth of all mankind. In 22, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor won the national AAAA-level tourist attraction.
The pyramids in ancient Egypt are the largest above-ground tombs in the world, and the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in China is the largest underground tomb in the world.
the Qin dynasty was a glorious page in the history of China, and the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor concentrated the highest achievements of Qin civilization. Qin Shihuang took all the splendor of his life underground. The underground palace of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is the core part of the mausoleum building, which is located under the mound. "Historical Records" records: "Through the three springs, the bronze is lowered, and the palace is full of officials, and strange objects are moved and hidden. Take mercury as a hundred rivers and seas, and instill it by machine. There is astronomy on the top, geography on the bottom, and mermaid cream as a candle. If the degree is immortal, it will take a long time. " Archaeological findings show that the underground palace covers an area of about 18, square meters and the depth of the center point is about 3 meters. The cemetery is centered on the mound, and there are many funerals around it, which are rich in connotation and unprecedented in scale. In addition to the well-known burial pits for terracotta warriors and horses and bronze chariots and horses, more than 6 large stone armor pits, hundreds of figurines pits, civilian figurines pits and burial tombs have been newly discovered, and more than 1, cultural relics have been unearthed in the archaeological work of the Qin Mausoleum for decades. There are many cultural relics booths in the cemetery, which show some cultural relics unearthed from the Qin Mausoleum in the past 2 years. There is a waterway exhibition area to reproduce the scientific and thorough drainage facilities in the cemetery in that year; I believe that with the progress of archaeological work, there will definitely be more unexpected discoveries.
Between the dignified green and the tall tombs, in order to let tourists feel the honor and dignity of the king, the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum staged a large-scale performance of "the reappearing guard of honor-the changing of the guard of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum" and a sand table model of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, the cemetery and the underground palace, which integrated sound, light and electricity, reappearing the spectacular scene of the mysterious cemetery more than 2, years ago, showing the.
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first imperial cemetery in the history of China. It is the crystallization of the hard work and wisdom of the working people in our country. It is a treasure house of history and culture, and it is famous for its large scale and rich burial among all the tombs of feudal emperors.
According to Records of Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor, the mausoleum has been dug to the underground spring, and the base is reinforced with copper, with coffins on it ... The tomb is full of treasures. The main road in the tomb is equipped with a crossbow with a favorable arrow, and the grave robbers will be shot dead as soon as they approach. The tomb is also filled with mercury, symbolizing rivers, lakes and seas; The top of the tomb is inlaid with a night pearl, symbolizing the sun, the moon and the stars; Fish oil is used to light the lamp in the tomb, so as to keep it bright ...
Ten city gates were found in the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, and the north and south city gates and the south gate of the inner wall are on the same central axis. The north of the mound is the central part of the cemetery, and there are tombs leading to the tomb on the east, west and north sides. There are also four architectural remains juxtaposed on the east and west sides, which some experts think are part of the sleeping hall building. The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor embodies the ritual system of "death is like life", which is grand in scale, magnificent in momentum and shute in structure.
The center of the underground palace of the mausoleum is the place where the coffin of Qin Shihuang was placed. There are more than 4 burial pits and tombs around the mausoleum, covering an area of 56.25 square kilometers. The main burial pits are bronze chariots, horse pits, rare birds and animals pits, stables pits and terracotta warriors and horses pits, etc. Over the years, more than 5, important historical relics have been unearthed. A group of painted bronze chariots and horses, Gao Che and An Che, unearthed in 198, are the largest, most ornate, most lifelike and complete ancient bronze chariots and horses found in China so far, and are known as the "crown of bronze".
Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit is the burial pit of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, which is located 15m east of the Mausoleum. It was discovered by local farmers who dug wells in the spring of 1974. From this, the treasure buried underground for more than 2, years came out, and it was known as "the eighth wonder of the world". In order to study the military, politics, economy, culture, science and technology in the Qin Dynasty, it provided very precious physical materials and became a precious wealth of human culture in the world. Three pits of terracotta warriors and horses have been excavated, and the pits are arranged in the shape of a "pin" from west to east. There are more than 8, terracotta warriors and horses and more than 4, bronze weapons in the pits.
The pottery works in the pit are imitations of Qin Suwei Army. Nearly 1, ceramic guards with bows, arrows, crossbows, bronze bows, spears, halberds, or crossbow precursors, or riding horses, respectively, formed four arms: step, crossbow, vehicle and riding. All the guards in the underground tunnel are placed facing the east. According to drilling, there are three burial pits in * * *, among which the No.1 pit discovered in 1974 is the largest, which is 23 meters long from east to west, 62 meters wide from north to south, and about 5 meters deep. The long corridor and 11 holes form the whole pit, and more than 6, warrior figures and pottery horses towing chariots are placed in the pit, which are the same size as real people. About 2 meters northeast of the No.1 pit is the No.2 pit discovered in the spring of 1976, which is another spectacular battle array. The No.2 pit, which is 84 meters wide from north to south and 96 meters long from east to west, covers an area of 9,216 square meters and a building area of 17,16 square meters. There is a multi-arms joint lineup in the No.2 pit, including infantry, chariots, cavalry and crossbowmen. To the west of the No.2 pit is No.3 pit, which was only allowed for tourists to visit on October 1, 1989. The No.3 pit, which is 24.5 meters wide from north to south and 28.8 meters long from east to west, covers an area of more than 5 square meters. Inferred by experts, the No.3 pit is considered as a military curtain for commanding the No.1 and No.2 pits. A chariot, 68 guardian figures and weapons are kept in the pit.
since p>1974, three pits for burying terracotta warriors and horses have been found 1.5km east of the cemetery, with finished products arranged in zigzag patterns, covering an area of more than 2, square meters, and 8, pottery figurines, 1 chariots and tens of thousands of physical weapons have been unearthed. Among them, the No.1 pit is the "Right Army", and there are about 6, pottery figurines and horses as big as real people. Pit No.2 is "Zuo Jun", with more than 1,3 pieces of pottery figurines and horses and 89 chariots. It is a curved array composed of infantry, cavalry and chariots, and it is also the essence of the pit of Qin figurines. There are 68 warrior figures, 1 chariot and 4 pottery horses in the No.3 pit, which is the headquarters of the underground army. This military formation is the epitome of the formation of the Qin army. In 198, 2 large bronze chariots and horses were unearthed on the west side of the cemetery. It has aroused the shock and concern of the whole world. These terracotta figures and terracotta horses grouped according to the military array at that time provided vivid physical data for the study of military establishment, combat mode and equipment of riding soldiers in Qin Dynasty. The discovery of terracotta warriors and horses is known as "the eighth wonder of the world" and "one of the great discoveries in the archaeological history of the 2th century". As a link between the past and the future in the history of China sculpture, the realistic technique of Qin figurines has attracted worldwide attention. At present, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum has been set up in pits 1, 2 and 3, and it is open to the public.
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is one of the largest, strangest and richest imperial tombs in the world. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor are the precious wealth of the world human culture comparable to the Egyptian pyramids and ancient Greek sculptures, and its discovery itself is the most spectacular archaeological achievement in China in the 2th century. They fully demonstrate the artistic talent of the people of China more than 2, years ago, and are the pride and precious wealth of the Chinese nation. French President Jacques Chirac praised it as the "eighth wonder of the world", which made the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor known to more people. The laurel of world cultural heritage adds luster to the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor.
Appendix I:
Cemetery Project
"The Emperor of Qin swept Liuhe, looking at He Xiongzai, with 7, criminals, who rose from the earth."
This well-known poem, written by the great poet Li Bai, eulogizes the brilliant achievements of Qin Shihuang and describes the great momentum of the project to build the tomb of Mount Li. Indeed, the scale of the cemetery project, the number of workers and the duration are unprecedented.
The construction of the cemetery project was accompanied by the political career of Qin Shihuang. When he just ascended the throne at the age of 13, the cemetery construction project began. It was not Qin Shihuang's initiative that the ancient emperors built tombs before their death. As early as the Warring States period, it has become a common practice for princes to build tombs during their lifetime. For example, Zhao Suhou's "Shouling since the 15th year" and the mausoleum of King Zhongshan in Pingshan County were also built during his lifetime. Qin Shihuang only advanced the time when the monarch built the mausoleum before his death to the early stage of his accession to the throne, which was a little improvement of Qin Shihuang. The cemetery project was built for more than 3 years until the death of Qin Shihuang, and the second emperor succeeded to the throne, and then it was built for more than a year before it was basically completed.
Throughout the cemetery project, it can be divided into three construction stages. The initial stage of the cemetery project is 26 years from the accession of the King of Qin to the unification of the whole country. At this stage, the design of the cemetery project and the construction of the main project were carried out successively, which initially laid the scale and basic pattern of the cemetery project. From the unification of the whole country to the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang, it took nine years to build the cemetery project on a large scale. After nine years of large-scale construction by hundreds of thousands of people, the main project of the cemetery has been basically completed. From the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang to the winter of the second year, it lasted more than three years, which was the last stage of the project. At this stage, it is mainly engaged in the finishing project and soil covering task of the cemetery. Although the mausoleum project lasted so long, the whole project was not finally completed. At that time, a magnificent peasant uprising broke out in history. Zhou Wen, the subordinate of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang, led his troops to play in the water near the cemetery (now near xingfeng, Lintong County). Faced with the great army's threat to Xianyang, the new emperor II, who had not been tempered by wind and rain, panicked and called his ministers to discuss countermeasures. He looked like a soul-throated man, and made a plea of "why not" to his ministers. At this time, the Shaofu ordered Zhang Han to suggest: "The thieves have arrived, and many people are in Xinjiang. It is not as close to the county as it is today. There are many people in Lishan. Please forgive them and give them troops to attack them." Ii immediately catered to it, and let Zhang Han lead the army of Xiuling to fight back against Zhou Wen's rebels. So far, the cemetery project that has not been completely completed has to be suspended.
In short, the cemetery project was forced to stop from site selection design and construction to the end, which lasted for 37 ~ 38 years, ranking first in the history of mausoleum construction in China, and its construction time was 8 years longer than that in pyramid of khufu.
Appendix II:
Legend of the Geomantic omen of the Qin Tombs
Mount Li is famous for its unique hot springs and scenery. At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Youwang and his concubine, Jia Cong, once performed a historical tragedy here, which led to the rise of a vassal in the bonfire drama, thus ruining the Western Zhou Dynasty. According to legend, Qin Shihuang