What about the architectural history of China?
259. Step by step: set pedals, and stones are hung on both sides of the pedals.
260. A satisfactory step is to stamp your feet without hanging stones, which is generally used in houses or gardens. Free form, some reduce tread layer by layer from bottom to top, or pile natural stones into regular shapes.
277. The bottom groove of the golden bucket: two circles of columns inside and outside. See Bei Xingtang.
278. Single groove: the inner column divides the plane into two areas with different sizes. (Notre Dame de Jinci, Shanxi)
279. Double grooves: the inner column divides the plane into three areas of different sizes (the Hanyuan Hall in Daming Palace in Tang Dynasty and the Taihe Hall in the Forbidden City in Beijing).
280. Distraction groove: bisect the plane with a column in the middle (the mountain gate of Dulesi in Jixian County, Hebei Province)
28 1. Column shifting method: During the Song, Liao, Yuan and Jin Dynasties, some internal columns were often shifted or reduced (column reduction method).
282. Step-by-step enclosure: adding a circle of corridors from the outside to the inside on the main body of the building has already appeared in the architecture of the Shang Dynasty and has been applied to more grand buildings.
292. It is a short bar placed in a bucket or on a jump head.
The name of Castanopsis fissa varies from part to part. Anything that jumps inward or outward is called "Qiao" with a clear body (float or roll head).
298. Bicycle: Only one car is put on the bucket or jump head, and the second floor is called heavy car.
308. Bracket: a member that supports a flat position.
309. Construction of fork column: Insert the cross opening at the bottom of the upper cornice column into the bucket arch of the flat seat column, which stands on the bucket arch of the lower cornice column, but retreats inward by half a column diameter. The disadvantage of (longxing temple Runwheel Hidden Hall, Guanyin Pavilion of Dule Temple) is that the column foot is open, which affects the strength of the column. The facade is unstable because of low income. Its advantages are simple structure and no need of additional parts.
3 1 1. Built on the surface: there is no need to play chess in the house, and the beam-arch structure can be exposed, so the moon beam bears the weight of the roof.
3 13. sitting sideways: on the lower beam (or bucket arch) of the pavilion building (except the first floor), short columns and beams are erected as the foundation of each floor to support the house body of each floor. Floor slabs are laid on the flat bucket arch, and goulan is placed around it as a platform.
3 14. Grass symbol: It is a beam that is higher than the level. It has not been artistically treated at the neck, and actually bears the weight of the roof.
3 15. Milk maker: two rafters. The beam head is placed on the pavement, and one end of the beam tail is inserted into the inner column, but there are also two buckets on the pavement.
3 16. Moon beam: an artistically treated beam. Where there is a hall with a flat chess, the Liang Lu of the moon is under the flat chess and only bears the load of the flat chess.
3 17. Ming Fu: Exposed beam Fu is opposite to grass Fu.
322. Bao Xia: Two T-shaped halls with nine ridges intersect, and the insertion part is called Bao Xia. A cross is called a cross ridge. (Zhengding longxing temple)
333. Algal well: it is a kind of high-grade smallpox, which is generally used in the middle of the palace, such as the emperor's throne, Buddha statue, etc. It has square, rectangular, octagonal, round, bucket four, bucket eight and other forms.
Relationship between roof curve and structure (including cornice, roof ridge and roof curve)
340. Flat seat: the name of building structure in Song Dynasty, also known as drum seat. The platform built around the building has wooden columns, beams, bucket arches and other components. According to different locations, there are many types of platforms, such as pavilions, city towers, ground platforms, water platforms, towers and so on. The outer edge of the flat seat is generally provided with a hook for the railing to overlook.
36 1. Big wood work: Big wood work is the main component of wood structure buildings in China, which is composed of columns, beams and purlins, and it is also an important determinant of the scale and shape of wood structure buildings.
362. Bay: The horizontal distance between eaves and columns on both sides of wooden buildings in China is also called width, and the sum of the widths of each bay is called width. The name of each bay in the building varies with the location. The middle room is called Ming Room (called guard room in Song Dynasty), the left and right rooms are two, the outside room is two and the outside room is three. For buildings with more than nine rooms, the number of rooms increases.
The horizontal distance between the purlin on the roof truss and the center line of the purlin was called "step" (depth) in Qing Dynasty, and the sum of the distances of each step or the width of each bay on the side was called "penetration depth".
363. Material: Units of measurement in Song Dynasty architecture.
365. Rise: The eaves column of Song and Liao architecture rose from the center to both ends, so the eaves showed a transition curve, that is, the rise in "architectural French".
The practice of setting two colonnades outside the plane of ancient buildings is called the bottom trough of the golden elephant bucket (Bukoji Hall in Tang Dynasty); The plane is divided into two areas with different sizes by the inner column, which is a single groove (Notre Dame de Jinci); The inner column divides the plane into three areas of different sizes, which are double grooves (Hanyuan Hall in Daming Palace in Tang Dynasty and Taihe Hall in Qing Palace in Beijing); In the gatehouse building, a row of central columns bisects the plane, which is called the distracted trough (the mountain gate of Dule Temple in Jixian County, Hebei Province); Adding a circle of cloisters outside the main building is called secondary circulation in architectural French.
4. Curling: a processing method for the curved profile of wooden components.
5. Big wood buildings and Xiao Mu buildings
In the architectural form of official buildings, it can be divided into large-scale wooden structures and small-scale wooden structures. Large-scale buildings are mainly used in temples, palaces, gardens, tombs, towers, mansions, mansions and official temples, and belong to advanced buildings. Small buildings are mainly used in folk buildings such as houses, shops and auxiliary rooms in important groups, and belong to inferior buildings. The differences are as follows:
(1) Shelves: large buildings can have 9 bays, special cases can have 1 1 bay, penetration depth can have 1 1 bay, and special cases can have1bay. Small apartment buildings can only have three or five rooms, and the penetration depth is no more than seven, usually three or four or five.
(2) Corridor exit: Large buildings can use various corridor exit methods, while small buildings can only use front and rear corridors, and peripheral corridors are not allowed.
③ Roof: Large buildings can adopt various roof forms and glazed tiles. For small-scale buildings, only hard mountains, suspended mountains and their rolling sheds can be used. No temples, rest hills, double eaves, pipe tiles and glazed tiles are allowed.
(4) Large-scale wooden members: large-scale buildings can use bucket arches or not. Bucket arches are not allowed in small buildings. Among the beam frame components, large buildings have added rafters, beams, corner ridges, perches and other components.
10. Exquisite and strong: ① Stone pillars engraved with Buddhist names or spells are mostly hexagonal or round. (Modern Chinese Dictionary)
(2) A memorial building with octagonal stone pillars engraved with scriptures (Dalagni Sutra) to promote Buddhism. First seen in the Tang Dynasty, it developed quite well in the Song and Liao Dynasties, and then it was rare. Generally, it consists of three parts: foundation, building main body and building roof. (Architectural History of China)
12. Percussion stamping: the stepping method of advanced buildings, which is called front axle positive stepping stamping, vertical hand stamping on both sides and hand stamping on the side.
18. Sumitomo: abutment of high-grade building. Originated from the Buddha's seat, it is composed of stacked masonry components and is generally used in important buildings such as palaces and temples.
19. Drum-hugging stone: used at the end of the stone fence to prevent the railing from falling off. Another beautiful image is used as the end of the railing.
20. Step frame: The distance between purlins is called step frame. Generally speaking, a stepping frame is 22 buckets.
26. Fork column construction: Insert the cross opening at the bottom of the upper eaves column into the bucket arch on the flat seat column, and insert the flat seat column into the bucket arch on the lower eaves column, but retreat inward by half a column diameter.
243. Collection point: The diameter of the columns of buildings in China in the Qing Dynasty varies greatly. Based on the diameter of the column root, the column diameter minus1100 or a certain proportion of the column height is called the collection point.
244. Lateral foot: The position of the stigma is fixed, and the column foot moves outward according to a certain proportion, resulting in a slight inclination of the stigma inward, which is called lateral foot. In Qing dynasty, only eaves columns had side feet, and before Ming dynasty, circle columns also had side feet. The lateral foot of the column is beneficial to the stability of the building.
245. Bucket mouth: The notch in the width direction of the bucket (bucket) at the bottom of the bucket arch is called the bucket mouth. In the architectural system of Qing Dynasty, bickering is one of the most basic building modules, and all components and parts of the bucket arch building have multiple relationships with bickering.
43. Fork hand: A wooden block inclined from the beam head of a flat beam to the roof purlin, used to support the diagonal brace of the roof purlin. Demolition in Ming and Qing dynasties, replaced by thorn melon column. (Flat beam: the top beam in the hanging beam frame)
49. Pushing the mountain: it is a special way to deal with the roof of the Temple of Heaven (called Si 'a in the Song Dynasty). Due to the needs of the facade, the positive ridges are pushed out to both ends, so that the four vertical ridges change from a 45-degree oblique straight line to a soft curve, and the slope of the roof front and the mountain surface is inconsistent with the distance between the steps.
50. Guanshan: It is the practice of closing the mountain flowers on both sides of the roof of Xieshan (known as Jiujidian in Song Dynasty) inward from the center line of the cornice column on the mountain surface. Its purpose is to make the roof not too huge, but it has caused some structural changes (adding beams or beams, gold beam frames in mining steps, etc. ).
5 1. algae well: advanced smallpox, generally used in the middle of the hall.
52. Hanging flower door: refers to the rich wood carvings such as eaves columns hanging on the purlin of the central column without landing and carved petals at the lower end. The roof is hooked. Mostly used in the second door of Beijing quadrangles.
55. Ridge: The ridge connecting the two slopes at the top of Xieshan Mountain and the building is called the ridge.
56. Nine Ridges: The Song and Tang Dynasties said that the rest at the top of the mountain was the result of two slopes surrounding the cloister. It consists of one main ridge, four vertical ridges and four ridges, so it is called Nine Ridges Hall.
6 1. Bucket arch: a unique component used to connect columns, beams, trusses and purlins in ancient buildings in China. Bucket arch is a unique structural component of wood structure buildings in China, which consists of square bucket arch, rectangular arch and inclined arch. Pick out the structural load and transfer the large area load of the roof to the column.
The role of the bucket arch:
① Increase supporting functions.
② Increase the extrusion surface (original function).
(3) Support cornice. The above two points are the most basic functions of the bucket arch.
(4) Rain-proof, rammed earth walls were used in the early days to avoid rain, but the cornice was limited in length, so we had to add purlins to increase its length.
⑤ Anti-seismic, tenon structure is rigid when the external force is small, and movable when the external force is large, which offsets the energy generated by the earthquake.
⑥ decorative function.
⑦ Grade symbols, the structural function of Ming and Qing Dynasties gradually disappeared and became pure decoration and grade symbols.
⑧ modulus effect. Water buckets are generally used in high-ranking official buildings, which can be roughly divided into two types: outer eaves and inner eaves. From the specific parts, it can be divided into stigma arch, inter-column arch and corner arch.
80. Paving the road: the jump of the bucket arch, 1 jump = 4 paving the road.
86. Doukou: The notch on the front of the bucket body is called Doukou, which is the standard for measuring the scale of buildings in the Qing Dynasty, that is, the modular system in the Qing Dynasty.
99. Gardening and Metallurgy: Ancient gardening in China. The author is Ji Cheng of Ming Dynasty, with no words.
103. Pedestal: a platform protruding under a building.
104. Sitting horizontally: the veranda comes from the superstructure of the main space (usually the interior) of the building.
105. Lighthouse: A tower in a mosque used to summon Muslims to worship.
1 10. material: the unit of measurement depends on the width of the bucket.
12 1. Plaster: a kind of gypsum, specially used for decoration.
14 1. tenon and mortise: 1 > pin tenon and cover tenon for fixing vertical members 2 > steamed bread tenon, dovetail joint, hoop tenon, through tenon, semi-through tenon and large-in and small-out tenon connected with horizontal members 3 > used when horizontal members intersect: dovetail joint, half tenon, waist tenon and orthogonal truss bowl 4.
144. Beam: The function of the beam is to bear the weight of the roof passed down from the upper purlin and then pass it down to the column. The main girder is mostly supported on the front and rear eaves columns and the gold column, and the profile is between the gold column and the eaves column. There are also two short beams, the big one is called the cantilever beam and the head beam, and the small one is called the gold beam. This short beam supports the eaves. But also plays a role in connecting the gold column and the eaves column. When the depth of the corridor increases, melon columns, namely sub-columns, beams and purlins, can be added to the sharp beams to form a group of beam frames, with the lower beam called two-stage beam and the upper beam called one-stage beam. The two-step beam not only plays a connecting role, but also bears the load. There is also a smaller beam, which only plays the role of connection, located below the pickup beam and perpendicular to the pickup beam and pickup beam. Under the cantilever beam, it is called cantilever beam or interspersed beam, and between corner eaves column and corner gold column, it is called oblique interspersed beam. Both ends of the main girder frame are placed on the front and rear eaves columns, and if there is a porch, they are placed on the front and rear gold columns. The length of the beam and its erection depend on the depth. Put several beams on the step frame of this beam, plant two short columns (melon columns), or support a shorter beam with piers, or support a beam frame upward. In the small-scale method, the longest beam at the bottom is called the main beam, the shorter beam is called the secondary beam and the shortest beam is called the third beam. Large-scale construction method is called seven beams, five beams or three beams according to the total number of beams or purlins. Trusses and purlins, supporting trusses or purlins are made at both ends of each beam. In addition, there are four beams and six beams. Most of these even-numbered beams have no roof, and the roof has always been used. They are made into circular arcs, called rolling shed type, also called Yuanbao ridge. The beam at the top of the shed is called the moon beam (that is, the top beam). The melon column on the moon beam is the lotus leaf pier melon column.
147. Wing angle: The upturned eaves at the four corners of the building are called wing angles, which are composed of old angle beams, young angle beams, wing angle eaves rafters and wing angle upturned rafters.
148. Treading: used on the eaves rafters of the rest mountain, stepping on the eaves rafters.
162. Arch: * * There are three different positions, 1, on the stigma, 2, on the forehead of the room, and 3, on the stigma in the corner. These three species have their own names: stigma, oblate body and dogwood. There are four important parts in the structure of the bucket arch, which are slightly arched and parallel to the building surface. The form is the same as the arch, and the direction at right angles to the arch is called warping. The slanting end is particularly long, and the kind that hangs obliquely is called Ang. At the intersection of the archway and the upturned or raised archway, and between the two archways at both ends of the archway, there is a bucket-shaped square called the arch foot. Crossbars that intersect the arch at right angles are called upturns or facades. The length of arrogance depends on the distance of expenditure. The lower level spends the least, and the upper level spends more. Every time you spend a layer, you add an extra layer of arch on the inside and outside. This is called stepping.
208. cornice column: a column located on the periphery of a building.
225. Ascending line: a unique ink line on the edge of a column with side angles. The line is located inside the center line of the column edge, and the distance from the center line is equal to the size of the corner. The rising line is perpendicular to the ground (horizontal plane), and the whole column inclines inward.
General tradeoff part
226. Bright room: the room in the middle of the building.
227. Top floor rooms: rooms located at both ends of the building.
228. The second room: the room between the building and the open hall. If there are many times, it can be divided into primary time, secondary time and tertiary time.
229. cornice: a building with a rectangular plane, and the short side direction is called the mountain surface.
230. Width: also called width, the axial distance between two adjacent columns in the width direction of a building.
23 1. Total width: the axial distance between the columns at both ends of the building.
232. Depth: The plane dimension perpendicular to the building width direction is called depth.
233. Penetration depth: the axial dimension between two columns at the side (depth direction) of a building.
257. Landscape design concept: China has a tradition of advocating and loving nature since ancient times. The idea of "harmony between man and nature" has great advantages. People and things are closely linked and regarded as an inseparable whole, thus forming a subjective force that urges people to explore, get close to and develop nature; On the other hand, the magnificent mountains and rivers and beautiful scenery inspire people to love and eulogize nature. Formed a unique natural landscape garden.
Based on the condemnation of different landscapes in China, a landscape gardening style was formed.
This kind of garden aims at expressing natural interest, rejecting rules, symmetry and avoiding artificial atmosphere. The symmetry axis, geometric figures, rows and rows of European gardens are quite different from those of European gardens, showing human strength.
The difference between royal gardens and private gardens;
1) The former takes the beautiful scenery of all parts of the motherland, especially the south of the Yangtze River, as its creative source.
2) The former was built to provide rest and entertainment places for the nobles in the palace, while the latter was built to enjoy the life of wealthy nobles and bureaucratic landlords.
3) The former forms hills and valleys by piling up soil on a large scale, and then appropriately adorns rocks, overlapping mountains in the mountains, and combining rockeries with real mountains. The latter is dominated by rocks and mountains.
4) The former has a large scale of flowers and trees, and most of them are planted in groups or forests, while the latter is mainly single plant.
Basic design principles and techniques of private gardens
Divide the whole park into several scenic spots, each with its own characteristics, but they are interrelated and integrated. The layout of space and scenery in the park is clearly defined and should not be evenly distributed. The dense alternation of size and space constitutes the change of rhythm.
Water surface treatment. The size of the pool is different, so is the water surface treatment. The pool water is mainly poly, which is divided into two parts.
Rockery is an important factor in the landscape, and stacking stones to build mountains is to create mountain scenery. Tall mountain forests, on the one hand, can build pavilions on the mountain, overlooking the garden, overlooking the whole garden, to achieve the purpose of expanding the sense of space, on the other hand, it can block the line of sight and increase the quiet atmosphere in the garden.
In terms of architectural treatment, architecture plays an extremely important role in ancient gardens in China. The mountain pool is the backbone of the landscape, and the place to appreciate the mountain pool scenery is often in the building, and the building also constitutes the landscape like mountains, pools and flowers and trees. So it is both an observation object and a scenic spot.
Flowers and trees are mainly ornamental in private gardens, while ancient trees are rare in gardens. A small number of plants can make gardens look antique and gloomy.
Yingxian Wooden Pagoda (Shiga Pagoda in Fogong Temple): Located in Yingxian County, Shanxi Province, also known as Yingzhou Pagoda, it was built in the second year of Liao and Qing Dynasties (AD 1056). It is located between the mountain gate and the main hall on the north-south axis of the temple. The pagoda is built on a square and octagonal two-story brick platform. The tower is octagonal, with a bottom diameter of 30m and a height of 67.9 1008 19996. The underground layer is used for structural treatment to strengthen the tower body and make it safe after several earthquakes. It is the tallest existing wooden pagoda in the world, one of the two remaining wooden pagodas in China, and the earliest existing wooden pagoda.
95. Decoration: Joinery Work in Song Dynasty refers to decoration, which can be divided into two types: exterior eaves decoration and interior eaves decoration.
(1) cornice decoration refers to the partition between internal space and external space, doors, window railings, etc.
(2) Interior eaves decoration refers to the partition between indoor space and indoor space, such as range hoods, antique racks, ceilings, etc.
③ Multifunctional decoration:
A. Two-way function of circulation and protection
B. Basic methods of organizing indoor space
C. Render personality elements. Decoration is characterized by its strong decoration as a load-bearing component, but it is different from decoration.
96. Hall of Supreme Harmony: In the Ming Dynasty, it was originally nine halls with double eaves, but in the Qing Dynasty it was changed to eleven halls. It is the largest existing wooden structure building in China, which is as famous as Yi 'en Hall in Ming Changling. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is grand in scale and solemn in shape, with the lofty and solemn image that the main hall of the Forbidden City should have. All the components of the Hall of Supreme Harmony are of the highest level. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is used for the highest grand ceremony: the emperor ascended the throne, the emperor's birthday and winter. Moreover, there is a square of more than 30,000 square meters, which can accommodate 1 10,000 people to gather and display various ceremonial furnishings. All palaces use yellow glazed tiles, which is a custom since the Ming Dynasty, making the overall effect more prominent.
97. Beigao Temple Hall:
① Located in Wutai Mountain, Shanxi Province, Daxiong Hall was built in the Tang Dynasty (AD 857).
② The width is seven bays (equal bays) and the depth is eight rafters (four bays). The roof slope is relatively gentle, and the elevation is about 1/4.77.
(3) The vertical ridge and cornice have rising curves and side feet, and fork hands and supporting feet are adopted. Although the roof tiles were laid by later generations, the owl's tail and overlapping tile ridges still respect the old system, and there are no gods and animals.
④ The ratio of column height to bay is slightly square, and the height of bucket arch is about 1/2 column height.
⑤ Thick columns, fat arches and far-reaching eaves all give people a strong feeling.
⑥ Beige Temple is the largest existing wooden structure building in the Tang Dynasty in China, and it was at the end of the Tang Dynasty, which was the mature period of the wooden structure. It adopts the measures of gold box bottom and groove column height.
98. Beijing quadrangle: It is a typical northern residence in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it is a quadrangle-style residence. The layout of this kind of residence is characterized by the strong influence of feudal patriarchal clan system and the mature scale and spatial arrangement. The residence strictly distinguishes between the inside and outside, pays attention to symmetry and isolation from the outside, and pays attention to the constraints of internal ecological environment, greening and geomantic omen. Its technological elements are the main house (facing south, where parents live), mostly hard mountains. Things. Inverted seat (reception room, study room), gate, wing room, back cover room (miss's residence), hand reading gallery. The composition mode is two dark rooms and one front compartment, which are arranged in depth along the axis, with the main room as the main body, and its courtyard width is "main room+wing room", with a total width and a long door; The hanging flower door on the top of the hook is used as the boundary between the front room and the back room.
145. Truss purlin, purlin, pad and corner beam: Truss purlin is placed on the beam head and rafters are supported on it. Trusses with large-size wood on the eaves are called centering trusses, and trusses on the eaves other than centering trusses are called overhanging trusses. Small-sized trees are purlins in the middle truss, roof trusses (or roof purlins) without overhanging trusses, and gold trusses or gold purlins with Huang Jinzhu (old eaves) or double-eaves columns. The roof trusses (purlins) and old eaves trusses or middle trusses are all gold trusses (purlins). Under each purlin, parallel to the purlin, there is a pad or purlin. There are centering purlins, cornice purlins and cornice purlins under centering trusses, and gold pads and purlins under gold trusses. The gold cube is the connecting material between the melon columns under the left and right beams, and its epithelium is flush with that of the melon columns. The gap between the lower purlin and the upper purlin is the pad, that is, the so-called horizontal water, which is the height from the lower skin of the beam head to the lower skin of the purlin. Under the purlin of the roof truss, there are roof pads and ridges, which are the connecting materials between the roof and the melon columns.
146. raft: there are two kinds of squares, which are placed between purlins and the direction is at right angles to the purlins. Panels, plasters and tiles used to support the roof. The rafters installed on the top row and intersecting the roof purlins are called brain rafters. For example, if the roof of the roll shed is a double-ridged truss purlin, it is called a Luo Guo rafter or a top rafter. The rafters on each purline are called flower rafters. Because there are 97 walkways, the walkways are divided into upper, middle and lower gold, and the rafters are also called lower, middle and upper flower rafters because of their status. The rafters in the last step (i.e. eaves) are called eaves rafters, and the rafters and flying heads picked out outside the eaves truss with one end placed on the purlin of the gold truss (double eaves in the lower layer) are called flat out. On the cornice purlin, parallel to the purlin, rafters are arranged right above the purlin (i.e. gold plate), and a row of round holes are punched on the rafters according to the density of the rafters to prevent the rafters from moving left and right. The middle plate is made on the gold purlin with porch, and the joist with hexagonal section is used on the joist purlin. A row of round holes (rafters) are also made on the front and rear inclined planes of the joist to support the brain rafters. The lower end of the eaves rafters, that is, the top end of the eaves rafters, is connected with the rafters through small eaves. Nail the watchboard inward from the cornice, and nail the cornice rafter (that is, flying head) along the chalk line of the eaves rafter. Nail the eaves on the eaves rafters. Between every two flying rafters, a small board is used to seal the gap between the flying rafters on the eaves, which is called a brake board. If the cornice and the brake plate are connected together, it is called inner wood, and the tile mouth is nailed to the Dalian cornice.