Information about Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
The origin of Zhongshan Mountain comes from Maoshan Mountain in southern Jiangsu and extends to Nanjing and Zhenjiang in the north, which is called Ningzhen Mountain. Zhongshan is the highest peak of Ningzhen Mountain Range, with an altitude of about 460 meters, east-west direction, about seven kilometers long and only three kilometers wide from north to south. Because most of the nearby areas are alluvial plains and hills, the mountain shape is particularly majestic and tall. Its hilltop slope is steep and steep, and the peaks are stacked with stones, but it gradually becomes gentle below the mountainside, with towering pines and cypresses and lush grass. Against the backdrop of lush forests and purple shale on the top of the mountain, a very beautiful and harmonious picture of nature has been formed. According to legend, Dr. Sun Yat-sen came to Zhongshan to hunt after he resigned as interim president in March 19 12. Seeing the beautiful scenery and wide terrain around him, he expressed his hope to be buried here. 1March, 925 12, Dr. Sun Yat-sen died of liver cancer. According to his last wish, he built his cemetery at the southern foot of Zhongshan in Nanjing.
The design of the cemetery was selected through a scheme competition, and more than 40 drawings submitted for selection were sealed for review. At that time, many Chinese and foreign architects participated, but the top three were all architects from China. The first prize is Lv Yanzhi's bell design. Because he considered the combination of the cemetery with the surrounding environment and terrain, and referred to some excellent traditional experiences in China ancient architecture, he adopted symmetrical central axis, the appearance of national buildings, simple colors, simple decoration and large-scale greening, which basically achieved the requirements of expressing the solemn atmosphere of the cemetery and Dr. Sun Yat-sen's immortal spirit, and achieved satisfactory results in practice. The project started on 1926, 1, the foundation stone was laid on March 26th, and 1929 was basically completed. On June/KOOC-0/day of the same year, Dr. Sun Yat-sen's coffin was transported from Biyun Temple in Xiangshan, Beijing for burial, but the final project was not completed until June/KOOC-0/93/KOOC-0/day and June/KOOC-0/0. The cemetery covers an area of 46,000 mu and has been built for 6 years. According to the currency value at that time, the funds used amounted to more than 4 million yuan.
The cemetery is generally arranged on the gentle slope at the southern foot of Zhongshan according to the north-south central axis, and it is about one kilometer away from Linggu Temple and Ming Tombs from east to west (connected by roads). In this way, the famous scenic spots in the three districts are integrated, and the scope and content of scenic spots in the eastern suburbs are expanded, which is commendable in regional planning. The broad cemetery avenue is six kilometers long from Zhongshan Gate to the front of the mausoleum, with many French phoenix trees planted on both sides. When these street trees grow up, they flourish and crisscross, forming a lush forest avenue that blocks the sun. Many deciduous trees and evergreen trees are densely planted on the hillside outside the road, and the forests overlap and are dark, which makes people gradually enter a solemn atmosphere before reaching the mausoleum.
The overall layout of the cemetery can be roughly divided into two parts: north and south. The south includes the stone archway at the entrance and the long tomb passage (in the general plan, it is like hanging rope under the bell). The northern part includes the mausoleum gate, tablet pavilion, stone steps, large platforms, sacrificial halls and tombs. (In the general plan, it is represented by the bell itself).
The entrance to the mausoleum is located at the southernmost tip, marked by the stone archway with three rooms on the third floor. Under the eaves of the Ming Dynasty, a horizontal plaque inscribed by Dr. Sun Yat-sen was hung. Shifang North is a slow ramp leading to Lingmen, and cars can follow it directly to Lingmen. There is an inclined platform at the northern end of the tomb, and a three-wide hard-mountain shed is built on the east and west sides, which is the residence of the guards who used to guard the tomb. The building in front of the mausoleum is 15 meters high, 24 meters wide and 8 meters deep. It rests on the top of Qingbo Mountain and has a single eaves. The house is granite, the interior of the house is supported by a circular arch, and there is no beam-column hall in the whole building. Style, in the middle of the arch lintel engraved with Dr. Sun Yat-sen's calligraphy "the world is public" several golden characters.
The stone steps behind the Xunling Gate lead to the Monument Pavilion, which is located in the stone base under the monument of Kamei (f ū). An 8-meter-high stone tablet is erected, engraved with golden regular script: "On June 1, the eighteenth year of the Republic of China, the Kuomintang of China buried Premier Sun Yat-sen here."
From the monument pavilion to the north, the terrain is steep and steep. From here to the platform in front of the memorial hall, it is built with wide stone steps. The stone steps are divided into eight sections, each ranging from more than 30 to more than 50, with a grade of 290. At the end of the stone steps is a large platform, with a width of 135 m and a depth of 30 m. In the center, the main building of the cemetery, the sacrifice hall, stands. The platform is the commanding height of the whole mausoleum, with a vertical elevation difference of more than 70 meters from the stone square at the entrance. Wide field of vision, colorful weather, convenient close-up and distant view. When the sun is shining, the mountains in the distance are like screens, and Qinhuai is like a belt; Near the hut, Pu Tian is criss-crossed, with roads, ferries and bridges. Pedestrians, chariots and horses are all implicit, as if a long scroll of meticulous painting was unfolding in front of us. The day before sunrise, in the morning smoke and dusk fog, the city was still crawling with snakes, the mountains were like turtles, the pavilions were vaguely wrong, and the peaks were far away and the trees were near, which was faintly discernible. People seem to be facing a large splash of ink. Whether it is spring, summer, autumn and winter, or wind, frost, rain and snow, nature will show people its wonderful scenery.
The memorial hall is a double-eaved building with a width of 27 meters, a depth of 22 meters and a height of 26 meters. There are 12 black granite columns in the hall, and the retaining wall is black marble. The stone tablet is engraved with the full text of Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Warning party member's Speech. In the north of the center, there is a white marble statue of this great revolutionary. The statue stands upright and looks serene and realistic.
The diameter of the tomb is about16m, and the height is about10m. There is a circular cavity in the middle of the ground, where Dr. Sun Yat-sen's marble sarcophagus and lying statue are placed, surrounded by circular walkways and stone fences for viewing. The roof of the room is a hemispherical vault, which does not open windows to the outside, and adopts electrical lighting and mechanical ventilation. Dr. Sun Yat-sen's coffin was buried in Emperor Feng 'an (1) in 1929. This refers to the relocation and burial of Sun Yat-sen's coffin. It was buried 5 meters underground and reinforced with reinforced concrete for safety. There is a fence outside, covered with grass and planted with plum blossoms, magnolia and other flowers and trees.
Since liberation, the party and the state have been paying close attention to cemeteries. In addition to the establishment of special management institutions, the whole cemetery area has been maintained and repaired, keeping the great revolutionary's resting place clean, quiet and solemn.