The Decemberists Uprising
Who are they? This uprising team, led by a group of aristocratic youths and intellectuals with democratic ideas, was party member in December, which was later praised by Lenin as "the first generation of Russian revolutionaries".
/kloc-At the beginning of the 0/9th century, Russia was still an autocratic and totalitarian feudal empire, and serfdom was barbaric and decadent. The czar's government levied exorbitant taxes and levies at home, and was involved in the struggle for European hegemony, acting as the European gendarmerie. The life of the Russian people is extremely difficult. Since Radishev published a trip from Petersburg to Moscow, the idea of opposing decadent serfdom and overthrowing autocratic system has been spreading. The victory of the 18 12 Great Patriotic War that defeated Napoleon aroused people's patriotic enthusiasm. Encouraged by the bourgeois revolutions in France and Europe, some upright young aristocratic officers became increasingly dissatisfied with the domestic political reality and sprouted the desire to "transform the motherland."
18 16, aristocratic young officers Muraviev and Pistohl established the first secret political group-Salvation Society in Petersburg. 18 18, a second secret group was established in Moscow, with 200 participants-Happiness Association. The members of these two secret groups enthusiastically publicized democratic ideas and opposed autocracy, but they were dissolved one after another because of different ways of struggle. At the same time, some members of the above two groups in southern Russia formed the Southern Association under Piestel's leadership. They often meet in secret, read progressive books and periodicals, and advocate the elimination of the royal family, the abolition of serfdom and the establishment of a unified Republic. Their main program is fully embodied in the Truth of Russia written by Pierre, which is the first draft constitution of the Republic of China in the history of Russian revolutionary movement.
Soon, the guards in Petersburg, Muraviev and Rubeus formed the Northern Association. The famous poet Ryliyev took an active part in the activity. Because of his outstanding talent and insight, he was quickly elected as the chairman of the Northern Association. The North Association also advocated the abolition of serfdom, but advocated the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. Their action plan is reflected in the "Draft Constitution" drafted by Muraviev. 1822, the North-South Association established contact for the first time. The following spring, after discussing with Reiliyev in Petersburg, the two sides reached an agreement on joint action and agreed that violent actions must be taken to launch an armed uprising under their respective control. When either party starts to take action, the other party should give it immediate support. The uprising was scheduled for the death of Tsar Alexander.
1825165438+1October 19, czar Alexander I died suddenly, and he had no heir. According to the Russian law of succession to the throne, his second brother Constantine should inherit the throne. But Constantine gave the succession to the throne to Nicholas, the czar's third brother. The army and residents who didn't know the truth swore an oath to Constantine immediately after Alexander's death, but the court appointed 12 14 to "swear again" to Nicholas I, and the time that the party expected1February came. The North Association immediately convened an emergency meeting and decided to use the throne to interrupt and launch an armed uprising.
1825 12 14 when the uprising troops assembled and repelled many attacks loyal to the royal army, the commander of the uprising, Te Lubetz Coyi, still did not appear, which bought Nikolai time. He mobilized 9000 infantry and 3000 cavalry to attack the uprising troops with shotguns. The rebels retreated to the frozen neva river. The ice had been pierced by shells, and many people fell in. The square of the Senate was riddled with bullets and blood, and bodies were everywhere.
The news of Alexander's death reached Ukraine, and the South Association immediately prepared for an uprising. At this time, Pisto was arrested. The responsibility for leading the uprising fell on Sergei Muraviev and Betchev. The news that the northern uprising failed did not scare them off. 65438+ On February 3 1 day of the same year, the South Association held an uprising, and hundreds of rebels set out from Kovalev to attack Kiev. I lost my way on the way and turned back to my original place six days later. I was violently attacked and suppressed by the cavalry and artillery of the czar's army on the open grassland.
Nicholas I personally presided over the trial. 12 months, party member people are optimistic, calm, brave and unyielding. 1July, 825 12, Pisto, Reiliyev, Sergei Muraviev, Bess Tushev and Karkhov were hanged in Petersburg. 12 1 The insurgents were exiled to Siberia. The Decemberists uprising against dictatorship failed for the first time in Russian history. However, they fought bravely for their ideals and careers, did not avoid life and death, and consciously went through fire and water to awaken the spirit of the new generation, which wrote a glorious chapter for Russian history and set a glorious example for later revolutionary movements.
As Lenin said, "The circle of these revolutionaries is very narrow. They are far away from the people. However, their career has not failed. " 1825 14 February 14, large-scale uprisings took place in two major Russian capitals, Petersburg and Moscow, as well as in some southern provinces. The goal of the uprising is to try to overthrow the tsarist system and establish a bourgeois regime and state system. These rebels are called members of The Decemberists.
In December, most of the Party members came from aristocratic families and held certain official positions in the ruling institutions of the Tsar, but they did not want to indulge in the life of the aristocratic class and blindly devote themselves to the autocratic rule of the Tsar. From the standpoint of patriotism and humanitarianism, they tried to explore the way out of Russian society. Most of them have been exposed to western culture and education since childhood, and some people have begun to study the works of western enlightenment thinkers, especially the works of French enlightenment thinkers, mostly the works of Voltaire, Rousseau and Marbury. While studying at Moscow University and Military Academy, these thoughtful young aristocratic officers have read extensively Radishev's trip from Petersburg to Moscow. In the war against Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 18 12, they responded to the call of czar Alexander I and fought bravely until the French army was driven out of Russian territory. During the Russian army's expedition to Western Europe, bourgeois democratic revolution was going on everywhere. In the land where the ideas of "freedom", "democracy" and "equality" were born, I really breathed the air of freedom and felt human dignity. They can't help comparing the dark Russia with the free France. They are confused in the face of reality. They feel that "not only in Russia, but also in all European countries, they are disappointed and cheated" and feel that they have given their lives to defend their motherland. But "did we liberate Europe just to put shackles on us?" Have we given France a constitution, but we dare not discuss it ourselves? Is it that the international status we gained through sweat and blood is only to humiliate people at home? "1February, Pierre, the leader of the party, advocated constitutional reform of the early Russian monarchy. After his trip to France, he said, "I have become a pacifist in my heart. I realize that no form of rule can bring greater happiness and comfort to Russia like the form of pacifist rule. "He believes:" I changed from a constitutional monarchy to a revolutionary faction, mainly influenced by the following topics and viewpoints. -De Du-De Tracy's French works have a great influence on me. " Therefore, in February of/kloc-0, party member claimed to be "the child of18 12". Under the guidance of democratic thought, they firmly embarked on the revolutionary road against the czar's autocratic system. "The government belongs to the people, and it is established for the happiness of the people. "
182 1 year, a secret society, the Northern Association, was founded in Petersburg. Its leader is Nikita Muarvyov, and its basic political proposition is constitutional monarchy, which is mainly reflected in the draft constitution drafted by Muraviev.
The Southern Association, founded in Ukraine in the same year, is the most influential secret group among The Decemberists members. Its leader is Peter Stell. The political proposition of this group is to completely overthrow the czar's autocratic system and implement the * * * system. 1824, SAARC adopted the Russian Code drafted by Pistohl (also known as the inviolable national certificate of the great Russian people), which is a contract law to improve the Russian political system and an unswerving power of attorney to the people and the temporary supreme authority. This is a revolutionary program and the first bourgeois constitution in Russian history. This constitution is based on the French Constitution 1793. According to Pistohl's vision: "The Russian Code is a power of attorney or instruction to the temporary supreme organ of political power, and it is also a notice to the people: what kind of freedom they will get and what kind of rights they can regain ... The Russian Code stipulates the obligations of the highest organ of political power and is a guarantee to Russia to ensure that the temporary organ of political power works wholeheartedly for the interests of the motherland."
The Russian Code declares that serfdom is a barbaric mode of production, because "it is the most shameful thing to treat others as their own private property, and to transfer, mortgage, gift, inherit and let them do whatever they want ... It violates the laws of human nature and nature, the sacred Christian significance, and the ugly thing that violates the commandments and will of the gods". "Slavery must be abolished, and nobles must always give up the despicable superiority of others. Therefore, "the elimination of slavery and serfdom is the most sacred and unshirkable obligation of the provisional supreme government". Whoever obstructs the abolition of serfdom is an "enemy of the motherland" and a "traitor". Farmers should get the land necessary for life while gaining personal freedom, so that "they will be convinced that they can find a piece of land to support themselves at any time in their own village." "He can get food from this land, not by the charity of others, and no longer rely on others, but by the labor life paid by farming. As a member of the township, he is equal to other citizens. "
The Russian code declares that all men are created equal. "All people are born for the pursuit of happiness, and all people are created by God. It is extremely unfair to call only those in the aristocratic class noble and those in other classes contemptible. " Therefore, it is necessary to abolish the feudal hierarchy and the privileges enjoyed by the aristocratic class, so that all Russians can become "nobles" and establish a "unified citizen hierarchy." Adult men over the age of 20 have the right to vote, which is not limited by property and education, and everyone is equal before the law; Everyone has the right to choose a job freely, the right to move, the freedom of speech and publication and the freedom of religious belief. The Russian Code puts forward requirements for the new regime in the future, and should guarantee everyone's personal citizenship, because "personal freedom is the primary right of every citizen and the most sacred duty of every government. The whole building of the National Building is based on this. Without personal freedom, there will be no peace and no happiness. "
In the future, the national government will adopt the bourgeois system, and the highest legislative body of the country will be the unicameral people's assembly, and the election of the people's assembly will be conducted at two levels. The highest administrative power of the state is exercised by the Supreme Duma, which consists of five members, who are elected by the People's Assembly for a term of five years and are responsible to the People's Assembly. The central supervisory organ is the highest meeting, whose duty is to supervise the implementation of the Constitution and other legislation, and it is composed of 120 people. Officials at all levels, from the central government to the local government, should be elected. Any national legislative and administrative body should serve the people, and the people have the right to overthrow incompetent governments and leaders, because "the Russian people do not belong to a certain person or a certain family. On the contrary, the government belongs to the people. It is built for the happiness of the people, and the people do not live for the happiness of the government. " 1 825165438+10/9 (Gregorian calendar 65438+February1), Alexander I, who was inspecting the army at Taganrog military port in the south, died suddenly. Eight days later, the news reached Petersburg, and the palace was in chaos. According to the royal lineage, after the death of Alexander I, the throne should be inherited by his eldest brother Constantine, but Constantine has given up the throne because he married a Polish woman who is not related to the royal family. Alexander I appointed his second brother Nicholas as heir to the throne before his death. However, the relevant letters were not made public before Alexander I's death, but kept in the Orthodox Church, the Privy Council and the State Council. So Nicholas was loyal to his brother Constantine in Warsaw, and Constantine resolutely refused to succeed him. In Petersburg, he was loyal to his brother Nicholas according to Alexander I's secret edict. Due to the great distance between Warsaw and Petersburg, the letters could not be delivered in time, so there was a chaotic situation in Russia where more than ten emperors interrupted.
1February, the party decided to take advantage of this special situation to launch a military action (1825, 12, 14) before Nicholas, the heir to the throne, was sworn in again, forcing the new czar and the Privy Council to announce reorganization. They elected Rubitz Coy, the leader of the Guards, as the commander-in-chief of the Rebel Army, and drafted the Manifesto to the Russian People, announcing the overthrow of the czar government, immediately convening a constitutional convention, establishing an interim government, and at the same time announcing the abolition of serfdom and the liberation of serfs throughout the country.
1825 12 14 in the morning, a group of guards led by The Decemberists entered the Privy Council Square in Petersburg as planned, and the guards arranged a battle phalanx under the memorial statue of Peter I. By the afternoon, the number of insurgents had increased to more than 3,000, with more than 20,000 people supporting the uprising. However, Nicholas I had long been prepared. 1825, 12, 14 in the early morning, he called an emergency state meeting to announce his succession and ordered members of the Privy Council to swear allegiance to them. Then a large number of troops were sent to surround Privy Council Square. At this time, the original commander-in-chief of the rebel army, Rupert Bates, suddenly fled and disappeared. The rebels and the surrounding people were in a leaderless state, which delayed the fighters and facilitated Nicholas I's transfer of troops to suppress them. After Nicholas I ordered the fire several times, there were fierce gunfire, gunshots, people's shouts and screams in the square, and the uprising was finally suppressed. The death toll of soldiers and civilians is 127 1.
After the failure of the uprising, the czar government set up a "secret interrogation Committee" to interrogate those who participated in the uprising. 1February, the party leaders Pisto, Ryliyev, Karkhov, Muraviev-apostol and Beturev-Liu Ming were sentenced to death for special crimes. Thousands of uprising participants were severely punished. 1, 2 1 were exiled to sparsely populated, cold and barren Siberia for hard labor. It is worth mentioning that many wives in The Decemberists voluntarily gave up their superior and rich aristocratic life, left the metropolis and chose to live in exile with their husbands for a long time. The December Party Uprising was a great impact on the czar's autocratic system in Russian history. It is different from the previous revolution with peasant uprising as the main body. December Party members are far superior to the former in cultural and educational level, political accomplishment and foresight, political struggle means and organizational ability. Lenin called the December Party members "aristocratic revolutionaries" and "outstanding people among the nobles helped awaken the people", and called this period the period of aristocratic revolution.
The value of party member in December is that they not only pay attention to theoretical construction and public opinion propaganda, but also devote themselves to revolutionary practice. They completely betrayed the class they came from, betrayed the system they once defended, consciously linked the fate of the country and the nation with themselves, bravely launched the first attack on the Russian autocratic system without fear of bloodshed and sacrifice, and promoted the process of Russian political modernization. The Decemberists was an aristocrat, but he fought for the abolition of his aristocratic privileges and social progress. He completely betrayed the class he came from, betrayed the system they once defended, consciously linked the fate of the country and the nation with the historical trend, and sacrificed his happiness and even his life. This is very admirable. However, I want to say here: What is more admirable is the noble behavior of The Decemberists's wives.
/kloc-in 0/2 months, party member people consciously devoted themselves to their own political beliefs, which is called "risking their lives for justice". /kloc-In February, party member's wife gave her love to her husband, and at the same time gave her youth, wealth and happy life to her husband's suffering without any regrets. In other words, although they did not directly participate in the revolution in The Decemberists, they indirectly made indelible contributions to the cause of Russian national liberation by supporting their husbands' cause.
Yeyoujielina Ivanov Na Te rub ets Kaya is the wife of Te Rubets and party member of the1February Party. When her carriage galloped in the wind, malaria and snow for five weeks and came to Irkutsk province on the bank of Lake Baikal, the governor was instructed by the tsar to persuade her to return to Petersburg, but she firmly said, "Even if I die, I have no regrets! I'm leaving! I'm leaving! I will die next to my husband. "
Alexandra Grigorie Fu Na Moravi Levente Jova struggled for a whole month before she was given the opportunity of exile. When Nikita Muarvyov saw his wife from Moscow in prison, her eyes filled with tears: "I'm sorry. You'd better go back to Moscow. I don't want you to starve and freeze with me. " Moravi Levente Jova replied, "For our love, I will always follow you. Let me lose everything: reputation, status, wealth and even life! "
Tandy, a French girl, heard that Ivashev, her former lover, was exiled to Siberia in Paris, and immediately rushed to Russia as quickly as possible, asking the authorities to allow her to marry her lover in Siberia. She got permission and they got married. A few years later, a foreign couple finally collapsed in the eternal wasteland of Siberia under the torture of ice, snow and disease.
The harsh environment and suffocating life once made the young officer Vasily Ivan Schouw depressed and desperate. At this time, his governess and French girl EuMilla Liedanjiu wrote him a letter of marriage proposal and soon came to his side. ...
I don't think the wives of the December Party can fully understand the great historical significance of their husbands' career, but they can certainly fully understand what love is and what is the true meaning of love. In this sense, Zhu Yingtai on the China stage and Juliet on the British stage cannot be compared with them. The former is only "martyrdom" for a pure love, while the latter sublimates the meaning of love to the highest realm of the times. They "died" not only for love, but also for freedom and liberation. This is loved one, they can give up, relatives and friends advised them to give up, the tsar ordered them to give up, but they didn't give up, which made their image look tall and brilliant. This is exactly what Mencius said: "wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent"! Without this group of wives, exiled The Decemberists members may not be able to live optimistically in the world of ice and snow, or they may not survive the day of amnesty 30 years later. The more secularized and materialistic the world is, the more otherworldly and noble their spirit becomes.